Tidal flooding occurs when coastal water levels exceed impact-based flood thresholds due to tides alone, under average weather conditions. Transitions to tidal flood regimes are already underway for nuisance flood severities in harbours and bays and expected for higher severities in coming decades. In the first such regional assessment, we show that the same transition to tidally forced floods can also be expected to occur in Australian estuaries with less than 0.1 m further sea-level rise. Flood thresholds that historically used to only be exceeded under the combined effects of riverine (freshwater) and coastal (salt water) influences will then occur due to high tides alone. Once this tidal flooding emerges, it is projected to become chronic within two decades. Locations most at-risk of the emergence of tidal flooding and subsequent establishment of chronic flood regimes are those just inside estuary entrances. These locations are exemplified by low freeboard, the vertical distance between a flood threshold and a typical high tide level. We use a freeboard-based analysis to estimate the sea-level rise required for impacts associated with official flood thresholds to occur due to tides alone. The resultant tide-only flood frequency estimates provide a lower bound for future flood rates.

This editorial summarises the clinical relevance of ‘chronopsychiatry’, defined as the interface between circadian science and mental health science. Chronopsychiatry represents a move towards time-variable perspectives on neurobiology and symptoms, with a greater emphasis on chronotherapeutic interventions.

Little is known about the Chondrichthyes fauna of the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, notably on the species composition, distribution, and biology. Historically, only a few studies have focused on these issues. Basic taxonomy is one of the main tools employed in cataloguing, organizing, and initiating other, more specific, assessments regarding regional diversity. In this context, this study presents the most comprehensive list of shark and ray species occurring in the state of Espírito Santo to date. The compiled data were obtained from specimens deposited in ichthyological collections, literature reviews, and samplings conducted at fisheries landings and onboard commercial fleet vessels. The findings indicate 79 species, comprising 51 sharks and 28 rays. A total of 53.2% of threatened Brazilian marine elasmobranch species occur in the area, indicating the importance of carrying out local studies focusing on this group. A first record for the Brazilian large-eyed stingray, Hypanus marianae, was also observed for the state, increasing the southern limit of the species known distribution, previously considered restricted to the North and Northeast coasts.

Researchers increasingly rely on aggregations of radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites as proxies for past human populations. This approach has been critiqued on several grounds, including the assumptions that material is deposited, preserved, and sampled in proportion to past population size. However, various attempts to quantitatively assess the approach suggest there may be some validity in assuming date counts reflect relative population size. To add to this conversation, here we conduct a preliminary analysis coupling estimates of ethnographic population density with late Holocene radiocarbon dates across all counties in California. Results show that counts of late Holocene radiocarbon-dated archaeological sites increase significantly as a function of ethnographic population density. This trend is robust across varying sampling windows over the last 5000 BP. Though the majority of variation in dated-site counts remains unexplained by population density. Outliers reveal how departures from the central trend may be influenced by regional differences in research traditions, development-driven contract work, organic preservation, and landscape taphonomy. Overall, this exercise provides some support for the “dates-as-data” approach and offers insights into the conditions where the underlying assumptions may or may not hold.

The Oirats were key supporters of the Mongol enterprise and helped to bring Chinggis Khan to power. Chinggis and his family intermarried with the royal lineage of the Oirats who were descended from Qutuqa Beki. As these marriages continued throughout Mongol history, descendants of Qutuqa Beki and Chinggis's daughter Checheyigen became key supporters of various successor khanates. In the Ilkhanate of Iran, one of their relatives, Tanggiz Küregen, and his family were intimately connected with the ruling house. The importance of Oirat military support for the Ilkhanid government was to such an extent that he and his descendants were regularly pardoned for treasonous acts. While other elite lineages such as the Juvainīs, the family of Arghun Aqa, and the Chupanids all had had great power and influence, they met violent ends at the hands of their Ilkhanid rulers. Tanggiz and his descendants however, were not only not overly punished for their acts of lèse-majesté, but in fact outlived the Ilkhanid Dynasty itself. This culminated in the government of ʿAlī Pādshāh, who ruled much of the former Ilkhanid realm through a puppet khan for a short period in 1336. This article investigates how Oirat power was both central to the Ilkhanid regime and helped cause its downfall.

Agriculture can be pivotal in mitigating climate change through soil carbon sequestration. Land conversion to pasture has been identified as the most effective method to achieve this. Yet, it creates a perceived trade-off between increasing soil carbon and maintaining arable food crop production. In this on-farm study, we assessed the potential of incorporating a 2-year diverse ley (consisting of 23 species of legumes, herbs, and grasses) within a 7-year arable crop rotation for soil organic matter accumulation. We established upper and lower boundaries of soil organic matter accumulation by comparing this approach to positive (permanent ley, akin to conversion to permanent pasture) and negative (bare soil) references. Our findings in the 2-year diverse ley treatment show greater soil organic matter accumulation in plots with lower baseline levels, suggesting a potential plateau of carbon sequestration under this management practice. In contrast, the positive reference consistently showed a steady rate of organic matter accumulation regardless of baseline levels. Moreover, we observed a concurrent increase in labile carbon content in the 2-year ley treatment and positive reference, indicating improved soil nutrient cycling and ecological processes that facilitate soil carbon sequestration. Our results demonstrate that incorporating a 2-year diverse ley within arable rotations surpasses the COP21 global target of a 0.4% annual increase in soil organic carbon. These findings, derived from a working farm's practical and economic constraints, provide compelling evidence that productive arable agriculture can contribute to climate change mitigation efforts.

Whether colliding drops will merge with or bounce off each other is critical to numerous processes, and the physics involved is notoriously complex. In particular, experiments show that both sufficiently slow and fast head-on drop collisions lead to merging, but that there is often an intermediate regime in which bouncing is observed; these transitions in behaviour were recently discovered to be surprisingly sensitive to the radius of the drops and the ambient gas pressure. We show here that these transitions between bouncing and merging are governed by nanoscale phenomena; namely, gas-kinetic and disjoining pressure effects. To capture these crucial effects, a novel, open-source computational model is developed for the simulation of colliding drops. The model uses a hybrid approach, based on solving the Navier–Stokes equations in the drop with a lubrication approach for the unconventional physics of the gas film. Our simulations show remarkably good agreement with experiments of head-on collisions and also provide new experimentally verifiable predictions.

Early life stress (ELS) and a Western diet (WD) promote mood and cardiovascular disorders, however, how these risks interact in disease pathogenesis is unclear. We assessed effects of ELS with or without a subsequent WD on behaviour, cardiometabolic risk factors, and cardiac function/ischaemic tolerance in male mice. Fifty-six new-born male C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to a control group (CON) undisturbed before weaning, or to maternal separation (3h/day) and early (postnatal day 17) weaning (MSEW). Mice consumed standard rodent chow (CON, n = 14; MSEW, n = 15) or WD chow (WD, n = 19; MSEW + WD, n = 19) from week 8 to 24. Fasted blood was sampled and open field test and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests undertaken at 7, 15, and 23 weeks of age, with hearts excised at 24 weeks for Langendorff perfusion (evaluating pre- and post-ischaemic function). MSEW alone transiently increased open field activity at 7 weeks; body weight and serum triglycerides at 4 and 7 weeks, respectively; and final blood glucose levels and insulin resistance at 23 weeks. WD increased insulin resistance and body weight gain, the latter potentiated by MSEW. MSEW + WD was anxiogenic, reducing EPM open arm activity vs. WD alone. Although MSEW had modest metabolic effects and did not influence cardiac function or ischaemic tolerance in lean mice, it exacerbated weight gain and anxiogenesis, and improved ischaemic tolerance in WD fed animals. MSEW-induced increases in body weight (obesity) in WD fed animals in the absence of changes in insulin resistance may have protected the hearts of these mice.

Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect in the United States, with many of the affected infants requiring surgical and/or interventional procedures within their first year of life. The parental impacts of a child’s diagnosis, subsequent hospitalization, and transition to home after discharge are numerous and burdensome, and many experience symptoms of traumatic stress along this trajectory. The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize current available literature related to the traumatic stress experienced by parents of children with heart disease to better understand the prevalence, related factors, and consequences. The Joanna Briggs Institute Scoping Review Framework was implemented to identify 31 relevant peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and early 2024, including 25 quantitative studies, 3 qualitative studies, and 3 systematic reviews or meta-analyses. This scoping review provides an overview of parent traumatic stress for clinicians caring for children with heart disease at every stage of their clinical course.

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) are drug-resistant pathogens causing high mortality rates with limited treatment options. Understanding the incidence of these organisms and laboratory knowledge of testing protocols is important for controlling their spread in healthcare settings. This project assessed how often Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare facilities identify CRAB and CRPA and testing practices used. Method: An electronic survey was distributed to 126 VA acute care facilities September-October 2023. The survey focused on CRAB and CRPA incidence, testing and identification, and availability of testing resources. Responses were analyzed by complexity of patients treated at VA facilities (High, Medium, Low) using Fisher’s exact tests. Result: 77 (61.1%) facilities responded, most in urban settings (85.4%). Most respondents were lead or supervisory laboratory technologists (84.2%) from high complexity facilities (69.0%). Few facilities detected CRAB ≥ once/month (4.4%), with most reporting that they have not seen CRAB at their facility (55.0%). CRPA was detected more frequently: 19% of facilities with isolates ≥ once/month, 29.2% a few times per year, and 26.9% reporting had not seen the organism. No differences in CRAB or CRPA incidence was found by facility complexity. Nearly all facilities, regardless of complexity, utilize the recommended methods of MIC or disk diffusion to identify CRAB or CRPA (91.9%) with remaining facilities reporting that testing is done off-site (7.8%). More high complexity facilities perform on-site testing compared to low complexity facilities (32.0% vs 2.7%, p=0.04). 83% of laboratories test for Carbapenemase production, with one-fourth using off-site reference labs. One-fourth of facilities perform additional antibiotic susceptibility testing for CRAB and CRPA isolates, most of which test for susceptibility to combination antibiotics; no differences between complexities were found. Agreement that sufficient laboratory and equipment resources were available was higher in high complexity than in medium complexity facilities (70.7% vs 33.3%, p=0.01), but not low complexity facilities (43.8%). Conclusion: Having timely and accurate testing protocols for CRAB and CRPA are important to quickly control spread and reduce associated mortality. This study shows that most VA protocols follow recommended testing and identification guidelines. Interestingly, there was no difference in CRAB or CRPA incidence for facilities providing higher vs lower complexity of care. While high and low complexity facilities generally reported sufficient resources for CRAB and CRPA evaluation, some medium-complexity labs, who may feel more compelled than low-complexity labs to bring testing in house, reported that additional resources would be required.