Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders are the most disadvantaged distinct population in Australia. In terms of health status they fare worse, not only by comparison with nonIndigenous Australians, but also when compared to Indigenous populations in similar situations elsewhere. The social justice issues underlying Indigenous ill-health and the consequences for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health are emphasized in this chapter. While they are clearly a population with significant unmet mental health needs, health planners are pulled between two fundamental demands. On the one hand is the imperative to address underlying social justice issues. On the other is the pressing need for programs and services to address problems that, in some instances (such as Indigenous suicide), are increasing alarmingly.

In his poem, ‘Slum Dwelling’, Jack Davis poses a question that should be considered by all Australians as an issue not only of social justice but national social responsibility. It is now 30 years since the Commonwealth Referendum of 1967 which provided for de facto ‘citizenship’ by including Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in national census enumerations and allowing for the Commonwealth to legislate in Aboriginal affairs. Unfortunately, much of the Indigenous optimism of those heady days of protest and planning has evaporated in the face of persistent disadvantage.