We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
To send content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about sending content to .
To send content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about sending to your Kindle.
Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Food insecurity is associated with a greater risk of depression among low-income adults in the USA. Members of food-insecure households have lower diet diversity than their food-secure counterparts. This study examined whether diet diversity moderates the association between food insecurity and depression.
Design:
Multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine independent associations between food insecurity and depression, between diet diversity and depression, and the moderating effect of diet diversity in the food insecurity–depression link.
Setting:
Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014).
Participants:
2636 low-income adults aged 18 years and older.
Results:
There was a positive association between food insecurity and depression among low-income adults. Diet diversity was not associated with depression. Diet diversity had a moderating effect on the association between food insecurity and depression among low-income adults.
Conclusions:
Food insecurity is independently associated with depression among low-income adults in the USA. However, this association differs across levels of diet diversity. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the role diet diversity may play in the pathway between food insecurity and depression.
The loss of autonomy in elderly varies according to the individual health status, but also to the social and psychological environment. Multiple risk factors play a role, including limited access to a balanced diet, physical inactivity or a poor social network. Prevention programs must therefore be based on a multidimensional approach, but are rarely studied with regard to their effectiveness.
Materials and methods
The objective of the Auton'Al 60 program is to prevent the loss of autonomy related to diet, physical activity and mental health in elderly, aged 60 to 89, in the county of Oise, North of France. Between February and July 2018, 7 different prevention workshops were conducted in 5 geographical areas (urban and rural). A blog and a monthly newsletter have been created to limit the loss to follow- up. Evaluation was based on an in-depth interview at T0 inquiring about the level of autonomy, the dietary habits and the health status, as well as on 2 self-administered questionnaires during and at the end of the program. In addition, each workshop has been evaluated separately according to key indicators. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.
Results
69 workshops have been completed during 5 months. In total, 91 subjects (27.8% men - 71.9% women) participated in at least one workshop, with a mean age of 69.1 years (± 6.3). 72.6% of the subjects were present at 6 or 7 workshops, and 49.5% participated in all activities. A state of loss of autonomy was reported by 6.7% of the participants. 32.6% of the population were chronic-disease-free and 43.8% had a normal BMI (kg / m2). The prevalence of obesity was 15.7%. The program showed effectiveness to decrease the consumption of high-fat products in 52.9% as well as the consumption of sugary products in 60.9% of the participants. Furthermore, 23.2% of the subjects started a new social activity during the program. However, compared to other age groups observed fragility seemed to be particularly high in elderly aged from 66 to 69 years.
Conclusion
The Auton'Al 60 program confirms the heterogeneity in the level of autonomy, health status and health behavior in elderly. The multidimensional approach has shown satisfactory effectiveness. Prevention strategies have been developed for isolated or low-income subjects and are under current evaluation.
Transposition of the great arteries is the most common cyanotic cardiac lesion in newborns. Transposition of the great arteries without surgical correction is fatal during the first year of life. Contemporary outcome studies have shown that survival rates after surgery are excellent and most patients live to adulthood.
Case summary:
Woman with complex transposition of the great arteries with atrial and ventricular septal defects and subvalvular and valvular pulmonary stenosis, who has survived until the age of 31 years without surgery. The diagnosis was made by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. She underwent successful corrective surgical treatment after this age, by means of a Jatene operation.
Conclusion:
In transposition of the great arteries patients, a high index of cases dies in the first month of life. Our case represents a natural history of the complex transposition of the great arteries. Non-invasive imaging studies are very useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with transposition of the great arteries, especially echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. In our case, the multimodality approach and the corrective surgery allowed her to survive.
The blue shark Prionace glauca is the most abundant species in the artisanal driftnet fishery off the coastal waters of Ivory Coast. The reproductive parameters were investigated with the aim of providing basic information on the reproductive biology for fisheries management. A total of 424 specimens (256 males and 168 females) ranging from 170–330 cm in total length (TL) were sampled between August 2014 and November 2016. Sample for embryonic sex ratio was obtained from 18 litters of 503 individuals (255 males and 248 females). The embryonic sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1 (χ2 = 0.10, P > 0.05, N = 503). The size at 50% maturity (L50) was 218.1 cm TL for males and 223.3 cm TL for females. The litter size based on the number of embryos varied from 6 to 62, with an average of 30 embryos. Mating started in July whereas ovulation, fertilization and uterine eggs occurred in late October–November. Smallest embryos of 3–5 cm in stretch total length (STL) appeared in uterus from November to January. The embryo size varied widely among months, and well-pigmented embryos were already present in April–May samples, although most of them occurred in August–September, suggesting a gestation period of around 11 months. The absence of neonates in catches, as well as parturition females, does not support a hypothesis that parturition takes place in the Gulf of Guinea.
Confronting national, linguistic and disciplinary boundaries, contributors to African Archaeology Without Frontiers argue against artificial limits and divisions created through the study of ‘ages’ that in reality overlap and cannot and should not be understood in isolation. Papers are drawn from the proceedings of the landmark 14th PanAfrican Archaeological Association Congress, held in Johannesburg in 2014, nearly seven decades after the conference planned for 1951 was re-located to Algiers for ideological reasons following the National Party’s rise to power in South Africa. Contributions by keynote speakers Chapurukha Kusimba and Akin Ogundiran encourage African archaeologists to practise an archaeology that collaborates across many related fields of study to enrich our understanding of the past. The nine papers cover a broad geographical sweep by incorporating material on ongoing projects throughout the continent including South Africa, Botswana, Cameroon, Togo, Tanzania, Kenya and Nigeria. Thematically, the papers included in the volume address issues of identity and interaction, and the need to balance cultural heritage management and sustainable development derived from a continent racked by social inequalities and crippling poverty. Edited by three leading archaeologists, the collection covers many aspects of African archaeology, and a range of periods from the earliest hominins to the historical period. It will appeal to specialists and interested amateurs.
Abstract (Rock Art in Cameroon: Knowledge, New Discoveries and Sub-Regional Iconography)
Our research since 2009 has led us to a dozen rock art sites in the Adamaoua in central Cameroon. The iconographic repertoire of these sites is made up of weapon designs and rock games with protohistorical references. This breaks away from the older tradition of ‘abstract’ geometric figures from Bidzar in the north of the country. With these discoveries, Cameroon is now part of an extended central African network that has known a remarkable Iron Age as testified to by the frequent representation of metal weapons. A summary of knowledge on rock art in Cameroon shows that the variety of representation styles and themes seems to reflect that of cosmological and semiological systems. As such, currently available iconography makes it possible to distinguish three representation styles: the ‘abstract’ geometric style of ‘mythogram’ found in Bidzar; the ‘algebraic’ geometric style of ‘ludogram’ (rock game) localised from the Mandara mountains to Adamaoua; and the schematic style of ‘pictogram’ corresponding to a phonographic system in the Adamaoua. These representations have been partially decrypted with reference to comparative ethnology and in the light of oral traditions.
Introduction
Trouvés dans des circonstances bien souvent inégales, les arts rupestres de l'Afrique centrale révèlent de plus en plus leur richesse et leur diversité grâce au regain d'intérêt des programmes scientifiques de recherches qui apportent des résultats satisfaisants et encourageants dans presque tous les pays de la sous-région. Si certaines représentations ici manifestent un intérêt particulier parce qu'elles se rapportent à une ethnologie encore bien vivante dans plusieurs localités, des lacunes considérables existent cependant toujours pour ce qui concerne la restitution des séquences chronologiques y afférentes. Au Cameroun, le premier site d'art rupestre a été mis à jour par Buisson en 1934 à Bidzar, dans la partie soudano-sahélienne du pays. Dès lors, la plupart des travaux se sont concentrés dans cette zone mais sans grands résultats.
Dans le cadre de notre thèse, nous avons orienté nos recherches dans d'autres régions tropicales humides du Cameroun où se localisent d'importants gisements de latérite, roche la plus gravée en Afrique centrale ; c'est ainsi que nous avons pu trouver dès 2009 une dizaine de sites concentrés du centre au sud-est du plateau de l'Adamaoua, zone de transition savane-forêt.
Rapid changes in agricultural systems call for profound changes in agricultural research and extension practices. The Diagnosis, Design, Assessment, Training and Extension (DATE) approach was developed and applied to co-design Conservation Agriculture-based cropping systems in contrasted situations. DATE is a multi-scale, multi-stakeholder participatory approach that integrates scientific and local knowledge. It emerged in response to questions raised by and issues encountered in the design of innovative systems. A key feature of this approach is the high input of innovative systems which are often although not exclusively based on conservation agricultural practices. Prototyping of innovative cropping systems (ICSs) largely relies on a conceptual model of soil–plant–macrofauna–microorganism system functioning. By comparing the implementation of the DATE approach and conservation agriculture-based cropping systems in Madagascar, Lao PDR, and Cambodia, we show that: (i) the DATE approach is flexible enough to be adapted to local conditions; (ii) market conditions need to be taken into account in designing agricultural development scenarios; and (iii) the learning process during the transition to conservation agriculture requires time. The DATE approach not only enables the co-design of ICSs with farmers, but also incorporates training and extension dimensions. It feeds back practitioners’ questions to researchers, and provides a renewed and extended source of innovation to farmers.
We provide an analogue of Gundy's decomposition for $L_1$-bounded non-commutative martingales. An important difference from the classical case is that for any $L_1$-bounded non-commutative martingale, the decomposition consists of four martingales. This is strongly related with the row/column nature of non-commutative Hardy spaces of martingales. As applications, we obtain simpler proofs of the weak type $(1,1)$ boundedness for non-commutative martingale transforms and the non-commutative analogue of Burkholder's weak type inequality for square functions. A sequence $(x_n)_{n \ge 1}$ in a normed space $\mathrm{X}$ is called 2-co-lacunary if there exists a bounded linear map from the closed linear span of $(x_n)_{n \ge 1}$ to $l_2$ taking each $x_n$ to the $n$th vector basis of $l_2$. We prove (using our decomposition) that any relatively weakly compact martingale difference sequence in $L_1 (\mathcal{M}, \tau)$ whose sequence of norms is bounded away from zero is 2-co-lacunary, generalizing a result of Aldous and Fremlin to non-commutative $L_1$-spaces.
We prove a weak-type (1,1) inequality for square functions of non-commutative martingales that are simultaneously bounded in $L^2$ and $L^1$. More precisely, the following non-commutative analogue of a classical result of Burkholder holds: there exists an absolute constant $K > 0$ such that if $\mathcal{M}$ is a semi-finite von Neumann algebra and $( \mathcal{M}_n )^{ \infty }_{n = 1}$ is an increasing filtration of von Neumann subalgebras of $\mathcal{M}$ then for any given martingale $x = ( x_n )^{\infty}_{n = 1}$ that is bounded in $L^2 ( \mathcal{M} ) \cap L^1 ( \mathcal{M} )$, adapted to $( \mathcal{M}_n )^{\infty}_{n = 1}$, there exist two martingale difference sequences, $a = ( a_n )_{n = 1}^\infty$ and $b = ( b_n )_{n = 1}^\infty$, with $dx_n = a_n + b_n$ for every $n \geq 1$,
As an application, we obtain the optimal orders of growth for the constants involved in the Pisier–Xu non-commutative analogue of the classical Burkholder–Gundy inequalities.
Let
$\mathcal{A}$
be a
${{C}^{*}}$
-algebra and
$E$
be a Banach space with the Radon-Nikodym property. We prove that if
$j$
is an embedding of
$E$
into an injective Banach space then for every absolutely summing operator
$T:\,\mathcal{A}\,\to \,E$
, the composition
$j\,\circ \,T$
factors through a diagonal operator from
${{l}^{2}}$
into
${{l}^{1}}$
. In particular,
$T$
factors through a Banach space with the Schur property. Similarly, we prove that for
$2\,<\,p\,<\,\infty $
, any absolutely summing operator from
$\mathcal{A}$
into
$E$
factors through a diagonal operator from
${{l}^{p}}$
into
${{l}^{2}}$
.
Let ℳ be a semi-finite von Neumann algebra equipped with a faithful normal trace τ. We prove a Kadec-Pelczyński type dichotomy principle for subspaces of symmetric space of measurable operators of Rademacher type 2. We study subspace structures of non-commutative Lorentz spaces Lp, q, (ℳ, τ), extending some results of Carothers and Dilworth to the non-commutative settings. In particular, we show that, under natural conditions on indices, ℓp cannot be embedded into Lp, q (ℳ, τ). As applications, we prove that for 0 < p < ∞ with p ≠ 2, ℓp cannot be strongly embedded into Lp(ℳ, τ). This provides a non-commutative extension of a result of Kalton for 0 < p < 1 and a result of Rosenthal for 1 ≦ p < 2 on Lp [0, 1].
For a subset $\Lambda$ of the dual group of a compact metrizable abelian group, we introduce the type I-, II-, and III-$\Lambda$-Riemann–Lebesgue property of a Banach space. As an application we use these properties to characterize Rajchman sets.
A new species of the oligochaete family Parvidrilidae Erséus, 1999 is described from several subterranean waterbodies of southern Europe. A comparison with the type species suggests that the so called ‘genital body’ and ‘copulatory organ’ of the latter can be interpreted as the atrium and spermathecae, respectively. A critical analysis of the most important diagnostic features known is made to increase understanding of the real position of the Parvidrilidae in a natural system within the Oligochaeta. The parvidrilids seem to be closely related to the Phreodrilidae. Waiting for the results of molecular and ultrastructural analyses, and considering the dorsal crotchets ‘buried’ in the body wall as an autapomorphy for the phreodrilids, the rank of family for the parvidrilids is maintained on the basis of the three following autapomorphies: the location of the setae in a marked posterior position within the segments; the lateral development of the clitellum, with large clitellar cells in relation to the body diameter; the singular glandular pouches present in the mid-dorsal line of the mesosomial segments.
Let [Mscr ] be a von Neumann algebra (not necessarily semi-finite). We provide a
generalization of the classical Kadec–Pełczyński subsequence decomposition of bounded
sequences in Lp[0, 1] to the case of the Haagerup Lp-spaces (1 [les ] p < 1 ). In particular,
we prove that if { φn}∞n=1 is a bounded sequence in the predual [Mscr ]∗ of [Mscr ],
then there exist a subsequence {φnk}∞k=1 of {φn}∞n=1, a decomposition φnk = yk+zk
such that {yk, k [ges ] 1} is relatively weakly compact and the support projections
supp(zk) ↓k 0 (or similarly mutually disjoint). As an application, we prove that
every non-reflexive subspace of the dual of any given C*-algebra (or Jordan triples)
contains asymptotically isometric copies of [lscr ]1 and therefore fails the fixed point
property for non-expansive mappings. These generalize earlier results for the case of
preduals of semi-finite von Neumann algebras.