¹ See, for example, Belassa, Bela, The Newly Industrializing Countries of the World Economy (New York: Pergamon, 1981)Google Scholar; Hofheinz, Roy Jr., and Calder, Kent, The Eastasia Edge (New York: Basic Books, 1982)Google Scholar; Garnaut, Ross, ed., ASEAN in a Changing Pacific and World Economy (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1980)Google Scholar; Olson, Mancur, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982)Google Scholar, chap. 6. For a partial exception, see Wong, John, ASEAN Economies in Perspective (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Examples are Bradford, Colin Jr., “East Asian ‘Models’: Myths and Lessons,” in Lewis, John P. and Kallab, Valeriana, eds., Development Strategies Reconsidered (Washington: Overseas Development Council, 1986), 115–28Google Scholar; Amsden, Alice, “The State and Taiwan's Economic Development,” in Evans, Peter, Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)Google Scholar; Cummings, Bruce, “The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy,” International Organization 38 (Spring 1984), 2–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Haggard, Stephan, “The Newly Industrializing Countries in the International System,” World Politics 38 (January 1986), 343–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar. More generally, see the analysis of the Bank, World, World Development Report, 1983 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Part II.

³ For discussions of the different usages of the term “state” and the recent focus of this literature, see Benjamin, Roger and Duvall, Raymond, “The Capitalist State in Context,” in Benjamin, Roger and Elkin, Stephen, eds., The Democratic State (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1985)Google Scholar; Theda Skocpol, “Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research,” in Evans et al. (fn. 2), 3–43.

⁴ Among the many studies in this area, see the following major works and the literature cited therein: Poggi, Gianfranco, The Development of the Modern State (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1978)Google Scholar; Tilly, Charles, ed., The Formation of National States in Western (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975)Google Scholar; Evans et al. (fn. 2); Nordlinger, Eric, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981)Google Scholar; Stepan, Alfred, The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton Press, 1978)Google Scholar; Carnoy, Martin, The State and Political Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Miliband, Ralph, The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969)Google Scholar.

⁵ In economic management, these capacities include the process of capital formation and accumulation; business entrepreneurship; the setting of domestic prices; the control of labor; the distribution of welfare; the brokering of foreign financial flows; the regulation of foreign capital; and the structuring of patterns of trade and investment partners. See Rueschemeyer and Evans, “The State and Economic Transformation,” in Evans et al. (fn. 2); Haggard (fn. 2); Encarnation, Dennis and Wells, Louis Jr., “Sovereignty en garde: Negotiating with Foreign Investors,” International Organization 39 (Winter 1985), 47–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Caparoso, James, “The State's Role in Third World Economic Growth,” Annals of the American Academy of Political Science 459 (January 1982)Google Scholar; Katzenstein, Peter, ed., Between Power and Plenty: The Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978)Google Scholar. In managing social conflict, the state's roles include fostering particular ideological and institutional bases of nationalism; shaping patterns of ethnic identity, communal conflict, and political mobilization; and building central political structures. See Brass, Paul, ed., Ethnic Groups and the State (London: Croom Helm, 1985)Google Scholar; David Laitin, “Hegemony and Religious Conflict,” in Evans et al. (fn. 2); Hector, Michael and Levi, Margaret, “The Comparative Analysis of Ethnoregional Movements,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 2 (July 1979), 260–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Young, Crawford, “The Temple of Ethnicity,” World Politics 35 (July 1983), 652–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Smith, Anthony, The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)Google Scholar; Rothschild, Joseph, Ethno-politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981)Google Scholar; Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1983)Google Scholar.

⁶ The volume covers Asia generally; only the Southeast Asia portion is considered here.

⁷ Compare Feith, Herbert, “Repressive-Developmentalist Regimes in Asia,” Alternatives 7 (Spring 1982), 491–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ For a discussion of the characteristics of the statist literature, see Krasner, Stephen, “Approaches to the State,” Comparative Politics 16 (January 1984), 223–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ See Peter Evans, “Transnational Linkages and the Role of the State,” in Evans et al. (fn. 2), Evans, and, Dependent Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Cardoso, Fernando and Faletto, Enzo, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Warren, Bill, Imperialism (London: New Left Books, 1980)Google Scholar; Carnoy (fn. 4), chap. 7; Nordlinger (fn. 4); Krasner, Stephen, Defending the National Interest (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978)Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Frederic Deyo, in “Social Bases of Development Strategy,” paper presented at the conference on The Contemporary State in Southeast Asia (Ann Arbor, MI, April 1986), views crisis as a key to a state's “strategic capacity.”

¹¹ Skocpol in Evans et al. (fn. 2), 14–19.

¹² Poulantzas, Nicos, in State, Power, Socialism (London: New Left Books, 1980), 127Google Scholar, refers to a “power bloc.”

¹³ Marx recognized the potential for independent state action that extends beyond the limits generally posited as the “executive committee of the bourgeoisie,” especially where the process of class development was historically incomplete and the social base therefore more diverse. See “The German Ideology,” in Tucker, Robert C., ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, 2d ed. (New York: Norton, 1978), 187Google Scholar. Rueschemeyer and Evans (fn. 5), 63, discuss class alliances with the state. Nordlinger (fn. 4), chaps. 3, 4, 5, examines a wide array of conditions under which democratic states attain a degree of autonomy from societal actors, and the variety of tactics used. Krasner (fn. 9), posits conditions for “insulation” of democratic states from social pressures. Collier, David, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)Google Scholar, covers aspects of coercion.

¹⁴ Nordlinger (fn. 4), discusses different “types” of state autonomy, but these are all the same form, gained under different assumptions about the congruence of state and social preferences.

¹⁵ Skocpol (fn. 3), 16.

¹⁶ Myrdal, Gunnar, Asian Drama (New York: Pantheon, 1968)Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Wriggins, W. Howard, The Ruler's Imperative (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 4Google Scholar.

¹⁸ See Ibid., 91 ff.; Nordlinger (fn. 4), 92–94, 111–12, 130–32.

¹⁹ In Gramsci's distinction between consensus and coercion as means of state domination, “hegemony” relies primarily on consensual means (chiefly ideology), with coercion in the background. I use tbe term collaboration to include a state's alliance tactics with other forms of consensus. See Gramsci, Antonio, Selections from Prison Notebooks (New York: International Publishers, 1971)Google Scholar; Martin Carnoy (fn. 4), 65–88.

²⁰ Charles Tilly has emphasized the coercive roles of police, armies, and tax collection in the growth of strong European states: see his “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Evans et al. (fn. 2); and Tilly (fn. 4). Other authors posit superior performance to more democratic, collaborative states: see Atul Kohli, “Democracy and Development,” in Lewis and Kallab (fn. 2); Jackman, Robert, Politics and Social Equality (New York: John Wiley, 1975)Google Scholar.

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²² Katzenstein (fn. 5), 19, also links policy implementation to organized social support.

²³ For overviews of economic performance, see Wawn, Brian, The Economies of the ASEAN Countries (New York: St. Martin's, 1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hirono, Ryokici, “Asian and Pacific Developing Economies: Performance and Issues,” Asian Development Review 4 (No. 1, 1986), 1–26Google Scholar.

²⁴ For a survey, see Donald Crone, “The Growth and Equity Experience of Southeast Asia,” Occasional Paper No. 8 (East Lansing, MI: Center for the Advanced Study of International Development, 1985), and the references cited there.

²⁵ See Hauser, Philip et al. , eds., Urbanization and Migration in ASEAN Development (Tokyo: National Institute for Research Advancement, 1985)Google Scholar; Carol Warren, “Class and Change in Rural Southeast Asia” (Higgott and Robison, 128–45).

²⁶ See Lim, Joo-Jock and Vani, S., eds., Armed Communist Movements in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984)Google Scholar.

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³⁴ For a class analysis, see Jomo, Kwame Sundaram, A Question of Class: Capital, the State, and Uneven Development in Malaya (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986)Google Scholar.

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³⁹ Barraclough, Simon, “Political Participation and Its Regulation in Malaysia: Opposition to the Societies (Amendment) Act of 1981,” Pacific Affairs 57 (Fall 1984), 450–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mauzy, Diane and Milne, R. S., “The Mahathir Administration in Malaysia: Discipline through Islam,” Pacific Affairs 56 (Winter 1983–1984), 617–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴¹ Chan, Heng Chee, “Politics in an Administrative State: Where Has the Politics Gone?” in Seah, Chee Meow, ed., Trends in Singapore (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1975), 51–68Google Scholar.

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⁴³ Lee, Sheng Yi, “Income Distribution, Taxation, and Social Benefits in Singapore,” Journal of the Developing Areas 14 (October 1979), 71–98Google Scholar; Rao, V. V. and Ramakrishnan, M. K., “Economic Growth, Structural Change and Income Inequality, Singapore, 1966–1975,” Malayan Economic Review 22 (April 1977), 92–122Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Seen Kong Chiew, “Ethnicity and National Integration: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society,” in Chen (fn. 28), 29–64.

⁴⁵ See Gale, Bruce, Politics and Public Enterprize in Malaysia (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 1981)Google Scholar; Loong-Tan, Hoe, The State and Economic Distribution in Malaysia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Milne and Mauzy (fn. 36), 321–52.

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⁶³ Donald Emmerson, “The Bureaucracy in Political Context: Weakness in Strength,” in Jackson and Pye (fn. 53), 82–136; see also Dwight King, “Human Rights Practices in Indonesia,” paper presented to Association for Asian Studies, Chicago, 1986.

⁶⁴ Liddle, R. William, in “Suharto's Indonesia: Personal Rule and Political Institutions,” Pacific Affairs 58 (Spring 1985), 68–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar, calls it a “political desert”; see also Crouch, in Zakaria and Crouch (fn. 51), 65ff.

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