Farm-to-school (F2S) local food procurement must be cost-effective to be financially sustainable without policy support. We test, among schools participating in F2S programs, whether market channel procurement strategies for local foods affect schools’ perceptions of whether meal costs decline as a result of F2S participation. Schools that buy local foods exclusively from intermediaries are 7 percentage points less likely to report lower costs from undertaking F2S initiatives. We further demonstrate that the probability that schools source local foods exclusively from intermediaries is influenced by the number of direct marketing farmers in their county.

This paper presents a numerical performance evaluation of the leading edge tubercles hydrofoil with particular focus on a fully turbulent flow regime. Efforts were focused on the setting up of an appropriate numerical approach required for an in-depth analysis of this phenomenon, being able to predict the main flow features and the hydrodynamic performance of the foil when operating at high Reynolds numbers. The numerical analysis was conducted using an improved delayed detached eddy simulation for Reynolds numbers corresponding to the transitional and fully turbulent flow regimes at different angles of attack for the pre-stall and post-stall regimes. The results show that tubercles operating in turbulent flow improve the hydrodynamic performance of the foil when compared to a transitional flow regime. Flow separation was identified behind the tubercle troughs, but was significantly reduced when operating in a turbulent regime and for which we have identified the main flow mechanisms. This finding confirms that the tubercle effect identified in a transitional regime is not lost in a turbulent flow. Furthermore, when the hydrofoil operates in the turbulent flow regime, the transition to a turbulent regime takes place further upstream. This phenomenon suppresses a formation of a laminar separation bubble and therefore the hydrofoil exhibits a superior hydrodynamic performance when compared to the same foil in the transitional regime.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Among college students with binge-type eating disorders who are overweight (BMI >25), does use of an online, guided self-help program for EDs combined with healthy weight-loss (WL) methods lead to reductions in ED symptoms and weight loss compared to controls referred to standard in-person treatment (Student Health Services)? Aim 1: Develop online, guided self-help program for intervention of ED psychopathology and weight reduction. Aim 2: Implement online, guided self-help program for intervention of ED psychopathology and weight reduction. Aim 3: Follow-up to track remission of ED psychopathology and symptoms and WL maintenance. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Up to N=60 college students who meet the criteria (clinical or sub-clinical binge-type ED and have a BMI > 25) and elect to participate will complete a baseline survey to enroll in the study, then will be randomized into a condition. Students in the intervention group (n=30) will be offered 8 weeks of online, guided self-help intervention for ED and WL. Students in the control group (n=30) will receive an email message encouraging them to seek support from Student Health Services for their WL and eating behavior concerns, along with appropriate contact information. All participants will receive follow-up 9 weeks after completing initial baseline, and a final follow-up survey 6-months after completing their baseline. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Analysis of intervention and control groups will compare average Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ) scores and WL (change in BMI) at the end of the intervention (9 weeks) and at 6-month follow-up. Group comparisons will be assessed via two-way mixed model ANOVA. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Online, guided self-help interventions have been used for WL, as well as for treatment of EDs separately, but no program exists to manage these conditions together. Thus, the use of online intervention for ED psychopathology and WL in individuals with clinical and sub-clinical EDs is the next step. The goal of this study is to implement a program to reduce weight and shape concerns, reduce disordered eating symptoms, such as bingeing, and compensatory behaviors associated with binge-type EDs, while also reducing weight for individuals with EDs and comorbid overweight/obesity. This project will pilot an online, guided self-help ED intervention that offers cognitive behavioral based tools to improve ED symptoms in college students, while also teaching the healthy methods of behavioral WL, for students with clinical/sub-clinical binge-type EDs with comorbid overweight/obesity in order to examine effectiveness of the program compared to referral to Student Health Services for ED and WL concerns. Furthermore, the use of an online, guided self-help intervention is more scalable and can circumvent many of the barriers to traditional in-person treatment.

In September 2016, the annual meeting of the International Union for Quaternary Research’s Loess and Pedostratigraphy Focus Group, traditionally referred to as a LoessFest, met in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA. The 2016 LoessFest focused on “thin” loess deposits and loess transportation surfaces. This LoessFest included 75 registered participants from 10 countries. Almost half of the participants were from outside the United States, and 18 of the participants were students. This review is the introduction to the special issue for Quaternary Research that originated from presentations and discussions at the 2016 LoessFest. This introduction highlights current understanding and ongoing work on loess in various regions of the world and provides brief summaries of some of the current approaches/strategies used to study loess deposits.

We report on a loess-paleosol sequence (LPS) near Remizovka, located in the northern Tian Shan piedmont of southeastern Kazakhstan. This site represents a key record for Late Pleistocene climatic fluctuations at the intersection of major northern hemisphere climate subsystems. This paper develops a synthesized dataset of previous conflicting studies at Remizovka by characterizing their (paleo)topographic context, which had remained previously overlooked. Digital elevation models, satellite images, and archival photography characterize recent topographic developments. Two well-developed pedocomplexes, which we investigate in detail and date by luminescence mark the paleotopography during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5. Peak dust accumulation rates here occurred during the middle MIS 5 and MIS 4/early MIS 3. These are partially comparable with records from neighboring regions, but not in phase with global ice volume records. This discrepancy may be related to a distinct regional environmental response to larger-scale climatic drivers and local topographic influences on dust deposition patterns. Our findings confirm the potential of the LPS Remizovka to provide high-resolution paleoclimate data for the Late Pleistocene. The three-dimensional stratigraphic reconstruction reinforces the caution required to correctly interpret loess formation processes prior to their interpretation as paleoclimate archives, and provides guidelines for a more suitable approach.

A number of laser facilities coming online all over the world promise the capability of high-power laser experiments with shot repetition rates between 1 and 10 Hz. Target availability and technical issues related to the interaction environment could become a bottleneck for the exploitation of such facilities. In this paper, we report on target needs for three different classes of experiments: dynamic compression physics, electron transport and isochoric heating, and laser-driven particle and radiation sources. We also review some of the most challenging issues in target fabrication and high repetition rate operation. Finally, we discuss current target supply strategies and future perspectives to establish a sustainable target provision infrastructure for advanced laser facilities.

A unique approach for permeation filling of nonpermeable inertial confinement fusion target capsules with deuterium–tritium (DT) is presented. This process uses a permeable capsule coupled into the final target capsule with a 0.03-mm-diameter fill tube. Leak free permeation filling of glow-discharge polymerization (GDP) targets using this method have been successfully demonstrated, as well as ice layering of the target, yielding an inner ice surface roughness of 1- $\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}$ m rms (root mean square). Finally, the measured DT ice-thickness profile for this experiment was used to validate a thermal model’s prediction of the same thickness profile.

Commission 15 of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), entitled Physical Study of Comets and Minor Planets, was founded in 1935 and dissolved in 2015, following the reorganization of IAU. In 80 years of Commission 15, tremendous progress has been made on the knowledge of these objets, thanks to the combined efforts of ground- and space-based observations, space mission rendezvous and flybys, laboratory simulation and analyses of returned samples, and theoretical and numerical modeling. Together with dynamical studies of the Solar System, this discipline has provided a much deeper understanding of how the Solar System formed and evolved. We present a legacy report of Commission 15, which highlights key milestones in the exploration and knowledge of the small bodies of the Solar System.

Despite more than a decade of heightened defence spending and active fighting in the War in Afghanistan, the longest combat operation in the history of the Canadian Forces, scholars know precious little about how the socio-demographic characteristics and attitudes of Canadians may influence their views about taking part in overseas combat operations and funding the institution charged with carrying out these dangerous activities. By testing a range of hypotheses, which purport to explain the influence of multiple socio-demographic and attitudinal factors on Canadians' attitudes toward defence spending and the participation of the Canadian Forces in overseas combat operations, against data from the 2004 and 2011 Canadian Election Study, this article ascertains the most important determinants of Canadians' preferences about defence spending and the use of military force by the Government of Canada.