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Impact of elimination of contact precautions on noninfectious adverse events among MRSA and VRE patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2018

Sumanth Gandra*
Affiliation:
Medical Microbiology Fellow, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois NorthShore University Health System, Evanston Hospital, Evanston, Illinois
Constance M. Barysauskas
Affiliation:
Veristat, Southborough, Massachusetts
Deborah A. Mack
Affiliation:
Infection Control Department, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
Bruce Barton
Affiliation:
Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
Robert Finberg
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
Richard T. Ellison
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
*
Author for correspondence: Sumanth Gandra MD, Room 1917, Evanston Hospital, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201. E-mail: gandrasatyam@gmail.com
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Abstract

Type
Letter to the Editor
Copyright
© 2018 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved 

To the Editor—We read with great interest the article by Martin et alReference Martin, Bryant and Grogan 1 published online in May 2018 in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Reference Martin, Bryant and Grogan 1 We previously reported on the impact of elimination of contact precautions (CP) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) patients on noninfectious complications, although our analysis was limited to falls and pressure ulcers.Reference Gandra, Barysauskas, Mack, Barton, Finberg and Ellison 2 Our findings differed from those of Martin et al; we observed no statistically significant difference in the rate of falls or pressure ulcers among MRSA/VRE patients in the years before and after eliminating CP. The rate of falls among MRSA/VRE patients in the year before eliminating CP was 4.57 per 1,000 patient days, and it was 4.82 per 1,000 patient days in the year after eliminating contact precautions (P = 074). Similarly, the rate of pressure ulcers in the year before eliminating CP was 4.87 per 1,000 patient days, and it was 4.17 per 1,000 patient days in the year after eliminating contact precautions (P = .33).

Martin et al report a significant drop in the number of noninfectious adverse events among MRSA/VRE patients in the year after eliminating CP (21.4 per 1000 admissions vs 6.08 per 1000 admissions; P < .001). In contrast to our study, the study summarized by Martin et al not only included falls and pressure ulcers but also hemorrhage, postoperative respiratory failure, wound dehiscence, and pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Although the composite index of all noninfectious adverse events showed a significant drop, the authors did not present a breakdown by individual adverse events in MRSA/VRE and non-MRSA/VRE patients.

We reported 2 additional important findings in our study. First, MRSA/VRE patients had a statistically significant higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) compared with non-MRSA/VRE patients (mean CCI, 3.32 vs 2.75; P = .002). This was not examined by Martin et al. Second, compared to non-MRSA/VRE patients, we found that MRSA/VRE patients had significantly higher rates of falls (4.57 per 1,000 patient days vs 2.04 per 1,000 patient days) and pressure ulcers (4.87 per 1,000 patient days vs 1.22 per 1,000 patient days), both in the year before and in the year after eliminating CP. Based on figure 2 from Martin EM et al, the rate of noninfectious adverse events were much higher in MRSA/VRE patients than in non-MRSA/VRE patients in the year prior to elimination of CP. However, in the year thereafter, there seems to be no difference.

The reason for the discrepancy in the findings between the 2 studies is unclear. However, we have identified 2 differences between the studies. First, the rate of individual adverse events between the MRSA/VRE and non-MRSA/VRE patients in Martin et al are not included. Second, for rate calculation, we calculated the rate per 1,000 patient days, whereas Martin et al considered the rate per 1,000 admissions. Whether this had any influence on outcomes is unknown.

Similar to the previous study by Martin et alReference Martin, Russell and Rubin 3 that indicated no change in the healthcare associated infection (HAI) rates of MRSA/VRE after elimination of CP, we also reported no significant change in HAI rates in MRSA/VRE patients after eliminating CP in our study.Reference Gandra, Barysauskas, Mack, Barton, Finberg and Ellison 2 Thus, eliminating CP for MRSA/VRE patients is not associated with increased HAI rates with MRSA/VRE and could improve patient safety outcomes. Our observation that MRSA/VRE patients are at higher risk of noninfectious adverse events argues the need for serious consideration of eliminating CP among MRSA/VRE patients.

Acknowledgments

Financial support

No financial support was provided relevant to this article.

Conflicts of interest

All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

References

1. Martin, EM, Bryant, B, Grogan, TR, et al. Noninfectious hospital adverse events decline after elimination of contact precautions for MRSA and VRE. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018. Published online May 10, 2018, p. 19.Google Scholar
2. Gandra, S, Barysauskas, C, Mack, DA, Barton, B, Finberg, R, Ellison, RT III. Impact of contact precautions on falls, pressure ulcers and transmission of MRSA and VRE in hospitalized patients. J Hosp Infect 2014; 88:170176.Google Scholar
3. Martin, EM, Russell, D, Rubin, Z, et al. Elimination of routine contact precautions for endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus: a retrospective quasi-experimental study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37:13231330.Google Scholar