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Early development of Betta splendens under stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2013

Fernanda Nogueira Valentin ,
Nivaldo Ferreira do Nascimento ,
Regiane Cristina da Silva ,
João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes ,
Luiz Gustavo Giannecchini  and
Laura Satiko Okada Nakaghi
Fernanda Nogueira Valentin
Affiliation:
Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Nivaldo Ferreira do Nascimento
Affiliation:
Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Regiane Cristina da Silva
Affiliation:
Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
Affiliation:
Centro de Aquicultura da Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Laura Satiko Okada Nakaghi*
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, ZIP code-14884–900, Jaboticabal–São Paulo, Brazil
*
All correspondence to: Laura S.O. Nakaghi. 2Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, ZIP code-14884–900, Jaboticabal–São Paulo, Brazil. Tel:/Fax: +55 16 3209 2654 (ext. 232). e-mail: laurankg@fcav.unesp.br
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Summary

Betta splendens is a very important ornamental species. The current paper describes the embryonic and larval development of B. splendens under stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Eggs and larvae from natural spawning were collected at different developmental stages at previously established intervals and analysed. The eggs of B. splendens are yellowish, clear, spherical, demersal, translucent and telolecithal with a large amount of yolk. Between 0–2 h post-initial collection (hpIC), the eggs were at the egg cell, first cleavage and morula stages. The blastula stage was identified at 2–3 hpIC and the early gastrula phase was observed at 3–4 hpIC with 20% epiboly, which was finalized after 13–18 hpIC. When the pre-larvae were ready to hatch, the appearance of somites and the free tail were observed, at 23–25 hpIC. At 29 hpIC, the majority of larvae had already hatched at an average temperature of 28.4 ± 0.2°C. The newly hatched larvae measured 2.47 ± 0.044 mm total length. The mouth opened at 23 h post-hatching (hPH) and the yolk sac was totally absorbed at 73 hPH. After 156 hPH, the heart was pumping blood throughout the entire larval body. The caudal fin, operculum and eyes were well developed at 264 hPH. When metamorphosis was complete at 768 hPH, the larvae became juveniles. The current study presents the first results about early development of B. splendens and provides relevant information for its reproduction, rearing and biology.

Keywords

EggsEmbryosFishLarvaeOntogenyReproduction
Type
Research Article
Information
Zygote , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , pp. 247 - 256
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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