Ageing is a normal process and much diversity exists in the physical, psychosocial and spiritual needs of older individuals. While many older people remain independent active and well, there is a rise in the prevalence of dementia. Developments in surgical techniques and improved patient outcomes have resulted in larger numbers of older people now undergoing surgery. However, age-related risks and complexities persist including the existence of cognitive impairment and dementia. Perioperative care of older patients with dementia provides additional challenges for nurses and other healthcare professionals. This paper discusses the unique care needs of older people with dementia and the role of perioperative nurses in meeting these needs.

Historically speaking, nursing actions were often based on opinions or habits with very little scientific evidence available to guide practice. The nursing process has been widely employed in basic nursing education programmes for several decades. The subsequent addition of the critical thinking component has enabled the practitioner to apply reasoning and formulate appropriate judgments about his/her patient's needs. Although many nurses lack formal education in research and evidence-based practice (EBP), frontline practitioners occupy a perfect position to stimulate and impact adoption of EBP in practice. Incorporation of EBP education and guided instruction in the EBP process for anaesthetic and recovery nurses can only serve to sustain its primary goal of combining the best available evidence with skilled professional opinion to achieve safe and sound practice at the bedside.

The aim of this case study is to critically explore the holistic care of a patient who requires pain management in the Post Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU). The development of chronic pain can have a significant psychological impact as well as a debilitating physical effect. The article examines pain assessment tools used in the PACU as well as barriers to their implementation. Finally, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological holistic care interventions are examined.