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  • Chapter 8 - Sperm Retrieval in Non-azoospermic Men
  • from Part II - Sperm Retrieval
  • Edited by Ashok Agarwal, Ahmad Majzoub, Sandro C. Esteves
  • Book: Manual of Sperm Retrieval and Preparation in Human Assisted Reproduction
  • Published online: 09 April 2021
  • Print publication: 10 June 2021, pp 56-74
  • View extract

    Summary

    Sperm retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has become the natural treatment for couples with azoospermia-related infertility, and nowadays is also used for nonazoospermic indications. An increasing body of evidence overwhelmingly based on cohort studies has indicated that ICSI with ejaculated sperm of poor quality negatively affects the chances of assisted conception. Collectively, these data suggest that ICSI with testicular sperm is superior to ICSI with ejaculated sperm as a method of fertilization to overcome sperm DNA fragmentation-related infertility. The candidates are men with high sperm DNA damage in semen and those with severe oligozoospermia or cryptozoospermia. In these patients, percutaneous and open sperm retrieval are highly successful to harvest sperm, with few complications. Current evidence suggests the safe utilization of testicular sperm for ICSI in nonazoospermic men. Further research is warranted to confirm the clinical utility of this approach as a routine ART treatment.

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