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Mitochondrial absorption of short wavelength light drives primate blue retinal cones into glycolysis which may increase their pace of aging

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 June 2019

Jaimie Hoh Kam ,
Tobias W. Weinrich ,
Harpreet Sangha ,
Michael B. Powner ,
Robert Fosbury  and
Glen Jeffery Open the ORCID record for Glen Jeffery [Opens in a new window]
Jaimie Hoh Kam
Affiliation:
Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V9EL, UK
Tobias W. Weinrich
Affiliation:
Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V9EL, UK
Harpreet Sangha
Affiliation:
Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V9EL, UK
Michael B. Powner
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Vision Research, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK
Robert Fosbury
Affiliation:
Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V9EL, UK European Southern Observatory, 85748 Munich, Germany
Glen Jeffery*
Affiliation:
Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V9EL, UK
*
*Address correspondence to: Glen Jeffery, Email: g.jeffery@ucl.ac.uk
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Abstract

Photoreceptors have high energy demands and densely packed mitochondria through which light passes before phototransduction. Old world primates including humans have three cone photoreceptor types mediating color vision with short (S blue), medium (M green), and long (L red) wavelength sensitivities. However, S-cones are enigmatic. They comprise <10% of the total cone population, their responses saturate early, and they are susceptible in aging and disease. Here, we show that primate S-cones actually have few mitochondria and are fueled by glycolysis, not by mitochondrial respiration. Glycolysis has a limited ability to sustain activity, potentially explaining early S-cone saturation. Mitochondria act as optical filters showing reduced light transmission at 400–450 nm where S-cones are most sensitive (420 nm). This absorbance is likely to arise in a mitochondrial porphyrin that absorbs strongly in the Soret band. Hence, reducing mitochondria will improve S-cone sensitivity but result in increased glycolysis as an alternative energy source, potentially increasing diabetic vulnerability due to restricted glucose access. Further, glycolysis carries a price resulting in premature functional decline as seen in aged S-cones. Soret band absorption may also impact on mitochondrial rich M and L cones by reducing sensitivity at the lower end of their spectral sensitivity range resulting in increased differentiation from S-cone responses. These data add to the list of unique characteristic of S-cones and may also explain aspects of their vulnerability.

Keywords

S conesAgingMitochondria
Type
Brief Communication
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 36 , 2019 , E007
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

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