Weng, SL, Taylor, SL, Morshedi, M et al. Caspase activity and apoptotic markers in ejaculated human sperm. Mol Hum Reprod, 2002;8:984–991.Google Scholar

Paasch, U, Grunewald, S, Agarwal, A, Glandera, HJ. Activation pattern of caspases in human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 2004;81 (Suppl. 1):802–809.Google Scholar

Barroso, G, Morshedi, M, Oehninger, S. Analysis of DNA fragmentation, plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine and oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod, 2000;15:1338–1344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Almeida, C, Sousa, M, Barros, A. Phosphatidylserine translocation in human spermatozoa from impaired spermatogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online, 2009;19:770–777.Google Scholar

Koppers, AJ, De Iuliis, GN, Finnie, JM, McLaughlin, EA, Aitken, RJ. Significance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the generation of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008;93:3199–3207.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ, De Iuliis, GN. On the possible origins of DNA damage in human spermatozoa. Mol Hum Reprod, 2010;16:3–13.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ, Koopman, P, Lewis, SE. Seeds of concern. Nature, 2004;432:48–52.Google Scholar

Sakkas, D, Moffatt, O, Manicardi, GC et al. Nature of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa and the possible involvement of apoptosis. Biol Reprod, 2002;66:1061–1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aitken, RJ, De Iuliis, GN, McLachlan, RI. Biological and clinical significance of DNA damage in the male germ line. Int J Androl, 2009;32:46–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Muriel, L, Garrido, N, Ferna´ndez, JL et al. Value of the sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation level, as measured by the sperm chromatin dispersion test, in the outcome of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril, 2006;85:371–383.Google Scholar

Zini, A, Boman, JM, Belzile, E, Ciampi, A. Sperm DNA damage is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss after IVF and ICSI: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod, 2008;23:2663–2668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aitken, RJ, De Iuliis, GN. Origins and consequences of DNA damage in male germ cells. Reprod Biomed Online, 2007;14:727–733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Benchaib, M, Lornage, J, Mazoyer, C et al. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as a prognostic indicator of assisted reproductive technology outcome. Fertil Steril, 2007;87:93–100.Google Scholar

Van Voorhis, BJ. Clinical practice. In vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med, 2007;356:379–386.Google Scholar

Aitken, RJ. Just how safe is assisted reproductive technology for treating male infertility? Expert Rev Obstet Gynaecol, 2008;3:267–271.Google Scholar

Uppangala, S, Pudakalakatti, S, D’souza, F et al. Influence of sperm DNA damage on human preimplantation embryo metabolism. Reprod Biol, 2016;16:234–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hansen, M, Kurinczuk, JJ, Bower, C, Webb, S. The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med, 2002;346:725–730.Google Scholar

Maher, ER, Afnan, M, Barratt, CL. Epigenetic risks related to assisted reproductive technologies: epigenetics, imprinting, ART and icebergs? Hum Reprod, 2003;18:2508–2511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shiota, K, Yamada, S. Intrauterine environment-genome interaction and children’s development (3): assisted reproductive technologies and developmental disorders. J Toxicol Sci, 2009;34 (Suppl. 2):S287–S291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hansen, M, Colvin, L, Petterson, B et al. Admission to hospital of singleton children born following assisted reproductive technology (ART). Hum Reprod, 2008;23:1297–1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ericson, A, Nygren, KG, Olausson, PO, Kallen, B. Hospital care utilization of infants born after IVF. Hum Reprod, 2002;17:929–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kallen, B, Finnstrom, O, Nygren, KG, Olausson, PO. In vitro fertilization in Sweden: child morbidity including cancer risk. Fertil Steril, 2005;84:605–610.Google Scholar

Klemetti, R, Sevon, T, Gissler, M, Hemminki, E. Health of children born as a result of in vitro fertilization. Pediatrics, 2006;118:1819–1827.Google Scholar

Ludwig, AK, Katalinic, A, Thyen, U et al. Physical health at 5.5 years of age of term-born singletons after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: results of a prospective, controlled, single-blinded study. Fertil Steril, 2009;91:115–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wikstrand, MH, Niklasson, A, Strömland, K, Hellström, A. Abnormal vessel morphology in boys born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Acta Paediatr, 2008;97:1512–1517.Google Scholar

Kissin, DM, Zhang, Y, Boulet, SL et al. Association of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment and parental infertility diagnosis with autism in ART-conceived children. Hum Reprod, 2015;30:454–465.Google Scholar

Ponjaert-Kristoffersen, I, Bonduelle, M, Barnes, J et al. International collaborative study of intracytoplasmic sperm injection-conceived, in vitro fertilization-conceived, and naturally conceived 5-year-old child outcomes: cognitive and motor assessments. Pediatrics, 2005;115:e283–e289.Google Scholar

Ludwig, A, Katalinic, A, Thyen, U et al. Neuromotor development and mental health at 5.5 years of age of singletons born at term after intracytoplasmatic sperm injection ICSI: results of a prospective controlled single-blinded study in Germany. Fertil Steril, 2009;91:125–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baujat, G, Legeai-Mallet, L, Finidori, G, Cormier-Daire, V, Le Merrer, M. Achondroplasia. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 2008;22:3–18.Google Scholar

Dunson, DB, Colombo, B, Baird, DD. Changes with age in the level and duration of fertility in the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod, 2002;17:1399–1403.Google Scholar

Singh, NP, Muller, CH, Berger, RE. Effects of age on DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in human sperm. Fertil Steril, 2003;80:1420–1430.Google Scholar

Schmid, TE, Eskenazi, B, Baumgartner, A et al. The effects of male age on sperm DNA damage in healthy non-smokers. Hum Reprod, 2007;22:180–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smit, M, Romijn, JC, Wildhagen, MF, Weber, RF, Dohle, GR. Sperm chromatin structure is associated with the quality of spermatogenesis in infertile patients. Fertil Steril, 2010;94(5):1748–1752. Google Scholar

Sloter, E, Nath, J, Eskenazi, B, Wyrobek, AJ. Effects of male age on the frequencies of germinal and heritable chromosomal abnormalities in humans and rodents. Fertil Steril, 2004;81:925–943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sloter, ED, Marchetti, F, Eskenazi, B et al. Frequency of human sperm carrying structural aberrations of chromosome 1 increases with advancing age. Fertil Steril, 2007;87:1077–1086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Crow, JF. The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation. Nat Rev Genet, 2000;1:40–47.Google Scholar

Goriely, A, Hansen, RM, Taylor, IB et al. Activating mutations in FGFR3 and HRAS reveal a shared genetic origin for congenital disorders and testicular tumors. Nat Genet, 2009;41:1247–1252.Google Scholar

Sipos, A, Rasmussen, F, Harrison, G et al. Paternal age and schizophrenia: a population based cohort study. BMJ, 2004;329:1070.Google Scholar

Reichenberg, A, Gross, R, Weiser, M et al. Advancing paternal age and autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2006;63:1026–1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frans, EM, Sandin, S, Reichenberg, A et al. Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2008;65:1034–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Green, RF, Devine, O, Crider, KS et al. Association of paternal age and risk for major congenital anomalies from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2004. Ann Epidemiol, 2010;20:241–249.Google Scholar

Zhu, JL, Vestergaard, M, Madsen, KM, Olsen, J. Paternal age and mortality in children. Eur J Epidemiol, 2008;23:443–447.Google Scholar

Herati, AS, Zhelyazkova, BH, Butler, PR et al. Age-related alterations in the genetics and genomics of the male germ line. Fertil Steril, 2017;107:319–323.Google Scholar

Weir, CP, Robaire, B. Spermatozoa have decreased antioxidant enzymatic capacity and increased reactive oxygen species production during aging in the Brown Norway rat. J Androl, 2007;28:229–240.Google Scholar

Fraga, CG, Motchnik, PA, Shigenaga, MK et al. Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1991;88:11003–11006.Google Scholar

Fraga, CG, Motchnik, PA, Wyrobek, AJ, Rempel, DM, Ames, BN. Smoking and low antioxidant levels increase oxidative damage to DNA. Mut Res, 1996;351:199–203.Google Scholar

Mostafa, T, Tawadrous, G, Roaia, MM et al. Effect of smoking on seminal plasma ascorbic acid in infertile and fertile males. Andrologia, 2006;38:221–224.Google Scholar

Zenzes, MT. Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human gametes and embryos. Hum Reprod Update, 2000;6:122–131.Google Scholar

Ji, BT, Shu, XO, Linet, MS et al. Paternal cigarette smoking and the risk of childhood cancer among offspring of non-smoking mothers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1997;89:238–244.Google Scholar

Chang, JS. Parental smoking and childhood leukemia. Methods Mol Biol, 2009;472:103–137.Google Scholar

Plichart, M, Menegaux, F, Lacour, B et al. Parental smoking, maternal alcohol, coffee and tea consumption during pregnancy and childhood malignant central nervous system tumours: the ESCALE study (SFCE).Eur J Cancer Prev, 2008;17:376–383.Google Scholar

Rudant, J, Menegaux, F, Leverger, G et al. Childhood hematopoietic malignancies and parental use of tobacco and alcohol: the ESCALE study (SFCE). Cancer Causes Control, 2008;19:1277–1290.Google Scholar

Lee, KM, Ward, MH, Han, S et al. Paternal smoking, genetic polymorphisms in CYP1A1 and childhood leukemia risk. Leuk Res, 2009;33:250–258.Google Scholar

Abel, EL. Paternal and maternal alcohol consumption: effects on offspring in two strains of rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1989;13:533–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stoichev, II, Todorov, DK, Christova, LT. Dominant-lethal mutations and micronucleus induction in male BALB/c, BDF1 and H mice by tobacco smoke. Mutat Res, 1993;319:285–292.Google Scholar

Chabory, E, Damon, C, Lenoir, A et al. Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice. J Clin Invest, 2009;119:2074–2085.Google Scholar

De Iuliis, GN, Thomson, LK, Mitchell, LA et al. DNA damage in human spermatozoa is highly correlated with the efficiency of chromatin remodeling and the formation of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress. Biol Reprod, 2009;81:517–524.Google Scholar

Kodama, H, Yamaguchi, R, Fukuda, J, Kasai, H, Tanaka, T. Increased oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage in the spermatozoa of infertile male patients. Fertil Steril, 1997;68:519–524.Google Scholar

Badouard, C, Me´ne´zo, Y, Panteix, G et al. Determination of new types of DNA lesions in human sperm. Zygote, 2008;16:9–13.Google Scholar

Horak, S, Polanska, J, Widlak, P. Bulky DNA adducts in human sperm: relationship with fertility, semen quality, smoking, and environmental factors. Mutat Res, 2003;537:53–65.Google Scholar

Gaspari, L, Chang, SS, Santella, RM et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human sperm as a marker of DNA damage and infertility. Mutat Res, 2003;535:155–160.Google Scholar

Knudson, CM, Tung, KS, Tourtellotte, WG, Brown, GA, Korsmeyer, SJ. Bax-deficient mice with lymphoid hyperplasia and male germ cell death. Science, 1995;270:96–99.Google Scholar

Rodriguez, I, Ody, C, Araki, K, Garcia, I, Vassalli, P. An early and massive wave of germinal cell apoptosis is required for the development of functional spermatogenesis. EMBO J, 1997;16:2262–2270.Google Scholar

Boekelheide, K. Mechanisms of toxic damage to spermatogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 2005;34:6–8.Google Scholar

Barroso, G, Morshedi, M, Oehninger, S. Analysis of DNA fragmentation, plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine and oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod, 2000;15:1338–1344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sakkas, D, Mariethoz, E, St John, JC. Abnormal sperm parameters in humans are indicative of an abortive apoptotic mechanism linked to the Fas-mediated pathway. Exp Cell Res, 1999;251:350–355.Google Scholar

Meyer-Ficca, ML, Lonchar, J, Credidio, C et al. Disruption of poly(ADP-ribose) homeostasis affects spermiogenesis and sperm chromatin integrity in mice. Biol Reprod, 2009;81:46–55.Google Scholar

Zhao, M, Shirley, CR, Hayashi, S et al. Transition nuclear proteins are required for normal chromatin condensation and functional sperm development. Genesis, 2004;38:200–213.Google Scholar

Walters, JLH, De Iuliis, GN, Dun, MD et al. Pharmacological inhibition of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase protects human spermatozoa against oxidative stress. Biol Reprod, 2018;98:784–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Khaki, A, Fathiazad, F, Nouri, M et al. Beneficial effects of quercetin on sperm parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Phytother Res, 2010;24(9):1285–1291.Google Scholar

Metukuri, MR, Reddy, CM, Reddy, PR, Reddanna, P. Bacterial LPS mediated acute inflammation-induced spermatogenic failure in rats: role of stress response proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction. Inflammation, 2010;33(4):235–243.Google Scholar

Issam, C, Samir, H, Zohra, H, Monia, Z, Hassen, BC. Toxic responses to deltamethrin (DM) low doses on gonads, sex hormones and lipoperoxidation in male rats following subcutaneous treatments. J Toxicol Sci, 2009;34:663–670.Google Scholar

Pin˜a-Guzma´n, B, Sa´nchez-Gutie´rrez, M, Marchetti, F et al. Methyl-parathion decreases sperm function and fertilization capacity after targeting spermatocytes and maturing spermatozoa. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2009;238:141–149.Google Scholar

Aly, HA, Dome`nech, O, Abdel-Naim, AB. Aroclor 1254 impairs spermatogenesis and induces oxidative stress in rat testicular mitochondria. Food Chem Toxicol, 2009;47:1733–1738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rezvanfar, M, Sadrkhanlou, R, Ahmadi, A et al. Protection of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in reproductive tract histology, sperm characteristics, and DNA damage by an herbal source; evidence for role of free-radical toxic stress. Hum Exp Toxicol, 2008;27:901–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ozen, OA, Kus, MA, Kus, I, Alkoc, OA, Songur, A. Protective effects of melatonin against formaldehyde-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in rat testes: an immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Syst Biol Reprod Med, 2008;54:169–176.Google Scholar

Aly, HA, Lightfoot, DA, El-Shemy, HA. Modulatory role of lipoic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in adult rat Sertoli cells in vitro. Chem Biol Interact, 2009;182:112–118.Google Scholar

Piña-Guzmán, B, Solís-Heredia, MJ, Rojas-García, AE et al. Genetic damage caused by methyl-parathion in mouse spermatozoa is related to oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2006;216:216–224.Google Scholar

Shaman, JA, Yamauchi, Y, Ward, WS. Sperm DNA fragmentation: awakening the sleeping genome. Biochem Soc Trans, 2007;35:626–628.Google Scholar

Boaz, SM, Dominguez, K, Shaman, JA, Ward, WS. Mouse spermatozoa contain a nuclease that is activated by pretreatment with EGTA and subsequent calcium incubation. J Cell Biochem, 2008;103:1636–1645.Google Scholar

Zubkova, EV, Robaire, B. Effects of ageing on spermatozoal chromatin and its sensitivity to in vivo and in vitro oxidative challenge in the Brown Norway rat. Hum Reprod, 2006;21:2901–2910.Google Scholar

Lozano, GM, Bejarano, I, Espino, J et al. Relationship between caspase activity and apoptotic markers in human sperm in response to hydrogen peroxide and progesterone. J Reprod Dev, 2009;55:615–621.Google Scholar

Koppers, AJ, Mitchell, LA, Wang, P et al. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling pathway involvement in a truncated apoptotic cascade associated with motility loss and oxidative DNA damage in human spermatozoa. Biochem J, 2011;436:687–698.Google Scholar

De Iuliis, GN, Newey, RJ, King, BV, Aitken, RJ. Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One, 2009;4:e6446.Google Scholar

Mitchell, LA, De Iuliis, GN, Aitken, RJ. The TUNEL assay consistently underestimates DNA damage in human spermatozoa and is influenced by DNA compaction and cell vitality:development of an improved methodology. Int J Androl, 2010;34(1):2–13.Google Scholar

Thompson, LA, Barratt, CL, Bolton, AE, Cooke, ID. The leukocytic reaction of the human uterine cervix. Am J Reprod Immunol, 1992;28:85–89.Google Scholar

Kurosaka, K, Takahashi, M, Watanabe, N, Kobayashi, Y. Silent cleanup of very early apoptotic cells by macrophages. J Immunol, 2003;171:4672–4679.Google Scholar

Ricci, G, Perticarari, S, Fragonas, E et al. Apoptosis in human sperm: its correlation with semen quality and the presence of leukocytes. Hum Reprod, 2002;17:2665–2672.Google Scholar

Pujianto, DA, Curry, BJ, Aitken, RJ. Prolactin exerts a prosurvival effect on human spermatozoa via mechanisms that involve the stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and suppression of caspase activation and capacitation. Endocrinology, 2010;151(3):1269–1279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Safari, H, Khanlarkhani, N, Sobhani, A et al. Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on sperm quality of normozoospermic men. Hum Fertil (Camb), 2018;21(4):248–254.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Wowk, B. Principles of ice-free cryopreservation by vitrification. Methods Mol Biol, 2020;2180:(in press).Google Scholar

Fahy, GM. Overview of biological vitrification. In Liebermann, J, Tucker, M (eds.) Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction: From Basic Science to Clinical Application. New York: Taylor & Francis Books, Ltd. 2015, 1–22.Google Scholar

Sakurai, M, Furuki T, Akao K et al. Vitrification is essential for anhydrobiosis in an African chironomid, Polypedilum vanderplanki. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008;105:5093–5098.Google Scholar

Hengherr, S, Worland, MR, Reuner, A, Brummer, F, Schill, RO. High-temperature tolerance in anhydrobiotic tardigrades is limited by glass transition. Physiol Biochem Zool, 2009;82:749–755.Google Scholar

Gehenio, PM, Luyet, BJ. A study of the mechanism of death by cold in the plasmodium of the myxomycetes. Biodynamica, 1939;2:1–22.Google Scholar

Luyet, BJ, Gehenio, PM. The mechanism of injury and death by low temperature. Biodynamica, 1940;3:33–60.Google Scholar

Goetz, A, Goetz, SS. Vitrification and crystallization of organic cells at low temperatures. J Applied Physics, 1938;9:718–729.Google Scholar

Luyet, B. The vitrification of organic colloids and of protoplasm. Biodynamica, 1937;1:1–14.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Hirsh, A. Prospects for organ preservation by vitrification. In Pegg, DE, Jacobsen, IA, Halasz, NA (eds.) Organ Preservation, Basic and Applied Aspects. Lancaster: MTP Press. 1982, 399–404.Google Scholar

Mazur, P. Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems. Science, 1970;168:939–949.Google Scholar

Mullen, SF, Fahy, GM. Fundamental aspects of vitrification as a method of reproductive cell, tissue, and organ cryopreservation. In Donnez, J, Kim, S (eds) Principles & Practice of Fertility Preservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011, 145–163.Google Scholar

Mazur, P, Schneider, U, Mahowald, AP. Characteristics and kinetics of subzero chilling injury in Drosophila embryos. Cryobiology, 1992;29:39–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mazur, P, Cole, KW, Hall, JW, Schreuders, PD, Mahowald, AP. Cryobiological preservation of Drosophila embryos. Science, 1992;258:1896–1897.Google Scholar

Steponkus, PL, Myers SP, Lynch DV et al. Cryopreservation of Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Nature, 1990;345:170–172.Google Scholar

Martino, A, Songsasen, N, Leibo, SP. Development into blastocysts of bovine oocytes cryopreserved by ultra-rapid cooling. Biol Reprod, 1996;54:1059–1069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rall, WF, Meyer, TK. Zona fracture damage and its avoidance during the cryopreservation of mammalian embryos. Theriogenology, 1989;31:683–692.Google Scholar

Williams, RJ, Carnahan, DL. Fracture faces and other interfaces as ice nucleation sites. Cryobiology, 1990;27:479–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rall, WF, Fahy, GM. Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at −196°C by vitrification. Nature, 1985;313:573–575.Google Scholar

Seki, S, Jin, B, Mazur, P. Extreme rapid warming yields high functional survivals of vitrified 8-cell mouse embryos even when suspended in a half-strength vitrification solution and cooled at moderate rates to −196°C. Cryobiology, 2014;68:71–78.Google Scholar

Vajta, G, Kuwayama, M, Vanderzwalmen, P. Disadvantages and benefits of vitrification. In Tucker, MJ, Liebermann, J (eds.) Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction, A User’s Manual and Trouble-Shooting Guide. London: Informa UK. 2007, 33–44.Google Scholar

Vajta, G. Are programmable freezers still needed in the embryo laboratory? Review on vitrification. Reprod Biomed Online, 2006;12:779–796.Google Scholar

Taylor, MJ, Song, YC, Brockbank, KG. Vitrification in tissue preservation: new developments. In Fuller, BJ, Lane, N, Benson, EE (eds.) Life in the Frozen State. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2004, 603–641.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM. Vitrification. In McGrath, JJ, Diller, KR (eds.) Low Temperature Biotechnology: Emerging Applications and Engineering Contributions. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1988, 113–146.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, MacFarlane, DR, Angell, CA, Meryman, HT. Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservation. Cryobiology, 1984;21:407–426.Google Scholar

Wowk, B. Thermodynamic aspects of vitrification. Cryobiology, 2010;60:11–22.Google Scholar

Angell, CA. Liquid fragility and the glass transition in water and aqueous solutions. Chemical Reviews, 2002;102:2627–2650.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Rall, WF. Vitrification: An overview. In Liebermann, J, Tucker, MJ (eds.) Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction: A User’s Manual and Troubleshooting Guide. London: Informa Healthcare. 2007, 1–20.Google Scholar

Bruggeller, P, Mayer, E. Complete vitrification in pure liquid water and dilute aqueous solutions. Nature, 1980;288:569–571.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Levy, DI, Ali, SE. Some emerging principles underlying the physical properties, biological actions, and utility of vitrification solutions. Cryobiology, 1987;24:196–213.Google Scholar

MacFarlane, DR. Devitrification in glass-forming aqueous solutions. Cryobiology, 1986;23:230–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacFarlane, DR, Forsyth, M. Devitrification and recrystallization of glass forming aqueous solutions. In Pegg, DE, Karow, AM, Jr (eds.) The Biophysics of Organ Cryopreservation. New York: Plenum Press. 1987, 237–257.Google Scholar

Takahashi, T, Hirsh, A, Erbe, EF et al. Vitrification of human monocytes. Cryobiology, 1986;23:103–115.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM. Understanding and controlling ice nucleation and growth in the renal inner medulla. Cryobiology, 2015;71:540.Google Scholar

Forsyth, M, MacFarlane, DR. Recrystallization revisited. Cryo-Letters, 1986;7:367–378.Google Scholar

Goetz, A, Goetz, SS. Death by devitrification in yeast cells. Biodynamica, 1938;2:1–8.Google Scholar

Bank, H. Visualization of freezing damage. II. Structural alterations during warming. Cryobiology, 1973;10:157–170.Google Scholar

Boutron, P. Comparison with the theory of the kinetics and extent of ice crystallization and of the glass-forming tendency in aqueous cryoprotective solutions. Cryobiology, 1986;23:88–102.Google Scholar

Boutron, P, Mehl, P. Theoretical prediction of devitrification tendency: determination of critical warming rates without using finite expansions. Cryobiology, 1990;27:359–377.Google Scholar

Boutron, P. Glass-forming tendency and stability of the amorphous state in solutions of a 2,3-butanediol containing mainly the levo and dextro isomers in water, buffer, and Euro-Collins. Cryobiology, 1993;30:86–97.Google Scholar

Stiles, W. On the cause of cold death of plants. Protoplasma, 1930;9:459–468.Google Scholar

Anonymous. Curriculum vitae and list of publications of B. J. Luyet. Cryobiology, 1975;12:440–453.Google Scholar

Luyet, BJ, Thoennes, G. The survival of plant cells immersed in liquid air. Science, 1938;88:284–285.Google Scholar

Luyet, BJ, Gehenio, PM. The survival of moss vitrified in liquid air and its relation to water content. Biodynamica, 1938;2:1–7.Google Scholar

Keith, SC, Jr. Factors influencing the survival of bacteria at temperatures in the vicinity of the freezing point of water. Science, 1913;37:877–879.Google Scholar

Smith, AU. Effects of low temperatures on living cells and tissues. In Harris, RJC (ed.) Biological Applications of Freezing and Drying. New York: Academic Press. 1954, 1–53.Google Scholar

Polge, C, Smith, AU, Parkes, AS. Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. Nature, 1949;164:666.Google Scholar

Lovelock, JE. The protective action of neutral solutes against haemolysis by freezing and thawing. Biochem J, 1954;56:265–270.Google Scholar

Luyet, BJ, Gehenio, PM. Effect of the rewarming velocity on the survival of embryonic tissues frozen after treatment with ethylene glycol. Biodynamica, 1954;7:213–223.Google Scholar

Meryman, HT. X-ray analysis of rapidly frozen gelatin gels. Biodynamica, 1958;8:69–72.Google Scholar

Luyet, B, Rapatz, G. Patterns of ice formation in some aqueous solutions. Biodynamica, 1958;8:1–68.Google Scholar

Luyet, B. On the amount of water remaining amorphous in frozen aqueous solutions. Biodynamica, 1969;10:277–291.Google Scholar

Dubochet, J, McDowall, AW. Vitrification of pure water for electron microscopy. J Microsc, 1981;124:RP3–RP4.Google Scholar

Farrant, J. Mechanism of cell damage during freezing and thawing and its prevention. Nature, 1965;205:1284–1287.Google Scholar

Luyet, B, Kroener, C. The temperature of the “glass transition” in aqueous solutions of glycerol and ethylene glycol. Biodynamica, 1966;10:33–40.Google Scholar

Luyet, B, Rasmussen, D. Study by differential thermal analysis of the temperatures of instability of rapidly cooled solutions of glycerol, ethylene glycol, sucrose, and glucose. Biodynamica, 1968;10:167–191.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, D, Luyet, B. Complementary study of some non-equilibrium phase transitions in frozen solutions of glycerol, ethylene glycol, glucose, and sucrose. Biodynamica, 1969;10:319–331.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, D, Luyet, B. Contribution to the establishment of the temperature-concentration curves of homogeneous nucleation in solutions of some cryoprotective agents. Biodynamica, 1970;11:33–44.Google Scholar

Luyet, B, Rasmussen, DH. On some inconspicuous changes occurring in aqueous systems subjected to below zero C temperatures. Biodynamica, 1973;11:209–215.Google Scholar

Rapatz, G, Luyet, B. Electron microscope study of erythrocytes in rapidly cooled suspensions containing various concentrations of glycerol. Biodynamica, 1968;10:193–210.Google Scholar

Rapatz, G. Resumption of activity in frog hearts after freezing to low temperatures. Biodynamica, 1970;11:1–12.Google Scholar

Rapatz, G, Keener, R. Effect of concentration of ethylene glycol on the recovery of frog hearts after freezing to low temperatures. Cryobiology, 1974;11:571–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boutron, P, Kaufmann, A. Stability of the amorphous state in the system water-glycerol-dimethylsulfoxide. Cryobiology, 1978;15:93–108.Google Scholar

Boutron, P, Kaufmann, A. Stability of the amorphous state in the system water-glycerol-ethylene glycol. Cryobiology, 1979;16:83–89.Google Scholar

Boutron, P. Stability of the amorphous state in the system water-1,2-propanediol. Cryobiology, 1979;16:557–568.Google Scholar

Boutron, P. levo- and dextro-2,3-butanediol and their racemic mixture: very efficient solutes for vitrification. Cryobiology, 1990;27:55–69.Google Scholar

Boutron, P, Arnaud, F. Comparison of the cryoprotection of red blood cells by 1,2-propanediol and glycerol. Cryobiology, 1984;21:348–358.Google Scholar

Mehl, P, Boutron, P. Cryoprotection of red blood cells by 1,3-butanediol and 2,3-butanediol. Cryobiology, 1988;25:44–54.Google Scholar

James, ER. Cryopreservation of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula using 40% v/v (10 M) methanol and rapid cooling. Cryo-Letters, 1980;1:535–544.Google Scholar

James, ER, Farrant, J. Recovery of infective Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula from liquid nitrogen: a step towards storage of a live schistosomiasis vaccine. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1977;71:498–500.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM. Vitrification as an approach to organ cryopreservation: past, present, and future. In Smit Sibinga, CT, Das, PC, Meryman, HT (eds.) Cryopreservation and Low Temperature Biology in Blood Transfusion. Boston: Kluwer. 1990, 255–268.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM. Prospects for vitrification of whole organs. Cryobiology, 1981;18:617.Google Scholar

MacFarlane, DR, Angell, CA, Fahy, GM. Homogeneous nucleation and glass formation in cryoprotective systems at high pressures. Cryo-Letters, 1981;2:353–358.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, MacFarlane, DR, Angell, CA. Recent progress toward vitrification of kidneys. Cryobiology, 1982;19:668–669.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, MacFarlane, DR, Angell, CA, Meryman, HT. Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservation. Cryobiology, 1983;20:699.Google Scholar

Rall, WF, Reid, DS, Farrant, J. Innocuous biological freezing during warming. Nature, 1980;286:511–514.Google Scholar

Rall, WF. The role of intracellular ice in the slow warming injury of mouse embryos. In Zeilmaker, GH (ed.) Frozen Storage of Laboratory Animals. New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. 1981, 33–44.Google Scholar

Lehn-Jensen, H, Rall, WF. Cryomicroscopic observations of cattle embryos during freezing and thawing. Theriogenology, 1983;19:263–277.Google Scholar

Ashburner, M. Frosted flies. Science, 1992;258:1896–1897.Google Scholar

Mazur, P, Seki, S. Survival of mouse ooctyes after being cooled in a vitrification solution to -196°C at 95° to 70,000 °C/min and warmed at 610° to 118,000 °C/min: A new paradigm for cryopreservation by vitrification. Cryobiology, 2011;62:1–7.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Wowk B, Wu J et al. Cryopreservation of organs by vitrification: perspectives and recent advances. Cryobiology, 2004;48:157–178.Google Scholar

Baudot, A, Alger, L, Boutron, P. Glass-forming tendency in the system water-dimethyl sulfoxide. Cryobiology, 2000;40:151–158.Google Scholar

Baudot, A, Odagescu, V. Thermal properties of ethylene glycol and aqueous solutions. Cryobiology, 2004;48:283–294.Google Scholar

Toner, M, Cravalho, EG, Chiang, YM. Vitrification of biological cell suspensions: the importance of ultrarapid cooling and warming. Cryobiology, 1988;25:551.Google Scholar

Kuleshova, LL, MacFarlane, DR, Trounson, AO, Shaw, JM. Sugars exert a major influence on the vitrification properties of ethylene glycol-based solutions and have low toxicity to embryos and oocytes. Cryobiology, 1999;38:119–130.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM. Process for preparing novel ice-controlling molecules. US Patent 6,303,388 B1 (October 16, 2001).Google Scholar

Wowk, B, Leitl, E, Rasch, CM et al. Vitrification enhancement by synthetic ice blocking agents. Cryobiology, 2000;40:228–236.Google Scholar

Wowk, B, Fahy, GM. Inhibition of bacterial ice nucleation by polyglycerol polymers. Cryobiology, 2002;44:14–23.Google Scholar

Kami, D, Kasuga, J, Arakawa, K, Fujikawa, S. Improved cryopreservation by diluted vitrification solution with supercooling-facilitating flavonol glycoside. Cryobiology, 2008;57:242–245.Google Scholar

Shibao, Y, Fujiwara, K, Kawasaki, Y et al. The effect of a novel cryoprotective agent, carboxylated epsilon-poly-l-lysine, on the developmental ability of re-vitrified mouse embryos at the pronuclear stage. Cryobiology, 2014;68:200–204.Google Scholar

Takahashi, T, Hirsh, A, Erbe, E, Williams, RJ. Mechanism of cryoprotection by extracellular polymeric solutes. Biophys J, 1988;54:509–518.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Saur, J, Williams, RJ. Physical problems with the vitrification of large biological systems. Cryobiology, 1990;27:492–510.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Wowk B, Pagotan R et al. Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification. Organogenesis, 2009;5:167–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pegg, DE, Wusteman, MC, Boylan, S. Fractures in cryopreserved elastic arteries. Cryobiology, 1997;34:183–192.Google Scholar

McIntyre, RL, Fahy, GM. Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation. Cryobiology, 2015;71:448–458.Google Scholar

Manuchehrabadi, N, Gao Z, Zhang J et al. Improved tissue cryopreservation using inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles. Sci Transl Med, 2017;9:eaah4586.Google Scholar

Ali, J, Shelton, J. Development of vitrification solutions. In Tucker, MJ, Liebermann, J (eds.) Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction, A User’s Manual and Trouble-shooting Guide. London: Informa Healthcare. 2007, 45–63.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Wowk, B, Wu, J, Paynter, S. Improved vitrification solutions based on predictability of vitrification solution toxicity. Cryobiology, 2004;48:22–35.Google Scholar

McGrath, JJ. Cold shock: thermoelastic stress in chilled biological membranes. In Diller, KR (ed.) Network Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer in Biotechnology. New York: United Engineering Center. 1987, 57–66.Google Scholar

Ting, AY, Yeoman RR, Campos JR et al. Morphological and functional preservation of pre-antral follicles after vitrification of macaque ovarian tissue in a closed system. Hum Reprod, 2013;28:1267–1279.Google Scholar

Briard, JG, Ferandez, M, de Luna, P, Woo, TK, Ben, RN. QSAR accelerated discovery of potent ice recrystallization inhibitors. Sci Rep, 2016;6 DOI:10.1038/srep26403.Google Scholar

Poisson, JS, Acker, JP, Briard, JG, Meyer, JE, Ben, RN. Modulating intracellular ice growth with cell permeable small molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors. Langmuir, 2019 June 11;35(23):7452–7458.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM, Guan, N, De Graaf, IAM et al. Cryopreservation of precision-cut tissue slices. Xenobiotica, 2013;43:113–132.Google Scholar

Fahy, GM. Cryoprotectant toxicity neutralization. Cryobiology, 2010;60:S45–S53.Google Scholar

Larman, MG, Katz-Jaffe, MG, Sheehan, CB, Gardner, DK. 1,2-propanediol and the type of cryopreservation procedure adversely affect mouse oocyte physiology. Hum Reprod, 2007;22:250–259.Google Scholar

Elmoazzen, HY, Elliott, JA, McGann, LE. Osmotic transport across cell membranes in nondilute solutions: a new nondilute solute transport equation. Biophys J, 2009;96:2559–2571.Google Scholar

Benson, JD, Kearsley, AJ, Higgins, AZ. Mathematical optimization of procedures for cryoprotectant equilibration using a toxicity cost function. Cryobiology, 2012;64:144–151.Google Scholar

Zeron, Y, Tomczak, M, Crowe, J, Arav, A. The effect of liposomes on thermotropic membrane phase transitions of bovine spermatozoa and oocytes: implications for reducing chilling sensitivity. Cryobiology, 2002;45:143–152.Google Scholar

Horvath, G, Seidel, GE, Jr. Vitrification of bovine oocytes after treatment with cholesterol-loaded methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Theriogenology, 2006;66:1026–1033.Google Scholar

Burton, V, Mitchell, HK, Young, P, Petersen, NS. Heat shock protection against cold stress of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol, 1988;8:3550–3552.Google Scholar

Tomczak, MM, Hincha DK, Estrada SD et al. A mechanism for stabilization of membranes at low temperatures by an antifreeze protein. Biophy J, 2002;82:874–881.Google Scholar

Zhou, GB, Li, N. Cryopreservation of porcine oocytes: recent advances. Mol Hum Reprod, 2009;15:279–285.Google Scholar

Cameron, RD, Beebe, LF, Blackshaw, AW. Cryopreservation and transfer of pig embryos. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl, 2006;62:277–291.Google Scholar

Song, YC et al. Stability of vitrified tissues in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen. Cryobiology, 2002;45:243.Google Scholar