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What are the implications of climate change for twenty-first-century conflict and security? Rising temperatures, it is often said, will bring increased drought, more famine, heightened social vulnerability, and large-scale political and violent conflict; indeed, many claim that this future is already with us. Divided Environments, however, shows that this is mistaken. Focusing especially on the links between climate change, water and security, and drawing on detailed evidence from Israel-Palestine, Syria, Sudan and elsewhere, it shows both that mainstream environmental security narratives are misleading, and that the actual security implications of climate change are very different from how they are often imagined. Addressing themes as wide-ranging as the politics of droughts, the contradictions of capitalist development and the role of racism in environmental change, while simultaneously articulating an original 'international political ecology' approach to the study of socio-environmental conflicts, Divided Environments offers a new and important interpretation of our planetary future.
What do speakers of a language have to know, and what can they 'figure out' on the basis of that knowledge, in order for them to use their language successfully? This is the question at the heart of Construction Grammar, an approach to the study of language that views all dimensions of language as equal contributors to shaping linguistic expressions. The trademark characteristic of Construction Grammar is the insight that language is a repertoire of more or less complex patterns – constructions – that integrate form and meaning. This textbook shows how a Construction Grammar approach can be used to analyse the English language, offering explanations for language acquisition, variation and change. It covers all levels of syntactic description, from word-formation and inflectional morphology to phrasal and clausal phenomena and information-structure constructions. Each chapter includes exercises and further readings, making it an accessible introduction for undergraduate students of linguistics and English language.
Background: Cortical electrical stimulation (CES) may produce different motor responses according to the brain area stimulated. In this study, we describe a new motor response characterized by finger movements such as a person playing piano, which we named the Piano Player Hand (PPH) sign. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the CES results of 252 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who underwent SEEG between January 2005 and December 2019 at the Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital. The patients’ characteristics, SEEG findings and CES parameters were extracted to find common clinical and anatomical features. Results: The PPH sign was identified 20 times from 12 patients, with stimulation of either the supplementary motor area (SMA), anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), pre-SMA, middle frontal gyrus and anterior insula. It was obtained with high frequency stimulation, with intensity ranging from 0,7 to 3mA and mostly contralateral to the stimulation side (19/20). It was part of the ictal semiology of five patients. An afterdischarge was observed in five of the relevant CES. Conclusions: The PPH sign is a novel clinical sign, obtained mainly, but not exclusively, with CES of a small vicinity encompassing the SMA, pre-SMA and ACG. The PPH sign, when occurring ictally, may point to the premotor mesial frontal surface of the brain.
This article explores the epistemic value of touch in Italian Renaissance anatomy. Using archival and printed postmortem records from canonization processes and anatomical writings, it shows that haptic expertise (Greek ἅπτομαι [haptomai]: to touch) entailed not only the acquisition of practical skills but also the ability to discern, experience, and fully describe organic substances. Looking at the practices, languages, and theories underpinning medical and holy anatomies, I propose that haptic epistemologies lay at the heart of the understanding of the body in the early modern period, a time largely recognized to have transformed people's understanding and experience of visuality in the sciences and the arts.
The authors compare approaches to studying the effects of the prosodic Principle of Rhythmic Alternation on the basis of two fundamentally different corpus formats. The first consists of orthographic transcriptions of speech, or of originally written data, while the other one provides access to the sound files of the spoken data, too. The authors’ main argument is that the nature and size of the corpus determines, or at least constrains, the range of methods that can be applied – and as a corollary of this, the findings that can be gained. Due to the greater availability and accessibility of written and transcribed spoken corpus data, much of the evidence in prior research is rather abstract and comes from large corpora accessed via the orthographic route only. Exploiting the recently available sound files of parts of the spoken section of the original British National Corpus, the authors analyse the data from an auditory perspective. This direct and highly controlled approach partially converges with and adds to the findings of previous studies. Thus, both approaches can be shown to complement each other, resulting in a better overall understanding of the phenomenon at hand.
We present a study of the linear properties of the ion-temperature gradient (ITG) modes with collisions modelled for the first time by the linearized gyrokinetic (GK) Coulomb collision operator (Frei et al., J. Plasma Phys., vol. 87, issue 5, 2021, 905870501) in the local limit. The study is based on a Hermite–Laguerre polynomial expansion of the perturbed ion distribution function applied to the linearized GK Boltzmann equation, yielding a hierarchy of coupled equations for the expansion coefficients, referred to as gyromoments. We explore the collisionless and high-collisional limits of the gyromoment hierarchy analytically. Parameter scans revealing the dependence of the ITG growth rate on the collisionality modelled using the GK Coulomb operator are reported, showing strong damping at small scales as the collisionality increases and, therefore, the need for a steeper gradient for the ITG onset at high collisionality to overcome the finite Larmor radius (FLR) collisional stabilization. The predictions on the ITG growth rate by the GK Coulomb operator are compared with other collision operator models, such as the Sugama, the Dougherty, as well as the momentum-conserving pitch-angle scattering and the Hirshman–Sigmar–Clarke collision operators derived for the first time in terms of gyromoments. The importance of FLR terms in the collision operators is pointed out by the appearance of a short wavelength ITG branch when collisional FLR terms are neglected, this branch being completely suppressed by FLR collisional effects. Energy diffusion is shown to be important at high collisionality and at small scale lengths. Among the GK collision operators considered in this work, the GK Sugama collision operator yields, in general, the smallest deviation compared with the GK Coulomb collision operator, while the largest deviations are found with the GK Dougherty operator. Convergence studies of the gyromoment method are reported and show that the drifts associated with the gradient and curvature of the magnetic field increase the required number of gyromoments at low collisionality. Nevertheless, the low number of gyromoments necessary for convergence at high collisionality constitutes an attractive numerical and analytical feature of the gyromoment approach to study the plasma dynamics in the boundary of fusion devices.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2021 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) and was published in its Proceedings. This paper describes a design, fabrication, and characterization of a planar frequency-coded retroreflector for indoor localization. The retroreflector is fabricated in high-resistive silicon and consists of a Luneburg lens antenna and a photonic crystal high-Q resonator reflective layer, providing ranging and identification within the same tag and bandwidth. The Luneburg lens antenna presents a measured gain of 21.63 dBi at a design frequency of 240 GHz. The frequency-coded retroreflector allows for ranging in a continuous 130 degree angular range in azimuthal plane, with a discrete but repeatable two-resonance identification over multiples of 15 degree. Its maximum measured radar cross-section is −23.48 dBsqm at a frequency of 240 GHz. The retroreflective tag set in ideal line-of-sight situation is compared to a non-line-of-sight arrangement showing the influence of a metallic rod as an obstacle on the overall tag detection parameters. Finally, the successful read-out of the retroreflective tag is discussed in unknown environments, where no a-priori information is available.
In response to Steve L. Martin's critique of our recent paper we provide further evidence in support of our central contention: that geophytes were a nutritionally important part of the precontact diet, and that they functioned as dietary, cultural, and economic staple foods for many peoples of the Pacific Northwest.
Field studies were conducted on southern highbush blueberry in Elizabethtown and Rocky Point, NC, in 2019, 2020, and 2021 to determine tolerance to 2,4-D choline as a postemergence-directed application. In separate trials for younger and older bearing blueberry bushes, both 2,4-D choline rates and application timing were evaluated. Treatments included 2,4-D choline at 0, 0.53, 1.06, 1.60, and 2.13 kg ae ha–1 applied alone in winter during dormancy, and sequential treatments at 0.53 kg ae ha–1 followed by (fb) 0.53, 1.06 fb 1.06, 1.6 fb 1.6, or 2.13 fb 2.13 kg ae ha–1. The first application of the sequential treatments was applied in winter followed by another application in spring during early green fruit. Injury to blueberry from 2,4-D choline treatments was not observed for either maturity stage, and fruit yield was not affected by any of the treatments. Differences among treatments were not observed for fruit soluble solid content (SSC) in older bushes, or for fruit pH, SSC, and titratable acidity (TA) in younger bushes. In older bushes, fruit pH and TA had rate-by-timing interactions, and TA had a farm-year interaction with differences at Rocky Point in 2019 and Elizabethtown in 2020, but biologically no pattern was observed from the treatments.
Field studies in strawberry grown on polyethylene-mulched raised beds were conducted from 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020 in Clayton, NC, to determine ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’ strawberry tolerance to 2,4-D directed to the row middle between beds. Treatments included 2,4-D at 0, 0.53, 1.06, 1.60, and 2.13 kg ae ha−1 applied alone and sequential treatments (0.53 followed by [fb] 0.53 or 1.06 fb 1.06 kg ae ha−1). Initial treatments were applied in winter (December 2018 or January 2020) during vegetative growth, and sequential applications were applied in spring (April 2019 or March 2020) during reproductive growth. No differences among treatments were observed for visual foliage injury, strawberry crop canopy, fruit yield, and fruit quality (pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solid content).
Insular epilepsy has caught increasing attention in the presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant focal epilepsies, and it is evident that intracranial EEG recordings can be considered the best method to investigate such a deep-seated area of the brain, especially in non-lesional patients. Intracranial EEG recordings allow us to better understand the organization of epileptic EEG discharges involving the insular cortex and the complexity of the relationships between the insula and the different connected regions of the brain, particularly the opercular region. This peculiarity thus explains the heterogeneous clinical presentation of seizures arising from insular or insulo-opercular structures. While most patients have an epileptogenic zone extending beyond the insula, some have very focal ictal insular discharges, allowing the possibility of a restricted surgical resection. Consequently, only an appropriate sampling of the insula and of extra-insular connected structures can permit a precise identification of the epileptogenic zone and planning for a tailored resection.
This article gives an overview of automatic amortized resource analysis (AARA), a technique for inferring symbolic resource bounds for programs at compile time. AARA has been introduced by Hofmann and Jost in 2003 as a type system for deriving linear worst-case bounds on the heap-space consumption of first-order functional programs with eager evaluation strategy. Since then AARA has been the subject of dozens of research articles, which extended the analysis to different resource metrics, other evaluation strategies, non-linear bounds, and additional language features. All these works preserved the defining characteristics of the original paper: local inference rules, which reduce bound inference to numeric (usually linear) optimization; a soundness proof with respect to an operational cost semantics; and the support of amortized analysis with the potential method.
Response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder is associated with clinical and transdiagnostic genetic factors. The predictive combination of these variables might help clinicians better predict which patients will respond to lithium treatment.
Aims
To use a combination of transdiagnostic genetic and clinical factors to predict lithium response in patients with bipolar disorder.
Method
This study utilised genetic and clinical data (n = 1034) collected as part of the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLi+Gen) project. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were computed for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and then combined with clinical variables using a cross-validated machine-learning regression approach. Unimodal, multimodal and genetically stratified models were trained and validated using ridge, elastic net and random forest regression on 692 patients with bipolar disorder from ten study sites using leave-site-out cross-validation. All models were then tested on an independent test set of 342 patients. The best performing models were then tested in a classification framework.
Results
The best performing linear model explained 5.1% (P = 0.0001) of variance in lithium response and was composed of clinical variables, PRS variables and interaction terms between them. The best performing non-linear model used only clinical variables and explained 8.1% (P = 0.0001) of variance in lithium response. A priori genomic stratification improved non-linear model performance to 13.7% (P = 0.0001) and improved the binary classification of lithium response. This model stratified patients based on their meta-polygenic loadings for major depressive disorder and schizophrenia and was then trained using clinical data.
Conclusions
Using PRS to first stratify patients genetically and then train machine-learning models with clinical predictors led to large improvements in lithium response prediction. When used with other PRS and biological markers in the future this approach may help inform which patients are most likely to respond to lithium treatment.
Carnivore population declines are a time-sensitive global challenge in which mitigating decreasing populations requires alignment of applied practice and research priorities. However, large carnivore conservation is hindered by gaps among research, conservation practice and policy formation. One potential driver of this research–implementation gap is research bias towards charismatic species. Using depredation of livestock by large carnivores in sub-Saharan Africa as a case study, we examined whether taxonomic bias could be detected and explored the potential effects of such a bias on the research–implementation gap. Via a literature review, we compared the central large carnivore species in research to the species identified as the primary livestock depredator. We detected a substantial misalignment between these factors for two species. Spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta were the most common depredator of livestock (58.5% of studies), but were described as a central species among only 20.7% of the studies. In comparison, African lions Panthera leo were the most common central species (45% of studies) but were the primary depredator in just 24.4% of studies. Such patterns suggest that taxonomic bias is prevalent within this research. Although spotted hyaenas may depredate livestock most often, their low charisma in comparison to sympatric species such as the African lion and leopard Panthera pardus may be limiting research-informed conservation efforts for them. Efforts to mitigate human-carnivore conflict designed for one species may not be applicable to another co-occurring species, and thus, taxonomic bias could undermine the efficacy of interventions built to reduce livestock depredation by carnivores.
Child maltreatment gives rise to atypical patterns of social functioning with peers which might be particularly pronounced in early adolescence when peer influence typically peaks. Yet, few neuroimaging studies in adolescents use peer interaction paradigms to parse neural correlates of distinct maltreatment exposures. This fMRI study examines effects of abuse, neglect, and emotional maltreatment (EM) among 98 youth (n = 58 maltreated; n = 40 matched controls) using an event-related Cyberball paradigm affording assessment of both social exclusion and inclusion across early and mid-adolescence (≤13.5 years, n = 50; >13.5 years, n = 48). Younger adolescents showed increased activation to social exclusion versus inclusion in regions implicated in mentalizing (e.g., superior temporal gyrus). Individual exposure-specific analyses suggested that neglect and EM coincided with less reduction of activation to social exclusion relative to inclusion in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/pre-supplementary motor area (dACC/pre-SMA) among younger versus older adolescents. Integrative follow-up analyses showed that EM accounted for this dACC/pre-SMA activation pattern over and above other exposures. Moreover, age-independent results within respective exposure groups revealed that greater magnitude of neglect predicted blunted exclusion-related activity in the parahippocampal gyrus, while EM predicted increased activation to social exclusion in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex.
There is a need to investigate how adopting different strategies for treating obesity in different countries in the European Union affects the psychological well-being of patients.
Aims
The aim of this study was to perform a comparative evaluation of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) in patients undergoing bariatric surgery versus patients receiving conservative treatment for morbid obesity in Poland and Germany.
Method
A multicentre international prospective cohort study with 155 patients who underwent bariatric surgery and 409 patients who received conservative weight reduction treatment. Evaluation of the psychiatric symptoms was carried out for each patient at baseline and after 12 months of active treatment using a standardised Depression Anxiety Stress Scale questionnaire (DASS-21) questionnaire.
Results
After 12 months of active treatment, the level of psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) significantly decreased in both groups of patients: surgically treated versus conservatively treated patients from Poland and also from Germany. The median change in level of psychiatric symptoms among patients from both countries was significantly higher among surgically treated patients compared with conservatively treated patients (Poland P < 0.0001; Germany P < 0.0001). Improvements in the patient's mental health as a consequence of treatment were dependent on the specific strategy for treating obesity adopted in the analysed countries, the percentage of total weight loss and on gender.
Conclusions
The use of bariatric surgery in both Poland and Germany compared with non-surgical treatment for obesity resulted in more measurable benefits in the form of a decrease in psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) and reduction in body weight.