Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T22:49:02.468Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

GEORGE EGERTON'S KEYNOTES: FOOD AND FEMINISM AT THE FIN DE SIÈCLE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2018

S. Brooke Cameron*
Affiliation:
Queen's University at Kingston

Extract

First published in 1893, George Egerton's Keynotes was immediately popular, selling six thousand copies in its first year alone. Appearing three years later, Laura Marholm Hansson's review effectively singles out what made the text such a tremendous success: each story offered readers a probing representation of woman's “consciousness” or inner world of emotional and sexual passions, subjects unavailable in any “previous work.” Egerton was, of course, the penname for Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright, and many of the themes covered in Keynotes were loosely modeled after her own life. The volume was uncompromising in its portrayal of women's desires, or those “notes” from which it takes its title. “[T]here are no signs of girlish prudery in ‘Keynotes,’” Hansson continues, “it is a liberal book, indiscreet in respect of the intimacies of married life, and entirely without respect for the husband” (63). Despite this high praise, Hansson also worries whether Keynotes was not “too good a book to become famous all at once” (61). Her hesitation alludes to the mixed reception among readers and literary critics, for to say that everyone loved Egerton's fiction would be an exaggeration and, more importantly, would miss the cultural work of her appetitive characters. As signaled by the second epigraph, taken from Egerton's “Now Spring Has Come,” Keynotes was full of stories focused on “unconventional” women who “hungered” for both food and love; such libidinal desires were unthinkable – and even unspeakable – in a world where the proper Victorian lady was defined in terms of bodily sacrifice. While some readers certainly disapproved, still others like Hansson, as the first epigraph suggests, welcomed this “independent” turn in women's writing and saw in Egerton's characters a reflection of their own “woman's individuality.”

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

WORKS CITED

Adams, Carol J. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 1990, 2010.Google Scholar
Allen, Grant. The Woman Who Did. London: John Lane, 1895.Google Scholar
Apperson, G. L. The Social History of Smoking. London: Ballantyne P, 1914. Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Ardis, Ann. New Women, New Novels. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, Charles Austin, ed. The Liquor Book. New York: The Charles Austin Bates Syndicate, 1899. Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Beard, George M., M.D. Sexual Neurasthenia [Nervous Exhaustion] Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment with a Chapter on Diet for the Nervous. New York: E. B. Treat & Co., 1884. Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Bland, Lucy. “‘Purifying’ the Public World: Feminist Vigilantes in Late Victorian England.” Women's History Review 1.3 (1992): 397412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Daniel. “George Egerton's Keynotes: Nietzschean Feminism and Fin-de-Siècle Fetishism.” Victorian Literature and Culture 39.1 (2011): 143–66.Google Scholar
Burnett, John. Liquid Pleasures: A Social History of Drinks in Britain. New York: Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Chrisman, Laura. “Empire, ‘Race’ and Feminism at the Fin de Siècle: the Work of George Egerton and Olive Schreiner.” Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle. Eds. Ledger, Sally and McCracken, Scott. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. 4565.Google Scholar
Cozzi, Annette. The Discourses of Food in Nineteenth-Century British Fiction. New York: Palgrave, 2010.Google Scholar
Cross, Victoria (Annie Sophie Cory). The Woman Who Didn't. London: John Lane, 1895.Google Scholar
Dalley, Lana L.The Economics of ‘a Bit o’ Victual,’ or Malthus and Mothers in Adam Bede.” Victorian Literature and Culture 36.2 (2008): 549–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Arcy, Ella Monochromes. London: John Lane, 1895.Google Scholar
DuPuis, E. Melanie. Nature's Perfect Food: How Milk Became America's Drink. New York: New York UP, 2002.Google Scholar
Egerton, George (Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright). Keynotes & Discords. (1893) London: Virago P, 1983.Google Scholar
Evans, Heather. The New Woman's New Appetite: Cooking, Eating and Feeding in Sarah Grand's New Woman Fiction. Diss. Queen's University a Kingston, 2003.Google Scholar
Fiddes, Nick. Meat: A Natural Symbol. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Fluhr, Nicole M.Figuring the New Woman: Writers and Mothers in George Egerton's Early Stories.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 43.3 (2001): 243–66.Google Scholar
Geis, Deborah R.Feeding the Audience: Food, Feminism, and Performance Art.” Eating Culture. Eds. Scapp, Ron and Seitz, Brian. Albany: SUNY P, 1998. 216–36.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Sandra M. and Gubar, Susan. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination, 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979, 2000.Google Scholar
Hager, Lisa. “A Community of Women: Women's Agency and Sexuality in George Egerton's Keynotes and Discords.” Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies 2.2 (2006): 26 paragraphs.Google Scholar
Hamsun, Knut. Hunger. (1890). Trans. Lyngstad, Sverre. New York: Penguin, 1998.Google Scholar
Hansson, Laura Marholm. Six Modern Women: Psychological Sketches. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1896. Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Harris, Wendell V.John Lane's Keynotes Series and the Fictions of the 1890s.” PMLA 83.5 (1968): 1407–13.Google Scholar
Howard, Lady Constance. Etiquette: What to Do, and How to Do It. London: F. V. White & Co, 1885. Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Hyman, Gwen. “‘An Infernal Fire in My Veins’: Gentlemanly Drinking in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.” Victorian Literature and Culture 36.2 (2008): 451–69.Google Scholar
Kosar, Kevin R. Whiskey: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books, 2010.Google Scholar
Krueger, Kate. British Women Writers and the Short Story, 1850–1930: Reclaiming Social Space. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, Philippa. Feminist Lives in Victorian England: Private Roles and Public Commitment. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.Google Scholar
McCullough, Kate. “Mapping the ‘Terra Incognita’ of Woman: George Egerton's Keynotes ( 1893 ) and the New Woman.” The New Nineteenth Century: Feminist Readings of Underread Victorian Novels. Eds. Harmon, Barbara Leah and Meyer, Susan. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996. 205–23.Google Scholar
Michie, Helena. The Flesh Made Word: Female Figures and Women's Bodies. New York: Oxford UP, 1987.Google Scholar
Moss, Anita. “George Egerton.” British Short-Fiction Writers, 1880–1914: The Realist Tradition. Ed. Thesing, William B.. Detroit: Gale Research. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 135. Literature Resource Center (2012): n. pag.Google Scholar
Mutch, Deborah. “Intemperance Narratives: Tory Tipplers, Liberal Abstainers, and Victorian British Socialist Fiction.” Victorian Literature and Culture 36.2 (2008): 471–87.Google Scholar
Nesbit, E. In Homespun. London: John Lane, 1896.Google Scholar
Noe, Mark D.Crossing the Line in ‘A Cross Line’: The Frontier in George Egerton's Short Fiction.” The Image of the Frontier in Literature, the Media, and Society. Eds. Kaplan, Stephen and Wright, Will. Pueblo: University of Southern Colorado, 1997. 222–26.Google Scholar
Oren, Laura. “The Welfare of Women in Laboring Families: England, 1860–1950.” Feminist Studies 1.3-4 (1973): 107–25.Google Scholar
O'Toole, Tina. The Irish New Woman. New York: Palgrave, 2013.Google Scholar
Pool, Daniel. What Jane Austen Ate and Charles Dickens Knew: From Fox Hunting to Whist – the Facts of Daily Life in 19th-Century England. New York: Touchstone, 1993.Google Scholar
Ranhofer, Charles. The Epicurean. A complete treatise of analytical and practical studies on the culinary art, including table and wine service, how to prepare and cook dishes, etc., and a selection of interesting bills of fare of Delmonico's from 1862 to 1894. Chicago: Chicago Hotel Monthly, 1920. Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Reeves, Maud Pember. Round About a Pound a Week. London: Virago P, 1979 [London: G. Bell and Sons, 1913].Google Scholar
Rich, Charlotte. “Reconsidering The Awakening: The Literary Sisterhood of Kate Chopin and George Egerton.” Southern Quarterly 41.3 (2003): 121–33.Google Scholar
Richardson, Angelique. Love and Eugenics in the Late Nineteenth Century: Rational Reproduction and the New Woman. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.Google Scholar
Rifkin, Jeremy. Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture. New York: Dutton, 1992.Google Scholar
Rogers, Ben. Beef and Liberty: Roast Beef, John Bull and the English Nation. London: Chatto & Windus, 2003.Google Scholar
Rosenau, M. J. The Milk Question. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1912. Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Rowntree, B. S. and Kendall, May. How the Labourer Lives: A Study of the Rural Labour Problem. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1913, 1917. Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Schaffer, Talia. “‘Nothing but Foolscap and Ink’: Inventing the New Woman.” The New Woman in Fiction and Fact: Fin-de-Siècle Feminisms. Eds. Richardson, Angelique and Willis, Chris. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 3952.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. The Merry Wives of Windsor. (1602) Internet Archive.Google Scholar
Silver, Anna Krugovoy. Victorian Literature and the Anorexic Body. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.Google Scholar
Smith, Andrew F. Potato: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2011.Google Scholar
Stetz, Margaret D. ‘George Egerton’: Woman and Writer of the Eighteen-Nineties. Diss. Harvard University, 1982.Google Scholar
Stetz, Margaret D.Keynotes: A New Woman, Her Publisher, and Her Material.” Studies in the Literary Imagination 30.1 (1997): 89106.Google Scholar
Stetz, Margaret D., and Lasner, Mark Samuels. England in the 1890s: Literary Publishing at the Bodley Head. Georgetown: Georgetown UP, 1990.Google Scholar
Stutfield, Hugh. “Tommyrotics.” (1895) The Story of a Modern Woman. Ed. Farmer, Steve, Peterborough: Broadview, 2004. 223–31.Google Scholar
Thomas, Kate. “Alimentary: Arthur Conan Doyle and Isabella Beeton.” Victorian Literature and Culture 36.2 (2008): 375–90.Google Scholar
Thompson, M. L. The Rise of Respectable Society. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1988.Google Scholar
Velten, Hannah. Milk: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books, 2010.Google Scholar
Vicinus, Martha. “Rediscovering the ‘New Woman’ of the 1890s: the Stories of ‘George Egerton.’Feminist Re-visions: What Has Been and Might Be. Eds.Patraka, V. and Tilly, L. A.. Ann Arbor: Women's Studies Program, Univ. of Michigan, 1983. 1225.Google Scholar
Willis, Chris. “‘Heaven defend me from political or highly educated women!’: Packaging the New Woman for Mass Consumption.” The New Woman in Fiction and Fact: Fin-de-Siècle Feminisms. Eds. Richardson, Angelique and Willis, Chris. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 5365.Google Scholar