Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T08:09:55.543Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Selective laser melting of graphene oxide–reinforced Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb: Improved manufacturability and mechanical strength

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2020

Xing Zhang ,
Bo Mao ,
Yiliang Liao  and
Yufeng Zheng Open the ORCID record for Yufeng Zheng [Opens in a new window]
Xing Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
Bo Mao
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
Yiliang Liao*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
Yufeng Zheng*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
*
a)Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: yliao@unr.edu
b)e-mail: yufengz@unr.edu
Get access

Abstract

Severe cracking and unsatisfied mechanical performance are the major challenges of manufacturing titanium aluminide (TiAl) components by selective laser melting (SLM). In this work, graphene oxide (GO) sheets were introduced onto the metal powder surface to improve the manufacturability of SLM of a Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb (at.%) alloy and enhance the mechanical strength of the laser-fabricated parts. The effect of laser power and GO content on the macromorphology of single-track processing was investigated, showing that the crack-free track could be obtained with the addition of 0.1–0.5 wt.% GO under a laser power of 110 W. In addition, the characterization of multilayer buildups via electron backscatter diffraction and backscatter electron imaging reveals the grain refinement during SLM of GO/TiAl nanocomposites. Finally, the strength of the as-built samples was examined using micro-hardness test, showing a maximal increase of 21.9% by adding 0.3 wt.% GO into the TiAl powders from laser-fabricated samples without GO.

Keywords

Ti
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 35 , Issue 15: Focus Issue: Additive Manufacturing of Metals: Complex Microstructures and Architecture Design , 14 August 2020 , pp. 1998 - 2005
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Li, W., Yang, Y., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Li, M., Wen, S., Wei, Q., Yan, C., and Shi, Y.: Enhanced nanohardness and new insights into texture evolution and phase transformation of TiAl/TiB2 in situ metal matrix composites prepared via selective laser melting. Acta Mater. 136, 90 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, Y., Cuiuri, D., Shen, C., Li, H., and Pan, Z.: Effect of interpass temperature on in situ alloying and additive manufacturing of titanium aluminides using gas tungsten arc welding. Addit. Manuf. 8, 71 (2015).Google Scholar
Baudana, G., Biamino, S., Klöden, B., Kirchner, A., Weißgärber, T., Kieback, B., Pavese, M., Ugues, D., Fino, P., and Badini, C.: Electron beam melting of Ti–48Al–2Nb–0.7Cr–0.3Si: Feasibility investigation. Intermetallics 73, 43 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewlay, B., Nag, S., Suzuki, A., and Weimer, M.: TiAl alloys in commercial aircraft engines. Mater. High Temp. 33, 549 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todai, M., Nakano, T., Liu, T., Yasuda, H.Y., Hagihara, K., Cho, K., Ueda, M., and Takeyama, M.: Effect of building direction on the microstructure and tensile properties of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy additively manufactured by electron beam melting. Addit. Manuf. 13, 61 (2017).Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Yocom, C.J., Mao, B., and Liao, Y.: Microstructure evolution during selective laser melting of metallic materials: A review. J. Laser Appl. 31, 031201 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Wen, S., Wei, Q., Yan, C., and Shi, Y.: Effect of substrate preheating on the texture, phase and nanohardness of a Ti–45Al–2Cr–5Nb alloy processed by selective laser melting. Scr. Mater. 118, 13 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löber, L., Schimansky, F.P., Kühn, U., Pyczak, F., and Eckert, J.: Selective laser melting of a beta-solidifying TNM-B1 titanium aluminide alloy. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 214, 1852 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gussone, J., Hagedorn, Y-C., Gherekhloo, H., Kasperovich, G., Merzouk, T., and Hausmann, J.: Microstructure of γ-titanium aluminide processed by selective laser melting at elevated temperatures. Intermetallics 66, 133 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Wen, S., Wei, Q., Yan, C., and Shi, Y.: Effect of laser scanning speed on a Ti–45Al–2Cr–5Nb alloy processed by selective laser melting: Microstructure, phase, and mechanical properties. J. Alloys Compd. 688, 626 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gussone, J., Garces, G., Haubrich, J., Stark, A., Hagedorn, Y-C., Schell, N., and Requena, G.: Microstructure stability of γ-TiAl produced by selective laser melting. Scr. Mater. 130, 110 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, M., Malot, T., Aubry, P., Colin, C., Vilaro, T., and Bertrand, P.: The prospects for additive manufacturing of bulk TiAl alloy. Mater. High Temp. 33, 571 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W., Li, M., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Wen, S., Wei, Q., Yan, C., and Shi, Y.: Microstructure control and compressive properties of selective laser melted Ti–43.5Al–6.5Nb–2Cr–0.5B alloy: Influence of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) reinforcement. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 743, 217 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, L., Biamino, S., Ackelid, U., Sabbadini, S., Epicoco, P., Fino, P., and Eckert, J.: Comparison of selective laser and electron beam melted titanium aluminides. In Conference Paper of 22nd International Symposium “Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings” (University of Texas, Austin, 2011); p. 547.Google Scholar
Kenel, C., Dasargyri, G., Bauer, T., Colella, A., Spierings, A.B., Leinenbach, C., and Wegener, K.: Selective laser melting of an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) γ-TiAl alloy towards production of complex structures. Mater. Des. 134, 81 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, X., Ma, S., Liu, C., and Wu, Q.: Parameter optimization for Ti–47Al–2Cr–2Nb in selective laser melting based on geometric characteristics of single scan tracks. Opt. Laser Technol. 90, 71 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, Z., Wang, D., Chen, C., Wang, X., Chen, X., and Nian, Q.: Bulk titanium–graphene nanocomposites fabricated by selective laser melting. J. Mater. Res. 34, 1744 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, L., Hou, G., Zhai, W., Ai, Q., Feng, J., Zhang, L., Si, P., and Ci, L.: Aluminum/graphene composites with enhanced heat-dissipation properties by in-situ reduction of graphene oxide on aluminum particles. J. Alloys Compd. 748, 854 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Z., Fan, G., Tan, Z., Guo, Q., Xiong, D., Su, Y., Li, Z., and Zhang, D.: Uniform dispersion of graphene oxide in aluminum powder by direct electrostatic adsorption for fabrication of graphene/aluminum composites. Nanotechnology 25, 325601 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Q., He, M., Xu, X., Zhang, L., and Yu, J.: Self-assembly of graphene oxide on the surface of aluminum foil. New J. Chem. 37, 181 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, Z., Wang, K., Wei, T., Yan, J., Song, L., and Shao, B.: An environmentally friendly and efficient route for the reduction of graphene oxide by aluminum powder. Carbon 48, 1686 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, X., Lin, X., Yousefi, N., Jia, J., and Kim, J-K.: Wrinkling in graphene sheets and graphene oxide papers. Carbon 66, 84 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, C., Yue, S., Adkins, N.J., Ward, M., Hassanin, H., Lee, P.D., Withers, P.J., and Attallah, M.M.: Influence of processing conditions on strut structure and compressive properties of cellular lattice structures fabricated by selective laser melting. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 628, 188 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, W., Li, W., Wang, Y., Zhao, D., and Liu, X.: Microscopic mechanical properties of titanium composites containing multi-layer graphene nanofillers. Mater. Des. 109, 256 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, S., Wei, X., Xu, J., Hong, J., Song, X., Yu, C., Chen, J., Chen, X., and Lu, H.: Strengthening and toughening mechanisms in refilled friction stir spot welding of AA2014 aluminum alloy reinforced by graphene nanosheets. Mater. Des. 186, 108212 (2020).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhadauria, A., Singh, L.K., and Laha, T.: Effect of physio-chemically functionalized graphene nanoplatelet reinforcement on tensile properties of aluminum nanocomposite synthesized via spark plasma sintering. J. Alloys Compd. 748, 783 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seifi, M., Salem, A.A., Satko, D.P., Ackelid, U., Semiatin, S.L., and Lewandowski, J.J.: Effects of HIP on microstructural heterogeneity, defect distribution, and mechanical properties of additively manufactured EBM Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb. J. Alloys Compd. 729, 1118 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y., Hu, R., Zhang, T., Kou, H., Wang, J., Yang, G., and Li, J.: Dendritic growth and microstructure evolution with different cooling rates in Ti48Al2Cr2Nb alloy. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 25, 38 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nam, S., Chang, K., Lee, W., Kim, M.J., Hwang, J.Y., and Choi, H.: Structural effect of two-dimensional BNNS on grain growth suppressing behaviors in Al-matrix nanocomposites. Sci. Rep. 8, 1614 (2018).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, S., Ding, H., Guo, J., Zhang, H., Chen, Z., Wang, Q., Chen, R., and Fu, H.: Rapid cellular crystal growth of TiAl-based intermetallic without peritectic reaction by melt-quenching in Ga–In liquid. Cryst. Growth Des. 17, 1716 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, N.: Hall–Petch relation and boundary strengthening. Scr. Mater. 51, 801 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y-W.: Strength and ductility in TiAl alloys. Intermetallics 6, 623 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, D. and Zhan, Z.: Strengthening effect of graphene derivatives in copper matrix composites. J. Alloys Compd. 654, 226 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, W., Lee, T., and Han, S.: Multi-layer graphene/copper composites: Preparation using high-ratio differential speed rolling, microstructure and mechanical properties. Carbon 69, 55 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashad, M., Pan, F., Tang, A., and Asif, M.: Effect of graphene nanoplatelets addition on mechanical properties of pure aluminum using a semi-powder method. Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int. 24, 101 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, Z., Tong, G., Lin, D., Nian, Q., Shao, J., Hu, Y., Saeib, M., Jin, S., and Cheng, G.J.: Laser sintered graphene nickel nanocomposites. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 231, 143 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar