Feed cost is a major impediment to commercial poultry production in the South Pacific region because traditional feed ingredients (grains and oilseeds) are not grown in the region and imported at high price. As a result, meat has to be imported, which in Fiji increased by 69% between 2010 and 2011 (Diarra, 2017). Samoa was valued at about US$ 17 million or 87% of total cost of meat import in the country in 2012 and 2013. Several ingredients, which are available locally, could be included to reduce feed cost in the region. By-products of root/tuber harvest (peels and leaves), low value crops, fruits and by-products (peels and pulps), oil cakes (copra and palm kernel), by-products from the brewery, livestock/poultry slaughter, hatchery and fish processing and insect meal are readily available in most countries of the region. With adequate processing and correct diet formulation, these materials could replace reasonable proportions of the conventional energy and protein ingredients and reduce feed cost. Several factors including the type and source of material, processing method, diet composition, species, age and class of poultry affect the dietary recommendations of alternative ingredients. Currently however, the use of these resources in feed production in the region is limited due to lack of processing and analytical facilities, likely presence of antinutritional substances and poor knowledge on their nutritive value. Continued research into processing technology, regular training for farmers and extension staff and establishment of community owned feed processing units for optimum utilisation of locally available resources will benefits the poultry industry in the region.

Wearable and bio-implantable health monitoring applications require flexible memory devices that can be used to locally store body vitals prior to transmission or to support local data processing in distributed smart systems. In recent years, non-volatile resistive random access memories composed of oxide-based insulators such as hafnium oxide and niobium pentoxide have attracted a great deal of interest. Unfortunately, hafnium and niobium are not low-cost materials and may also present health challenges. In this work, we have explored the alternative of using titanium dioxide as the insulating oxide using a low-cost solution-phase deposition process. Aqueous sol deposited thin films were deposited on standard RCA-cleaned commercial thermal silicon dioxide (500 nm) wafer (500 µm). Patterned bottom contacts Cr/Au (∼200/300 Å) using shadow masks were deposited on the substrate using successive DC sputtering, and thermal evaporation, respectively at 5 X 10-6 Torr. A sol was prepared using titanium (IV) butoxide as precursor hydrolysed under water and ethanol to form a colloidal solution (sol) at 50°C under constant stirring. Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) scans of calcined (from sol at 750°C) nanoparticles show a mixture of anatase and rutile phases, confirming the composition of the material. The sol was slowly cooled to room temperature before being spin coated at low rotational speeds on to the substrate in multiple steps involving several spin coating and drying steps to form a uniform film. Top contacts (Ag) of thickness (∼500 Å) were deposited on the sol-deposited thin films using thermal evaporation. The resulting devices were coated with a thick layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a 10:1 ratio of base elastomer and curing agent respectively. After drying the PDMS, resistance measurements were carried out. A high resistance state was detected prior to electroforming in the air at ∼5 MΩ which remains nearly unchanged (∼4.3 MΩ) when dipped in a ∼7.4 pH phosphate buffer solution (equivalent to human blood’s pH (reference average value ∼7.4 pH)). Unencapsulated devices (UM1) were further characterized in air using a Keithley 4200-SCS semiconductor parameter analyzer in dual sweep mode to observe repeatable hysteresis behavior with a large difference between trace and retrace R-V characteristics (∼50±3% over a pristine device), which compares favorably with recent data in the literature on high-performance sputtered TiO2 memristors. Unchanged retention ratio using biocompatible device materials and encapsulation suggests that these devices can be used for biomedical implantable sensor electronics.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The Duke Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Translational Science (MERITS) program was introduced with the goal of providing education and resources to faculty and trainees who are involved in translational research. However, the definition of what translational science is and entails can be widely variable, even within a single institution or department, which creates difficulties in appropriate dissemination of information regarding translational resources and assistance. This objective of this study was thus to obtain baseline information and views of translational science from a pilot population of Duke faculty. Based on data collected in a previous focus group, we expected to observe a lack of consensus regarding the definition and inclusion principles of translational science. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A digital survey was distributed to Duke Department of Surgery faculty regarding translational science, including opinions on definition, impacts, experienced barriers, known resources, and future training preferences. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Ninety-five total responses were obtained, with 79.3% of respondents identifying their work as translational. There was no consensus on the precise definition of translational science, although the majority of respondents reported similar essential elements including multidisciplinary science and transitioning between investigative stages. Respondents noted that translational science increased their job satisfaction and recognition in their field, but also stated that they had experienced barriers to translational science. These barriers were primarily funding (56.4%) or lack of training (38.2%) related. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The results of our pilot survey suggest that the MERITS program should focus on training investigators on the resources available for translational investigations and expound upon how it fits into and enhances their current and future research endeavors.

Identifying young people at risk of developing serious mental illness and identifying predictors of onset of illness has been a focus of psychiatric prediction research, particularly in the field of psychosis. Work in this area has facilitated the adoption of the clinical staging model of early clinical phenotypes, ranging from at-risk mental states to chronic and severe mental illness. It has been a topic of debate if these staging models should be conceptualised as disorder-specific or transdiagnostic. In order to inform this debate and facilitate cross-diagnostic discourse, the present scoping review provides a broad overview of the body of literature of (a) longitudinal at-risk approaches and (b) identified antecedents of (homotypic) illness progression across three major mental disorders [psychosis, bipolar disorder (BD) and depression], and places these in the context of clinical staging. Stage 0 at-risk conceptualisations (i.e. familial high-risk approaches) were identified in all three disorders. However, formalised stage 1b conceptualisations (i.e. ultra-high-risk approaches) were only present in psychosis and marginally in BD. The presence of non-specific and overlapping antecedents in the three disorders may support a general staging model, at least in the early stages of severe psychotic or mood disorders.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Opinions regarding translational science vary incredibly. We aimed to gather a baseline of perceptions, barriers, and needs for translational science among faculty investigators. We will use these data to define areas in which the Duke Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Translational Science program (MERITS) can work to address, educate and improve. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data was collected via a scalar, multiple-choice, open-ended survey including questions regarding, definition, impact, barriers, resources, and training preferences specific to translational science. Digital survey links were emailed to Duke University faculty. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 350 responses were collected. While perceptions of translational science varied, common defining elements were noted, including multidisciplinary collaboration (69%) and transitions between research stages (63%). Translational science was said to have an overall positive impact, despite 37% of participants stating issues of insufficient institution-wide support and 62% citing minimal training in translational science skills. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Effective support for translational science requires a multi-faceted approach, as perceptions differ among investigators and between career stages. Duke MERITS will seek to standardize education and support ranging from teambuilding to entrepreneurship, and to promote support from institutional leadership to reduce barriers and facilitate acceleration of translational science.

Microwave synthesis of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) sphere like particles has been demonstrated. The structural and morphological properties of CZTS particles are characterized by XRD, SEM and Raman spectroscopy and subsequently thermoelectric properties are investigated. XRD results of prepared powder sample matches well with tetragonal crystal structure of CZTS bulk. No other impurity phase has been detected from the XRD analysis. Raman spectrum further confirms the formation of single phase CZTS with characteristics peak for CZTS at 334.1 cm-1. SEM studies reveal that the CZTS particles are spherical in shape with uniform sizes of ∼ 250-350 nm. Hot pressed CZTS system shows a power factor ∼21 µW/mK2 and ZT∼ 0.024 at 623 K. Significant enhancement in the Figure of merit for CZTS system is observed in comparison to reported nanostructures of the same system may be due to increased electrical conductivity.

Predicting mango mealybug, Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), populations in an organic mango (Mangiferaindica Linnaeus; Anacardiaceae) ecosystem well in advance with reasonable accuracy, will facilitate biological control. In this study, an attempt was made to predict the population of mango mealybug using abiotic weather parameters as independent variables. The study was conducted at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India (12°8'N; 77°35'E). Among the abiotic variables, maximum temperature was found relevant for predicting the population of the mealybug based on significant correlations. It was found that a prediction model using maximum temperature as independent variable with R 2 is most ideal. This prediction model, when considered three to four weeks in advance of an infestation, could help farmers to gear up with biological control.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To improve translational research, we have developed a program called Duke Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Translational Sciences (Duke MERITS). Duke MERITS will facilitate cross-disciplinary collaboration among faculty involved in foundational, clinical and/or health care research and in turn also prepare them to train the next generation of translational researchers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The program aims are (1) to define metrics and outcomes measures so faculty can track their progress and identify impact of their collaborative research in translational sciences; (2) to offer a multi-modal faculty development series to promote team science, improve didactic teaching, and incorporate innovative resources to promote interdisciplinary approach to translational research; (3) to provide module-based hands-on-training sessions in bench to bedside research and training in translational grant writing to facilitate the development of multidisciplinary research collaborations. The present study describes results from Aim 1 and includes (a) development of baseline outcome assessment tools necessary to gauge the impact of our programs on both the participating faculty and the research culture within Duke University, (b) impact of a specific course offering in Translational Medicine. In order to achieve this, we conducted multiple focus group sessions with faculty self-identified as junior-, mid-, or advanced-career, a mixed group at any career level and included a group of graduate students and postdoctoral trainees to study the impact of a graduate level course in Translational Aspects of Pathobiology. The activities during these translational science focus groups were designed to define what successful translational science is, to determine what resources support translational Science at Duke, and to decide what resources we need in order to enhance Duke’s position as a leader in research and scientific education. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We identified that translational science is changing standards while incorporating leadership, teamwork, collaborations, and movement primarily focusing on the overall goal of improving all aspects of health. Participants categorized their field of study and the fields of their coparticipants most frequently as basic discovery and a combination of intervention and health services. The most frequently identified pros/benefits of performing translational science at Duke include industry connections, collaborations with other departments resulting in disciplines being bridged, improving patient care, and access to resources as well as money. The most frequently identified cons/barriers of performing translational science includes the expensiveness, silos, and lack of resources willing to absorb risks. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The identification of these defined factors from the focus groups has allowed us to issue a comprehensive, sliding Likert scale-based anonymous survey from the secure RedCap system and is being rolled out throughout Duke University, including schools of medicine, nursing, Trinity, biomedical engineering. We envision that Duke MERITS education program will facilitate interprofessional efforts, which we define as a team science approach to identify the clinical “roadblock” and then seek an innovative approach or technology to help overcome this “roadblock”? It can facilitate institutional and departmental recognition in faculty career development. The common goal is to gain fundamental new insights that will result in significant improvement of the existing “standard of care” and meet the challenges of dwindling extramural support.