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LONDON’S WATERFRONT 1100–1666: SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS FROM FOUR EXCAVATIONS THAT TOOK PLACE FROM 1974 TO 1984

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2019

John Schofield
John Schofield*
Affiliation:
John Schofield, 2 Carthew Villas, London W6 0BS, UK. Email: john@jschd.demon.co.uk
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Abstract

The area around the north end of the medieval London Bridge in the City of London has attracted much archaeological attention. This article summarises the main findings for the period 1100–1666 from four excavations, recently published. In doing so, it explores a number of key issues: the main characteristics of this waterfront area in the medieval and Tudor periods; the sources of the pottery and artefacts incorporated into reclamation units, and any significance in their locations behind waterfront revetments or on the foreshore; what the medieval and post-medieval artefacts say about culture, fashion and religious beliefs; the functions of the buildings and open areas, and to what extent these can be linked to owners or occupiers specified in the documentary record; and how the port of London fits within its European trading network. The article also examines if and to what extent the area south of Thames Street was an industrial suburb of the medieval City. Here also lay the parish church of St Botolph Billingsgate, destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt, many details of which can be reconstructed from archaeology and rich documentary evidence. Sixty-nine human burials in the church include one of a man in his sixties who may be John Reynewell, mayor of London in 1426–7. The several thousand artefacts and several hundred kilos of English and foreign pottery (the latter now analysed into over 100 separate wares) from the four sites in the study deserve further research by scholars, who can use this article as a stepping stone into the archive held at the Museum of London.

Type
Research paper
Information
The Antiquaries Journal , Volume 99 , September 2019 , pp. 63 - 94
Copyright
© The Society of Antiquaries of London, 2019 

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References

Bibliography

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Ayers, B 2016. The German Ocean: medieval Europe around the North Sea, Equinox, Sheffield Google Scholar
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Ayre, J and Wroe-Brown, R 2015. ‘The eleventh- and twelfth-century waterfront and settlement at Queenhithe: excavations at Bull Wharf, City of London’, Archaeol J, 172, 195–272 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, N, Brett, J and Jones, R 2018. Bristol: an archaeological assessment, Oxbow, Oxford Google Scholar
Bartlett, R 1993. The making of Europe: conquest, colonization and cultural change 950–1350, Allen Lane, London Google Scholar
Barton, N 1962. The Lost Rivers of London, Phoenix House, London Google Scholar
Bekvalac, J 2018. ‘Analysis of the human skeletal remains from St Botolph Billingsgate’, in Schofield et al 2018, 386–407 Google Scholar
Betts, I 2018. ‘Ceramic building material from site D’, in Schofield, et al 2018, 369–86Google Scholar
Blackmore, L 1999a. ‘Aspects of trade and exchange evidenced by recent work on medieval pottery from London’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 50, 38–55 Google Scholar
Blackmore, L 1999b. ‘Commerce and the capital: archaeological aspects of London’s trade 1100–1700’, in Gläser, 1999, 37–58 Google Scholar
Blackmore, L and Pearce, J 2010. Shelly-sandy ware and the greyware industries (A dated type-series of London medieval pottery, part 5), MOLA Monogr 49, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Blatherwick, S and Bluer, R 2009. Great houses, moats and mills on the south bank of the Thames: medieval and Tudor Southwark and Rotherhithe, MoLAS Monogr 47, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Brigden, S 1989. London and the Reformation, Faber & Faber, London Google Scholar
Brooke, C and Keir, G 1975. London 800–1216: the shaping of a city, University of California Press, Berkeley Google Scholar
Burch, M and Treveil, P with Keene, D 2011. The development of early medieval and later Poultry and Cheapside: excavations at 1 Poultry and vicinity, City of London, MOLA Monogr 38, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Champion, N A I (ed) 1993. Epidemic Disease in London, Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Ser i, Institute of Historical Research, University of London, LondonGoogle Scholar
Chew, H M and Weinbaum, M (eds) 1970. The London Eyre of 1244, LRS 6, London Record Society, London Google Scholar
Clark, J (ed) 1995. The Medieval Horse and its Equipment c 1150–c 1450, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 5, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Clark, J and Schofield, J 2018. ‘The significance of the non-ceramic artefacts, 1100–1450’, in Schofield et al 2018, 306–15Google Scholar
Clarke, H, Pearson, S, Mate, M and Parfitt, K 2010. Sandwich: the ‘completest medieval town in England’, Oxbow Books, Oxford Google Scholar
Cowgill, J, de Neergaard, M and Griffiths, N 1987. Knives and Scabbards, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 1, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Crowfoot, E, Pritchard, F and Staniland, K 1992. Textiles and Clothing, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 4, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Duffy, E 2005. The Stripping of the Altars: traditional religion in England 1400–1580, 2nd edn, Yale University Press, London Google Scholar
Egan, G 1998. The Medieval Household, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 6, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Egan, G and Pritchard, F 1991. Dress Accessories, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 3, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Evans, D H 1999. ‘The trade of Hull between 1200 and 1700’, in Gläser 1999, 59–97 Google Scholar
Ford, B, Brady, K and Teague, S 2017. From Bridgehead to Brewery: the medieval and post-medieval archaeological remains from Finzel’s Reach, Bristol, Oxford Archaeol Monogr 27, Oxford Archaeology, Oxford Google Scholar
Fowler, L and Mackinder, A 2014. Medieval Haywharf to Twentieth-century Brewery: the excavations at Watermark Place, City of London, MOLA Archaeol Stud Ser 30, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Fradley, M 2018. ‘Methods in medieval archaeology’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 20–37 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeth, S 2018a. ‘St Botolph Billingsgate, 1500–1666: documentary evidence’, in Schofield et al 2018, 235–9Google Scholar
Freeth, S 2018b. ‘Wills mentioning the fabric, ornaments, fraternities, charities or earlier burials in the church or cemetery of St Botolph Billingsgate to 1558’, in Schofield et al 2018, 407–13Google Scholar
Gerrard, C M and Gutiérrez, A (eds) 2018. Later Medieval Archaeology in Britain, Oxford University Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Gläser, M (ed) 1999. Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadarchäologie im Hanseraum II: Der Handel, Verlag Schmidt-Reinhild, Lübeck Google Scholar
Goodburn, D 1992. ‘Fragments of a tenth-century timber arcade from Vintners’ Place on the London waterfront’, Medieval Archaeol, 37, 78–92 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grew, F and de Neergaard, M 1988. Shoes and Pattens, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 2, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Gutiérrez, A 2018. ‘Trade and other contacts in late Medieval Britain’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 887–908 Google Scholar
Hall, L 2005. Period House Fixtures & Fittings 1300–1900, Countryside Books, Newbury Google Scholar
Hall, M A 2018. ‘Approaching medieval sacrality’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 614–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, V 1993. ‘Burial of the plague dead in early modern London’, in Champion 1993, 53–64 Google Scholar
Hatton, E, 1708. A New View of London, J Nicholson, London Google Scholar
Jenner, A and Vince, A G 1983. ‘A dated type-series of London medieval pottery part 3: a late medieval Hertfordshire glazed ware’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 34, 151–70Google Scholar
Journot, F 2018. La Maison Urbaine au Moyen Âge, Editions Picard, Paris Google Scholar
Keene, D 2000. ‘London from the post-Roman period to 1300’, in Palliser, D M (ed), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: vol 1, 600–1540, 187–216, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaus, S 2018. ‘The Billingsgate trumpet’, in Schofield et al 2018, 315–24Google Scholar
Klaus, S K and Schofield, J 2018. ‘The Billingsgate trumpet re-examined and re-assessed’, Galpin Soc J, 71, 95–108 Google Scholar
Ledfors, J 2015. ‘St Dunstan in the East: an architectural history of a medieval London parish church’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 66, 47–78 Google Scholar
Leech, R H 2009. ‘Arthur’s Acre: a Saxon bridgehead at Bristol’, Trans Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeol Soc, 127, 11–20 Google Scholar
Leech, R H 2014. The Town House in Medieval and Early Modern Bristol, English Heritage, Swindon Google Scholar
Mackinder, A 2015. Roman and Medieval Revetments on the Thames Waterfront: excavations at Riverbank House, City of London, 2006–9, MOLA Archaeol Stud Ser 33, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Martin, D and Martin, B 2004. New Winchelsea, Sussex: a medieval port town, Field Archaeol Unit Monogr 2, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, King’s Lynn Google Scholar
Milne, G 1992. Timber Building Techniques in London c 900–1400, Special Paper 15, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Milne, G and Milne, C 1982. Medieval Waterfront Development at Trig Lane, Special Paper 5, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Nicholas, D 1997. The Later Medieval City 1300–1500, Longman, London Google Scholar
Pawson, M and Buisseret, D 1975. Port Royal, Jamaica, Oxford University Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Pearce, J 1992. Border Wares, Post-Medieval Pottery in London 1500–1700 ser 1, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Pearce, J and Vince, A G 1988. A Dated Type-series of London Medieval Pottery Part 4: Surrey whitewares, Special Paper 10, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Pearce, J, Vince, A G and Jenner, M A 1985. A Dated Type-series of Medieval Pottery Part 2: London-type ware, Special Paper 6, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Pearce, J, Vince, A G and White, R 1982. ‘A dated type-series of London medieval pottery part 1: Mill Green ware’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 33, 266–98Google Scholar
Rhodes, M 1982. ‘A pair of fifteenth-century spectacle frames from the City of London’, Antiq J, 62, 57–73 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, A 2018. ‘Gender and space in the later Middle Ages: past, present and future routes’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 805–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C A, Bekvalac, J and Redfern, R 2018. ‘Health and well-being: the contribution of the study of human remains to understanding the late medieval period in Britain’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 819–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzman, L F 1967. Building in England Down to 1540: a documentary history, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Schofield, J (ed) 1987. The London Surveys of Ralph Treswell, LTS publ 135, London Topographical Society, London Google Scholar
Schofield, J 1994a. ‘Saxon and medieval parish churches in the City of London: a review’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 45, 23–146 Google Scholar
Schofield, J 1994b. ‘Social perceptions of space in medieval and Tudor London houses’, in Locock, M (ed), Meaningful Architecture: social interpretations of buildings, 188–206, Ashgate, Aldershot Google Scholar
Schofield, J 2003. Medieval London Houses, rev edn, Yale University Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Schofield, J and Pearce, J 2009. ‘Thomas Soane’s buildings near Billingsgate, 1640–66’, Post-Medieval Archaeol, 43, 282–341 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, J and Pearce, J 2014. ‘William Widmore’s pottery cupboard: excavations in Thames Street, London 1974–8’, London Archaeologist, 14, 19–23 Google Scholar
Schofield, J, Blackmore, L and Pearce, J with Dyson, T 2018. London’s Waterfront 1100–1666: Excavations in Thames Street, London, 1974–84, Archaeopress, Oxford Google Scholar
Seeley, D, Phillpotts, C and Samuel, M 2006. Winchester Palace: excavations at the Southwark residence of the bishops of Winchester, MoLAS Monogr 31, MoLAS, London Google Scholar
Spencer, B 1998. Pilgrim Souvenirs and Secular Badges, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 7, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Stafford, E and Teague, S 2016. From Blackfriars to Bankside: medieval and later riverfront archaeology along the route of Thameslink, central London, Thameslink Monogr Ser 4, Oxford Archaeology and Pre-Construct Archaeology, Oxford Google Scholar
Stow, J 1603. A Survey of London, ed Kingsford, C L 1908, 2 vols, Clarendon Press, Oxford [repr 1971]Google Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T 1975. ‘Excavations at the Custom House: part II’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 26, 103–70Google Scholar
Twigg, G 1993. ‘Plague in London: spatial and temporal aspects’, in Champion 1993, 1–18 Google Scholar
Vince, A G 1985. ‘Saxon and medieval pottery in London: a review’, Medieval Archaeol, 29, 25–93 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, B, Brigham, T and Dyson, T 2001. London Bridge: 2000 years of a river crossing, MoLAS Monogr 8, MoLAS, London Google Scholar
Westholm, G 1999. ‘Gotland and Visby in the Hanseatic trade: preserved traces of times of prosperity’, in Gläser 1999, 513–31Google Scholar
White, W 1988. The Cemetery of St Nicholas Shambles, Special Paper 9, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Wickham, C 2015. Medieval Rome: stability and crisis of a city, 900–1150, Oxford Stud Medieval European Hist ser, Oxford University Press, New York Google Scholar
Willan, T S 1964. River Navigation in England 1600–1750, rev edn, Frank Cass, London Google Scholar
Woodward-Smith, N and Schofield, J 1977. ‘A late fifteenth century account for a wharf at Vauxhall, London’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 28, 278–91Google Scholar
St Botolph Cartulary: register of deeds and wills of St Botolph Billingsgate, 1418–1530, LMA, P69/BOT3/D/001/MS00059Google Scholar
Ayers, B 2016. The German Ocean: medieval Europe around the North Sea, Equinox, Sheffield Google Scholar
Ayre, J and Wroe-Brown, R 2002. The London Millennium Bridge: excavation of the medieval and later waterfronts at Peter’s Hill, City of London and Bankside, Southwark, MoLAS Archaeol Stud Ser 6, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Ayre, J and Wroe-Brown, R 2015. ‘The eleventh- and twelfth-century waterfront and settlement at Queenhithe: excavations at Bull Wharf, City of London’, Archaeol J, 172, 195–272 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, N, Brett, J and Jones, R 2018. Bristol: an archaeological assessment, Oxbow, Oxford Google Scholar
Bartlett, R 1993. The making of Europe: conquest, colonization and cultural change 950–1350, Allen Lane, London Google Scholar
Barton, N 1962. The Lost Rivers of London, Phoenix House, London Google Scholar
Bekvalac, J 2018. ‘Analysis of the human skeletal remains from St Botolph Billingsgate’, in Schofield et al 2018, 386–407 Google Scholar
Betts, I 2018. ‘Ceramic building material from site D’, in Schofield, et al 2018, 369–86Google Scholar
Blackmore, L 1999a. ‘Aspects of trade and exchange evidenced by recent work on medieval pottery from London’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 50, 38–55 Google Scholar
Blackmore, L 1999b. ‘Commerce and the capital: archaeological aspects of London’s trade 1100–1700’, in Gläser, 1999, 37–58 Google Scholar
Blackmore, L and Pearce, J 2010. Shelly-sandy ware and the greyware industries (A dated type-series of London medieval pottery, part 5), MOLA Monogr 49, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Blatherwick, S and Bluer, R 2009. Great houses, moats and mills on the south bank of the Thames: medieval and Tudor Southwark and Rotherhithe, MoLAS Monogr 47, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Brigden, S 1989. London and the Reformation, Faber & Faber, London Google Scholar
Brooke, C and Keir, G 1975. London 800–1216: the shaping of a city, University of California Press, Berkeley Google Scholar
Burch, M and Treveil, P with Keene, D 2011. The development of early medieval and later Poultry and Cheapside: excavations at 1 Poultry and vicinity, City of London, MOLA Monogr 38, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Champion, N A I (ed) 1993. Epidemic Disease in London, Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Ser i, Institute of Historical Research, University of London, LondonGoogle Scholar
Chew, H M and Weinbaum, M (eds) 1970. The London Eyre of 1244, LRS 6, London Record Society, London Google Scholar
Clark, J (ed) 1995. The Medieval Horse and its Equipment c 1150–c 1450, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 5, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Clark, J and Schofield, J 2018. ‘The significance of the non-ceramic artefacts, 1100–1450’, in Schofield et al 2018, 306–15Google Scholar
Clarke, H, Pearson, S, Mate, M and Parfitt, K 2010. Sandwich: the ‘completest medieval town in England’, Oxbow Books, Oxford Google Scholar
Cowgill, J, de Neergaard, M and Griffiths, N 1987. Knives and Scabbards, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 1, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Crowfoot, E, Pritchard, F and Staniland, K 1992. Textiles and Clothing, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 4, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Duffy, E 2005. The Stripping of the Altars: traditional religion in England 1400–1580, 2nd edn, Yale University Press, London Google Scholar
Egan, G 1998. The Medieval Household, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 6, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Egan, G and Pritchard, F 1991. Dress Accessories, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 3, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Evans, D H 1999. ‘The trade of Hull between 1200 and 1700’, in Gläser 1999, 59–97 Google Scholar
Ford, B, Brady, K and Teague, S 2017. From Bridgehead to Brewery: the medieval and post-medieval archaeological remains from Finzel’s Reach, Bristol, Oxford Archaeol Monogr 27, Oxford Archaeology, Oxford Google Scholar
Fowler, L and Mackinder, A 2014. Medieval Haywharf to Twentieth-century Brewery: the excavations at Watermark Place, City of London, MOLA Archaeol Stud Ser 30, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Fradley, M 2018. ‘Methods in medieval archaeology’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 20–37 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeth, S 2018a. ‘St Botolph Billingsgate, 1500–1666: documentary evidence’, in Schofield et al 2018, 235–9Google Scholar
Freeth, S 2018b. ‘Wills mentioning the fabric, ornaments, fraternities, charities or earlier burials in the church or cemetery of St Botolph Billingsgate to 1558’, in Schofield et al 2018, 407–13Google Scholar
Gerrard, C M and Gutiérrez, A (eds) 2018. Later Medieval Archaeology in Britain, Oxford University Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Gläser, M (ed) 1999. Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadarchäologie im Hanseraum II: Der Handel, Verlag Schmidt-Reinhild, Lübeck Google Scholar
Goodburn, D 1992. ‘Fragments of a tenth-century timber arcade from Vintners’ Place on the London waterfront’, Medieval Archaeol, 37, 78–92 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grew, F and de Neergaard, M 1988. Shoes and Pattens, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 2, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Gutiérrez, A 2018. ‘Trade and other contacts in late Medieval Britain’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 887–908 Google Scholar
Hall, L 2005. Period House Fixtures & Fittings 1300–1900, Countryside Books, Newbury Google Scholar
Hall, M A 2018. ‘Approaching medieval sacrality’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 614–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, V 1993. ‘Burial of the plague dead in early modern London’, in Champion 1993, 53–64 Google Scholar
Hatton, E, 1708. A New View of London, J Nicholson, London Google Scholar
Jenner, A and Vince, A G 1983. ‘A dated type-series of London medieval pottery part 3: a late medieval Hertfordshire glazed ware’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 34, 151–70Google Scholar
Journot, F 2018. La Maison Urbaine au Moyen Âge, Editions Picard, Paris Google Scholar
Keene, D 2000. ‘London from the post-Roman period to 1300’, in Palliser, D M (ed), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: vol 1, 600–1540, 187–216, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaus, S 2018. ‘The Billingsgate trumpet’, in Schofield et al 2018, 315–24Google Scholar
Klaus, S K and Schofield, J 2018. ‘The Billingsgate trumpet re-examined and re-assessed’, Galpin Soc J, 71, 95–108 Google Scholar
Ledfors, J 2015. ‘St Dunstan in the East: an architectural history of a medieval London parish church’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 66, 47–78 Google Scholar
Leech, R H 2009. ‘Arthur’s Acre: a Saxon bridgehead at Bristol’, Trans Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeol Soc, 127, 11–20 Google Scholar
Leech, R H 2014. The Town House in Medieval and Early Modern Bristol, English Heritage, Swindon Google Scholar
Mackinder, A 2015. Roman and Medieval Revetments on the Thames Waterfront: excavations at Riverbank House, City of London, 2006–9, MOLA Archaeol Stud Ser 33, MOLA, London Google Scholar
Martin, D and Martin, B 2004. New Winchelsea, Sussex: a medieval port town, Field Archaeol Unit Monogr 2, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, King’s Lynn Google Scholar
Milne, G 1992. Timber Building Techniques in London c 900–1400, Special Paper 15, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Milne, G and Milne, C 1982. Medieval Waterfront Development at Trig Lane, Special Paper 5, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Nicholas, D 1997. The Later Medieval City 1300–1500, Longman, London Google Scholar
Pawson, M and Buisseret, D 1975. Port Royal, Jamaica, Oxford University Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Pearce, J 1992. Border Wares, Post-Medieval Pottery in London 1500–1700 ser 1, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Pearce, J and Vince, A G 1988. A Dated Type-series of London Medieval Pottery Part 4: Surrey whitewares, Special Paper 10, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Pearce, J, Vince, A G and Jenner, M A 1985. A Dated Type-series of Medieval Pottery Part 2: London-type ware, Special Paper 6, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Pearce, J, Vince, A G and White, R 1982. ‘A dated type-series of London medieval pottery part 1: Mill Green ware’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 33, 266–98Google Scholar
Rhodes, M 1982. ‘A pair of fifteenth-century spectacle frames from the City of London’, Antiq J, 62, 57–73 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, A 2018. ‘Gender and space in the later Middle Ages: past, present and future routes’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 805–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C A, Bekvalac, J and Redfern, R 2018. ‘Health and well-being: the contribution of the study of human remains to understanding the late medieval period in Britain’, in Gerrard and Gutiérrez 2018, 819–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzman, L F 1967. Building in England Down to 1540: a documentary history, Clarendon Press, Oxford Google Scholar
Schofield, J (ed) 1987. The London Surveys of Ralph Treswell, LTS publ 135, London Topographical Society, London Google Scholar
Schofield, J 1994a. ‘Saxon and medieval parish churches in the City of London: a review’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 45, 23–146 Google Scholar
Schofield, J 1994b. ‘Social perceptions of space in medieval and Tudor London houses’, in Locock, M (ed), Meaningful Architecture: social interpretations of buildings, 188–206, Ashgate, Aldershot Google Scholar
Schofield, J 2003. Medieval London Houses, rev edn, Yale University Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Schofield, J and Pearce, J 2009. ‘Thomas Soane’s buildings near Billingsgate, 1640–66’, Post-Medieval Archaeol, 43, 282–341 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, J and Pearce, J 2014. ‘William Widmore’s pottery cupboard: excavations in Thames Street, London 1974–8’, London Archaeologist, 14, 19–23 Google Scholar
Schofield, J, Blackmore, L and Pearce, J with Dyson, T 2018. London’s Waterfront 1100–1666: Excavations in Thames Street, London, 1974–84, Archaeopress, Oxford Google Scholar
Seeley, D, Phillpotts, C and Samuel, M 2006. Winchester Palace: excavations at the Southwark residence of the bishops of Winchester, MoLAS Monogr 31, MoLAS, London Google Scholar
Spencer, B 1998. Pilgrim Souvenirs and Secular Badges, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 7, The Stationery Office, London Google Scholar
Stafford, E and Teague, S 2016. From Blackfriars to Bankside: medieval and later riverfront archaeology along the route of Thameslink, central London, Thameslink Monogr Ser 4, Oxford Archaeology and Pre-Construct Archaeology, Oxford Google Scholar
Stow, J 1603. A Survey of London, ed Kingsford, C L 1908, 2 vols, Clarendon Press, Oxford [repr 1971]Google Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T 1975. ‘Excavations at the Custom House: part II’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 26, 103–70Google Scholar
Twigg, G 1993. ‘Plague in London: spatial and temporal aspects’, in Champion 1993, 1–18 Google Scholar
Vince, A G 1985. ‘Saxon and medieval pottery in London: a review’, Medieval Archaeol, 29, 25–93 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, B, Brigham, T and Dyson, T 2001. London Bridge: 2000 years of a river crossing, MoLAS Monogr 8, MoLAS, London Google Scholar
Westholm, G 1999. ‘Gotland and Visby in the Hanseatic trade: preserved traces of times of prosperity’, in Gläser 1999, 513–31Google Scholar
White, W 1988. The Cemetery of St Nicholas Shambles, Special Paper 9, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London Google Scholar
Wickham, C 2015. Medieval Rome: stability and crisis of a city, 900–1150, Oxford Stud Medieval European Hist ser, Oxford University Press, New York Google Scholar
Willan, T S 1964. River Navigation in England 1600–1750, rev edn, Frank Cass, London Google Scholar
Woodward-Smith, N and Schofield, J 1977. ‘A late fifteenth century account for a wharf at Vauxhall, London’, Trans London and Middlesex Archaeol Soc, 28, 278–91Google Scholar