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Antarctica's ice shelves modulate the grounded ice flow, and weakening of ice shelves due to climate forcing will decrease their ‘buttressing’ effect, causing a response in the grounded ice. While the processes governing ice-shelf weakening are complex, uncertainties in the response of the grounded ice sheet are also difficult to assess. The Antarctic BUttressing Model Intercomparison Project (ABUMIP) compares ice-sheet model responses to decrease in buttressing by investigating the ‘end-member’ scenario of total and sustained loss of ice shelves. Although unrealistic, this scenario enables gauging the sensitivity of an ensemble of 15 ice-sheet models to a total loss of buttressing, hence exhibiting the full potential of marine ice-sheet instability. All models predict that this scenario leads to multi-metre (1–12 m) sea-level rise over 500 years from present day. West Antarctic ice sheet collapse alone leads to a 1.91–5.08 m sea-level rise due to the marine ice-sheet instability. Mass loss rates are a strong function of the sliding/friction law, with plastic laws cause a further destabilization of the Aurora and Wilkes Subglacial Basins, East Antarctica. Improvements to marine ice-sheet models have greatly reduced variability between modelled ice-sheet responses to extreme ice-shelf loss, e.g. compared to the SeaRISE assessments.
Rosay and Rudin introduced the notion of ‘tameness’ for discrete subsets of $\mathbf{C}^{n}$. We generalize the notion of tameness for discrete sets to arbitrary Stein manifolds, with special emphasis on complex Lie groups.
The rising number of private care arrangements in which live-in migrant care workers are engaged as a functional equivalent to family care calls for special attention by policy makers and formal long-term care providers on their implications for quality assurance and professional standards in the long-term care sector. Austria is one of the first countries in Europe where tangible legal measures have been taken to regulate this area under the heading of ‘24-hour care’, typically provided by middle-aged women. Reform measures went beyond policing and control mechanisms, including also incentives and tangible subsidies for all stakeholders. This paper contributes to a better understanding of their impact on the transition from informal to formal economy, focusing on quality assurance and working conditions. Based on empirical data and findings from semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders, a framework for the analysis of ‘illegal markets', based on Beckert and Wehinger's theory, is used to discuss potential implications in terms of valuation, competition and co-operation for policy in Austria, and to draw lessons for other countries. Results indicate that even after efforts to ‘legalise’ migrant care, the sector remains a ‘grey’ area within modern labour market legislation and quality management. This is due to the very nature of personal care, low professional status associated with care work and the reluctance of political stakeholders to regulate private household activities.
Sleep could promote many forms of synaptic plasticity, independent of whether the underlying mechanism is synaptic depression or synaptic potentiation. Memory consolidation and brain restitution are important perspectives on the function of sleep that are not mutually exclusive. Synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) reconciles these two perspectives by proposing that the main function of sleep is to control the strength of synapses impinging on neurons in the cerebral cortex and elsewhere. Most evidence supporting SHY is correlative, and has been collected in one tissue, the cerebral cortex. As sleep is most abundant early in life, and the brain undergoes massive synaptic turnover during neurodevelopment, with an early phase of net synaptogenesis followed by net pruning, it is important to ask whether sleep could benefit synaptic renormalization during this phase of enormous plasticity.
An extensive high-resolution geophysical survey covering 2 km2 was undertaken to the north of Stonehenge in June and October 2011. The survey is important in providing, for the first time, abundant detail on the form and structure of the Stonehenge Cursus, including the recognition of entrances in both of the long sides. Much additional information about the internal form of round barrows in the Cursus Round Barrow Cemetery, the course of the Avenue, the course of the so-called Gate Ditch, and numerous tracks and early roads crossing the landscape was recorded. A series of previously unrecognized features were identified: a pit-arc or cove below a barrow on the west side of King Barrow Ridge, a square-shaped feature surrounded by pits on the east side of Stonehenge Bottom, and a linear ditch on the same solstical axis, and parallel to, the southern section of the Stonehenge Avenue. An extensive scatter of small metallic anomalies marking the position of camping grounds associated with the Stonehenge Free Festival in the late 1970s and early 1980s raise interesting conservation and management issues.
We present a newly developed high-resolution frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system for sounding the sub-ice topography. The system, working in the frequency range from 200 to 400 MHz, was developed to measure thickness and internal layers in cold ice with a resolution better than 1 m. This system has the potential to measure accumulation rates, an important input for improved knowledge of the mass balance of polar ice sheets. First measurements for the test, calibration and optimization of the new ice sounder were made in December 2005 near the Ellsworth Mountains, specifically in Patriot Hills, West Antarctica, at 80°18′ S, 81°22′ W. The complete radar system was installed on a ski-mounted support frame, and towed by hand across the ice surface. The measurement results show the capability of this system to measure ice thickness up to 1000 m and to define internal layers within the ice body.
Historically speaking, late-nineteenth-century Muslim reformist ideas influenced the establishment of the earliest public schools for Muslim girls. Prior to that period, education for girls in Islamic matters was mainly a private affair, but it eventually became one of the main issues of public discourse, as it unfolded in the then just introduced Urdu print-culture, in the reformist (male) madrasas, and in voluntary associations or anjumans, which formed the link between the domestic and public realms. By the early twentieth century, education for girls in the confinement of the zenana or women's quarters of the home existed side by side with the first public girls’ schools for Muslim girls. These developments, along with the overall increasing literacy, Urdu print culture, and the democratisation of access to Islamic texts were precursors to the establishment of girls’ madrasas. While there are several valuable studies examining boys’ madrasas in India, published information on their female counterparts is scanty. In the course of my research my interlocutors suggested that the first larger, public girls’ madrasas in post-Partition India still bore witness to the earlier forms of ‘home teaching’, for example in the preservation of value-oriented or adab education.
As practices are best discerned through participant observation, interviews, and informal conversations with students, teachers, and founders of girls’ madrasas over a longer period of time, a large portion of my study is based on ethnographic fieldwork in a girls’ madrasa in New Delhi, which hosts roughly 180 students between twelve and seventeen years of age. The madrasa that I shall henceforth call Jamiᒼat al-Niswan was established in 1996 under the patronage of the Nadwat al-Ulama in Lucknow and recruits students from Delhi and other cities as well as villages from all over India. The links between the Jamiᒼat al-Niswan and the Tablighi Jamaᒼat formally began via the Nadwat al-Ulama madrasa in Lucknow, as the founders of the girls’ madrasa adopted its curriculum with its strong emphasis on Arabic. Moreover, the male founders of this particular madrasa and the male members of its core families are active in the lay preacher's movement known as the Tablighi Jamaᒼat.
The global profiling of the whole protein complement of the genome expressed in a particular cell or organ, or in plasma or serum, makes it possible to identify biomarkers that respond to alterations in diet or to treatment, and that may have predictive value for the modelling of biological processes. Proteomics has not yet been applied on a large scale in nutritional studies, yet it has advantages over transcriptome profiling techniques in that it directly assesses the entities that carry out the biological functions. The present review summarizes the different approaches in proteomics research, with special emphasis on the current technical ‘workhorses’: two-dimensional (2D)-PAGE with immobilized pH gradients and protein identification by MS. Using a work-flow approach, we provide information and advice on sample handling and preparation, protein solubilization and pre-fractionation, protein separation by 2D-PAGE, detection and quantification via computer-assisted analysis of gels, and protein identification and characterization techniques by means of MS. Examples from nutritional studies employing proteomics are provided to demonstrate not only the advantages but also the limitations of current proteome analysis platforms.