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14 results

  • 14 - The Promise of Spatially Explicit Agent-Based Models for Primatology Research

  • from Part II - GIS Analysis in Fine-Scale Space
  • Edited by Francine L. Dolins, University of Michigan, Dearborn, Christopher A. Shaffer, Grand Valley State University, Michigan, Leila M. Porter, Northern Illinois University, Jena R. Hickey, University of Georgia, Nathan P. Nibbelink, University of Georgia
  • Book:
    Spatial Analysis in Field Primatology
    Published online:
    29 January 2021
    Print publication:
    18 February 2021, pp 280-306

  • Summary

    It is a rare moment when one is given the chance to proselytize for a methodological approach, and I am grateful for this opportunity to advocate for a particular way of studying natural phenomena that affords researchers almost unlimited creativity to design, explore, and generate predictions about a system. Almost 25 years ago, as a first-year graduate student, I read a paper that wormed its way into my head and has remained influential to this day. That paper – by Irenaeus te Boekhorst and Paulien Hogeweg, published in 1994 in the journal Behavior – was radical because it offered a countervailing hypothesis to the standard socioecological model proposed to explain the flexible association and subgrouping patterns of chimpanzees. The “standard” model posited that the benefits of cooperation among male kin in defending access to females and territory were key in explaining why male chimpanzees were commonly found in parties with other males, while female chimpanzees were more often solitary because of the costs of feeding competition.

  • Regional Impact of a CRE Intervention Targeting High Risk Postacute Care Facilities (Chicago PROTECT)

  • Michael Lin, Mary Carl Froilan, Jinal Makhija, Ellen Benson, Sarah Bartsch, Pamela B. Bell, Stephanie Black, Deborah Burdsall, Michelle Ealy, Anthony Fiore, Sharon Foy, Mabel Frias, Alice Han, David Hines, Olufemi Jegede, John Jernigan, Sarah K. Kemble, Mary Alice Lavin, Bruce Lee, George Markovski, Massimo Pacilli, Sujan Reddy, Erica Runningdeer, Michael Schoeny, Mitali Shah, Rachel Slayton, Elizabeth Soda, Nimalie Stone, Angela S. Tang, Karen Trimberger, Marion Tseng, Yingxu Xiang, Robert Weinstein, William Trick, Mary Hayden
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 November 2020, pp. s48-s49
    Print publication:
    October 2020
    • Article
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  • Background: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are endemic in the Chicago region. We assessed the regional impact of a CRE control intervention targeting high-prevalence facilities; that is, long-term acute-care hospitals (LTACHs) and ventilator-capable skilled nursing facilities (vSNFs). Methods: In July 2017, an academic–public health partnership launched a regional CRE prevention bundle: (1) identifying patient CRE status by querying Illinois’ XDRO registry and periodic point-prevalence surveys reported to public health, (2) cohorting or private rooms with contact precautions for CRE patients, (3) combining hand hygiene adherence, monitoring with general infection control education, and guidance by project coordinators and public health, and (4) daily chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing. Informed by epidemiology and modeling, we targeted LTACHs and vSNFs in a 13-mile radius from the coordinating center. Illinois mandates CRE reporting to the XDRO registry, which can also be manually queried or generate automated alerts to facilitate interfacility communication. The regional intervention promoted increased automation of alerts to hospitals. The prespecified primary outcome was incident clinical CRE culture reported to the XDRO registry in Cook County by month, analyzed by segmented regression modeling. A secondary outcome was colonization prevalence measured by serial point-prevalence surveys for carbapenemase-producing organism colonization in LTACHs and vSNFs. Results: All eligible LTACHs (n = 6) and vSNFs (n = 9) participated in the intervention. One vSNF declined CHG bathing. vSNFs that implemented CHG bathing typically bathed residents 2–3 times per week instead of daily. Overall, there were significant gaps in infection control practices, especially in vSNFs. Also, 75 Illinois hospitals adopted automated alerts (56 during the intervention period). Mean CRE incidence in Cook County decreased from 59.0 cases per month during baseline to 40.6 cases per month during intervention (P < .001). In a segmented regression model, there was an average reduction of 10.56 cases per month during the 24-month intervention period (P = .02) (Fig. 1), and an estimated 253 incident CRE cases were averted. Mean CRE incidence also decreased among the stratum of vSNF/LTACH intervention facilities (P = .03). However, evidence of ongoing CRE transmission, particularly in vSNFs, persisted, and CRE colonization prevalence remained high at intervention facilities (Table 1). Conclusions: A resource-intensive public health regional CRE intervention was implemented that included enhanced interfacility communication and targeted infection prevention. There was a significant decline in incident CRE clinical cases in Cook County, despite high persistent CRE colonization prevalence in intervention facilities. vSNFs, where understaffing or underresourcing were common and lengths of stay range from months to years, had a major prevalence challenge, underscoring the need for aggressive infection control improvements in these facilities.

    Funding: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (SHEPheRD Contract No. 200-2011-42037)

    Disclosures: M.Y.L. has received research support in the form of contributed product from OpGen and Sage Products (now part of Stryker Corporation), and has received an investigator-initiated grant from CareFusion Foundation (now part of BD).

  • Substance Use Diagnoses Among Persons with Community-Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections

  • Natalie McCarthy, James Baggs, John Jernigan, Isaac See, Kelly Hatfield, Sujan Reddy, Runa Gokhale, Hannah Wolford, Anthony Fiore
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 November 2020, pp. s392-s393
    Print publication:
    October 2020
    • Article
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  • Background: In recent years, the historic declines in the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) in the United States have slowed. We examined trends in the incidence of community-onset (CO) MRSA BSIs among hospitalized persons with and without substance-use diagnoses. Methods: Using data from >200 US hospitals reporting to the Premier Healthcare Database (PHD) during 2012–2017, we conducted a retrospective study among hospitalized persons aged ≥18 years. MRSA BSIs with substance use were defined as hospitalizations having both a blood culture positive for MRSA and at least 1 International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) or ICD-10-CM diagnostic code for substance use including opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, or other substances (excluding cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine). MRSA BSIs were considered community onset when a positive blood culture was collected within 3 days of admission. We assessed annual trends and described characteristics of CO MRSA BSI hospitalizations, stratified by substance use. Results: Of 20,049 MRSA BSIs from 2012 to 2017, 17,634 (88%) were CO. Overall, MRSA BSI incidence decreased 7%, from 178.5 to 166.2 per 100,000 hospitalizations during the study period; However, CO MRSA BSI rates remained stable (152.7 to 149.9 per 100,000 hospitalizations). Among CO MRSA BSIs, 1,838 (10%) were BSIs with substance-use diagnoses; the incidence of CO MRSA BSIs with substance use increased 236% (from 8.2 to 27.6 per 100,000 hospitalizations) and represented a greater proportion of the CO MRSA rate over the study period (Fig. 1). The incidence of CO MRSA BSIs without substance use decreased 15% (from 144.5 to 122.4 per 100,000 hospitalizations). Patients with CO MRSA BSIs with substance use were younger (median, 40 vs 65 years), more likely to be female (50% vs 40%), white (79% vs 69%), and to leave against medical advice (15% vs 1%). Among patients not leaving against medical advice, CO BSI patients with substance-use diagnoses had longer lengths of stay (median, 11 vs 9 days), lower in-hospital mortality (9% vs 14%), and higher hospitalization costs (median, $22,912 vs $17,468) compared to patients without substance-use diagnoses. Conclusions: Although the overall CO MRSA BSI rate remained unchanged from 2012 to 2017, infections with substance use diagnoses increased >3-fold, and infections without substance use diagnoses decreased. These data suggest that the emergence of MRSA associated with substance-use diagnoses threatens potential progress in reducing the incidence of CO MRSA infections. Additional strategies may be needed to prevent MRSA BSI in patients with substance-use diagnoses, and to maintain national progress in the reduction of MRSA infections overall.

    Funding: None

    Disclosures: None

  • 12 - Demography and group composition of Ateles

    • By Yukiko Shimooka, Laboratory of Human Evolution, Department of Zoology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, Christina J. Campbell, Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA, Anthony Di Fiore, Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA, Annika M. Felton, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia, Kosei Izawa, Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science and Technology, Yamanashi, 409–0193, Japan, Andres Link, Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA, Akisato Nishimura, Biological Laboratory, Science and Engineering Research Institute, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 602-8580, Japan, Gabriel Ramos-Fernández, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca 71230, México, Robert B. Wallace, Wildlife Conservation Society – Bolivia, San Miguel, La Paz, Bolivia
  • Edited by Christina J. Campbell, California State University, Northridge
  • Book:
    Spider Monkeys
    Published online:
    05 May 2010
    Print publication:
    25 September 2008, pp 329-348

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Spider monkeys are distributed widely throughout Central and South America and studies have been conducted at a variety of sites across the geographic range of the genus (see Table 1.1 in Campbell, this volume). However, detailed information about group composition and demography of spider monkeys remains largely unavailable. Because their fission–fusion social organization allows researchers to observe only a part of a group at any time, short-term surveys can rarely document overall group size and composition. Only a cumulative data set of party composition based on individual identification and longitudinal research can help determine the full composition of a group. Furthermore, the rarity of births and deaths make other demographic variables such as interbirth intervals only available through long-term investigation. In the 1980s, relevant demographic information from wild populations was available only for seven groups from five sites for three Ateles species. In this chapter, we present an updated summary of existing data on four Ateles species from 18 groups and 13 sites. We analyze both previously published and new data from these sites and compare them in order to re-examine the demographic characteristics of spider monkey groups.

    Methods

    Demographic data from 18 groups and 13 sites (Table 12.1) were gathered from the literature and augmented with data from a questionnaire sent to spider monkey researchers in 2005.

  • 4 - Diets of wild spider monkeys

    • By Anthony Di Fiore, Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA, Andres Link, Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA, J. Lawrence Dew, Department of Biological Sciences, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
  • Edited by Christina J. Campbell, California State University, Northridge
  • Book:
    Spider Monkeys
    Published online:
    05 May 2010
    Print publication:
    25 September 2008, pp 81-137

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The first comprehensive field study of wild spider monkeys was undertaken in Panama in the early 1930s by C. R. Carpenter. In discussing the diet of Ateles geoffroyi, Carpenter (1935) wrote, “Red spider monkeys have been classed correctly as frugivorous. It is estimated that about 90 percent of their food consists of fruit or nuts” (p. 174). Since that time, field studies of wild Ateles have consistently confirmed Carpenter's early assessment of the highly frugivorous diet of spider monkeys, to the point where they are now treated as a classic example of a frugivorous primate and are often considered to be “ripe fruit specialists” (Cant, 1977; Klein and Klein, 1977; van Roosmalen, 1985; van Roosmalen and Klein, 1988; Cant, 1990; Dew, 2005; Wallace, 2005; Di Fiore and Campbell, 2007). In this chapter, we first review what is known of the diet of wild Ateles, paying particular attention to data from long-term ecological studies. In doing so, we address the physiological and morphological adaptations for frugivory that spider monkeys have evolved, as well as the connections among diet, food resource distribution and foraging behavior that are relevant to understanding the characteristic “fission–fusion” social organization of Ateles.

    From there, we move on to discussing the interesting variation seen in the diets of spider monkeys across tropical forest sites, and we address in more detail the diets of two populations of white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) which we and our colleagues and collaborators have studied over multiple years in Colombia and Ecuador.

  • Seed dispersal by spider monkeys and its importance in the maintenance of neotropical rain-forest diversity

  • Andres Link, Anthony Di Fiore
  • Journal:
    Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 22 / Issue 3 / May 2006
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 April 2006, pp. 235-246

  • Seed dispersal by frugivores is thought to play an important role in the maintenance of tropical forest diversity. Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) are amongst the most frugivorous primates known, and they incorporate a diverse array of fruit species in their diets. In a 1-y study in lowland Ecuador, 670 h of focal observations and data on 916 faecal depositions were collected, and these data are used to describe the seed dispersal patterns of one group of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) in terms of both the quantity of seeds dispersed and the primary seed shadows generated. Spider monkeys fed on the fruits of at least 152 plant species and swallowed seeds from more than 98% of these. Collected faecal samples contained seeds from at least 133 different plant species, with an average of 1.9 species (range: 0–7) per defecation. Individual spider monkeys dispersed a minimum of ∼195 000 seeds >1 mm in diameter per year, ∼35 000 of which were >3 mm in diameter. Mean retention time for seeds was 4.5 h. Seed dispersal distances averaged 443 m, but some seeds were moved >1250 m away from parental sources. These results suggest that declines in populations of spider monkeys might have a direct effect on forest dynamics, especially if other disperser species cannot compensate for their lost ecological services.

  • Nosocomial Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among Residents with Diabetes in a Skilled Nursing Facility

  • Amy J. Khan, Suzanne M. Cotter, Beth Schulz, Xiaolei Hu, Jon Rosenberg, Betty H. Robertson, Anthony E. Fiore, Beth P. Bell
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 23 / Issue 6 / June 2002
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2015, pp. 313-318
    Print publication:
    June 2002
  • Objective:

    To identify exposures associated with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among residents with diabetes in a skilled nursing facility.

    Design:

    Residents from Unit 3 and other skilled nursing facility residents with diabetes were tested for serologic evidence of HBV infection. Two retrospective cohort studies were conducted. Potential routes of HBV transmission were evaluated by statistical comparison of attack rates.

    Setting:

    A 269-bed skilled nursing facility.

    Participants:

    All skilled nursing facility residents with diabetes and skilled nursing facility residents who lived on the same unit as the index case (Unit 3) for some time during the case's incubation period.

    Results:

    All 5 residents with acute HBV infection had diabetes and resided in Unit 3. The attack rate among the 12 patients with diabetes in Unit 3 was 42%, compared with 0% among 43 patients without diabetes (relative risk, 37.2; 95% confidence interval, 4.7 to ∞). Acutely infected patients with diabetes received more morning insulin doses (P = .05), and more insulin doses (P = .03) and finger sticks (P = .02) on Wednesdays than did noninfected patients with diabetes. Two chronically infected patients with diabetes in Unit 3 were positive for hepatitis B e antigen and regularly received daily insulin and finger sticks. Of the 4 acute and 3 chronically infected residents from whom HBV DNA was amplified, all were genotype F and had an identical 678-bp S region sequence. Although no component of the lancets or injection devices was shared among residents, opportunities for HBV contamination of diabetes care supplies were identified.

    Conclusions:

    Contamination of diabetes care supplies resulted in resident-to-resident transmission of HBV. In any setting in which diabetes care is performed, staff need to be educated regarding appropriate infection control practices.

  • 15 - Predator sensitive foraging in ateline primates

  • Edited by Lynne E. Miller
  • Book:
    Eat or be Eaten
    Published online:
    10 November 2009
    Print publication:
    04 April 2002, pp 242-267

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Many researchers have assumed that the risk of predation is a major factor – perhaps the most important factor – favoring sociality in primates (Alexander 1974, Dunbar 1988, Terborgh 1983, Terborgh and Janson 1986, van Schaik 1983). Testing this assumption has proven difficult because actual cases of predation on primates are rarely observed (Cheney and Wrangham 1987, Isbell 1994). None the less, if predation is a significant cause of mortality in contemporary primate populations, we would expect individual animals to be sensitive to the risk of predation and to adjust their behaviors in response to changing perceptions of that risk. We would particularly expect to see adjustments in the realm of foraging behavior – in decisions over where or when or for how long to forage, or over how vigilant to be while foraging – because the trade-off between avoiding predation and acquiring food is presumed to be fundamental for most taxa (Fraser and Huntingford 1986, Lima and Dill 1990). Although this trade-off has been studied extensively in many nonprimates (reviewed in Lima and Dill 1990), it has been investigated directly in only a handful of primate taxa (e.g., desert baboons: Cowlishaw 1997; brown capuchins: van Schaik and van Noordwijk 1989; wedge-capped capuchins: de Ruiter 1986, Robinson 1981; see also other chapters in this volume).

    By virtue of their large body size, ateline primates – woolly monkeys, spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and muriquis – are less susceptible to predation than other, smaller neotropical primates, and thus predation risk is presumed to be a less important factor influencing sociality and subsistence behavior in these species.

  • A Survey of Methods Used to Detect Nosocomial Legionellosis Among Participants in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System

  • Anthony E. Fiore, Jay C. Butler, T. Grace Emori, Robert P. Gaynes
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 20 / Issue 6 / June 1999
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2015, pp. 412-416
    Print publication:
    June 1999
  • Objective:

    To help define the scope of nosocomial legionnaire's disease (LD) and to assess use of recommended diagnostic methods and transmission control practices.

    Methods:

    We surveyed 253 hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. The anonymous survey included questions about episodes of nosocomial LD, environmental sampling practices, maintenance of hospital water systems, and diagnostic techniques.

    Results:

    Of 192 hospitals that responded, 29% reported at least one episode of nosocomial ID from 1990 through 1996, and 61% of these reported at least two episodes. Of 79 hospitals with transplant programs, 42% reported nosocomial LD, compared with 20% of hospitals without transplant programs. Environmental sampling had been conducted by 55% of hospitals, including 79% of those reporting nosocomial LD. Legionella were isolated in 34% that sampled potable water and 19% that sampled cooling system reservoirs. Supplemental potable-water decontamination systems were installed in 20% of hospitals. Only 19% routinely performed testing for legionellosis among patients at high risk for nosocomial LD.

    Conclusions:

    Nosocomial LD is relatively common among NNIS hospitals, especially those performing organ transplants. Environmental sampling for Legionella is a common practice among NNIS hospitals, and Legionella often are isolated from sampled hospital cooling towers and hospital potable-water systems. Hospitals have responded to suspected nosocomial LD infection with a variety of water sampling and control strategies; some have not attempted to sample or decontaminate water systems despite identified transmission.

  • More than 10 Years of Unrecognized Nosocomial Transmission of Legionnaires' Disease Among Transplant Patients

  • Jacob L. Kool, Anthony E. Fiore, Clare M. Kioski, Ellen W. Brown, Robert F. Benson, Janet M. Pruckler, Constance Glasby, Jay C. Butler, Gary D. Cage, Joseph C. Carpenter, Richard M. Mandel, Bob England, Robert F. Breiman
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 19 / Issue 12 / December 1998
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2015, pp. 898-904
    Print publication:
    December 1998
  • Objective:

    To investigate a cluster of cases of legionnaires' disease among patients at a hospital.

    Setting:

    A university hospital that is a regional transplant center.

    Design:

    Retrospective review of microbiology and serology data from the hospital laboratories and prospective surveillance via the radiology department; a case-control study and environmental sampling within the hospital and from nearby cooling towers.

    Results:

    Diagnosis of seven cases of legionnaires' disease in the first 9 months of 1996 led to recognition of a nosocomial outbreak that may have begun as early as 1979. Review of charts from 1987 through September 1996 identified 25 culture-confirmed cases of nosocomial or possibly nosocomial legionnaires' disease, including 18 in bone marrow and heart transplant patients. Twelve patients (48%) died. During the first 9 months of 1996, the attack rate was 6% among cardiac and bone marrow transplant patients. For cases that occurred before 1996, intubation was associated with increased risk for disease. High-dose corticosteroid medication was strongly associated with the risk for disease, but other immunosuppressive therapy or cancer chemotherapy was not. Several species and serogroups of Legionella were isolated from numerous sites in the hospital's potable water system. Six of seven available clinical isolates were identical and were indistinguishable from environmental isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Initial infection control measures failed to interrupt nosocomial acquisition of infection. After extensive modifications to the water system, closely monitored repeated hyperchlorinations, and reduction of patient exposures to aerosols, transmission was interrupted. No cases have been identified since September 1996.

    Conclusions:

    Legionella can colonize hospital potable water systems for long periods of time, resulting in an ongoing risk for patients, especially those who are immunocompromised. In this hospital, nosocomial transmission possibly occurred for more than 17 years and was interrupted in 1996, after a sudden increase in incidence led to its recognition. Hospitals specializing in the care of immunocompromised patients (eg, transplant centers) should prioritize surveillance for cases of legionnaires' disease. Aggressive control measures can interrupt transmission of this disease successfully.