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²² Ibid.

²³ Climate Change Act 2008 (UK), c. 27.

²⁴ The Obama administration showed great willingness to tackle climate change, yet several climate bills, such as the Waxman-Markey Bill, failed to be passed.

²⁵ Markell, D. & Ruhl, J.B., ‘An Empirical Survey of Climate Change Litigation in the United States’ (2010) 40(7) Environmental Law Reporter, pp. 10644–10655 Google Scholar, at 10645.

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²⁷ The White House, Executive Office of the President, The President’s Climate Action Plan, June 2013. See also C. Davenport, ‘Donald Trump Could Put Climate Change on Course for “Danger Zone”’, The New York Times, 10 Nov. 2016, available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/us/politics/donald-trump-climate-change.html?_r=0.

²⁸ Etty, T.F.M. & Heyvaert, V., et al., ‘Transnational Environmental Law on the Threshold of the Trump Era’ (2017) 6(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 1–10 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 1.

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³⁰ Gerrard, M.B., ‘Introduction and Overview’, in M.B. Gerrard & K.F. Kuh (eds), The Law of Adaptation to Climate Change: US and International Aspects (American Bar Association, 2012), pp. 3–18 Google Scholar, at 12.

³¹ 33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq. (1972).

³² 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. (1970).

³³ 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq. (1969).

³⁴ 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. (1973). Ruhl, J.B. et al., The Practice and Policy of Environmental Law, 4 ^th edn (Foundation Press, 2017), pp. 652–693 Google Scholar.

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³⁶ Ruhl, n. 29 above, p. 686.

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³⁹ Legislative Counsel of California, SB-246 Climate Change Adaptation, available at: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB246.

⁴⁰ Community Risk and Resiliency Act of 2014, A06558/S06617-B.

⁴¹ The Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 set the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target. In June 2015, the Australian Parliament passed the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment Bill 2015, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/government/renewable-energy-target-scheme.

⁴² Clean Energy Act 2011 (Cth). This law was repealed by Tony Abbot’s Liberal-National Party coalition in 2014.

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⁴⁴ Peel, J., ‘Climate Change Law: The Emergence of a New Legal Discipline’ (2008) 32(3) Melbourne University Law Review, pp. 922–979 Google Scholar, at 943.

⁴⁵ Climate Change Act 2010 (Vic).

⁴⁶ Climate Change Act 2017 (Vic).

⁴⁷ Sustainable Planning Act 2009 (Qld).

⁴⁸ The Standing Committee of NPC, Resolution of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Making Active Responses to Climate Change, Aug. 2009, available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/rdyw/wj/2009-08/27/content_1516165.htm (in Chinese).

⁴⁹ Statement on the Law on Addressing Climate Change (Draft), Mar. 2012, available at: http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2012-03/18/content_24923468.htm (in Chinese).

⁵⁰ For a more detailed analysis of the draft, see He, X., Legal Methods of Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Chinese Water Management (Springer, 2016), pp. 83–85 Google Scholar.

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⁵² Measures of Responding to Climate Change in Shanxi Province, Order 19, 23 Aug. 2011.

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⁵⁷ The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Executive Order – Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change, 1 Nov. 2013, available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/01/executive-order-preparing-united-states-impacts-climate-change.

⁵⁸ L. Brandt & C. Schultz, ‘Climate Change Considerations in National Environmental Policy Act Analysis’, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service & Climate Change Resource Center, June 2016, available at: http://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/nepa.

⁵⁹ The President’s Climate Action Plan, n. 27 above.

⁶⁰ The White House, ‘Fact Sheet: White House Council on Environmental Quality Releases Final Guidance on Considering Climate Change in Environmental Reviews’, 2 Aug. 2016, available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/02/fact-sheet-white-house-council-environmental-quality-releases-final.

⁶¹ The White House, n. 57 above.

⁶² Environmental Protection Agency, ‘US Environmental Protection Agency Climate Change Adaptation Plan’, EPA 100-K-14-001, June 2014, available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/adaptationplans2014_508.pdf.

⁶³ For a detailed list of what federal agencies have done to promote and support adaptation see Bierbaum, R. et al., ‘A Comprehensive Review of Climate Adaptation in the United States: More than Before, but Less than Needed’ (2013) 18(3) Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, pp. 361–406, at 366–369 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁶⁵ R. Letzter, ‘Report: The EPA Just Shut Down Its Most Significant Climate Safety Programs’, Business Insider UK, 7 Apr. 2017, available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/epa-climate-preparedness-office-trump-pruitt-2017-4.

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⁶⁷ Georgetown Climate Center, State and Local Adaptation Plans, available at: http://www.georgetownclimate.org/node/3324.

⁶⁸ Ray & Grannis, n. 66 above.

⁶⁹ L. Hansen et al., The State of Adaptation in the United States: An Overview, report for the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, EcoAdapt, 2013, p. 24, available at: http://ecoadapt.org/data/library-documents/TheStateofAdaptationintheUnitedStates2013.pdf.

⁷⁰ T.L. Cruce, ‘Adaptation Planning: What US States and Localities Are Doing, Aug. 2009, available at: http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/State-Adapation-Planning-090908.pdf.

⁷¹ Georgetown Climate Center, n. 67 above.

⁷² Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, ‘2013: State and Local Climate Adaptation’, available at: https://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/policy-maps/adaptation.

⁷³ Ruhl, n. 29 above, p. 685.

⁷⁴ Carmin, J., Nadkarni, N. & Rhie, C., Progress and Challenges in Urban Climate Adaptation Planning: Results of a Global Survey (Massachusetts Institute of Technology & ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, 2012), p. 30 Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Cruce, n. 70 above.

⁷⁶ Ruhl, n. 29 above, p. 686.

⁷⁷ Southeast Florida Regional Climate Compact, available at: http://www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org.

⁷⁸ Verschuuren, J. & McDonald, J., ‘Towards a Legal Framework for Coastal Adaptation: Assessing the First Steps in Europe and Australia’ (2012) 1(2) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 355–379 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 370.

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⁸⁰ Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Adapting to Climate Change in Australia: An Australian Government Position Paper (2010), available at: http://coastaladaptationresources.org/PDF-files/1236-gov-adapt-climate-change-position-paper.pdf.

⁸¹ Ibid.

⁸² Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, ‘National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy 2015’, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/adaptation/publications/national-climate-resilience-and-adaptation-strategy.

⁸³ Macintosh, A., Foerster, A. & McDonald, J., Limp, Leap or Learn? Developing Legal Frameworks for Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Australia (NCCARF, 2013), p. 6 Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Australian Local Government Association, Select Council on Climate Change, ‘Roles and Responsibilities for Climate Change Adaptation in Australia’, 2012, available at: http://alga.asn.au/?ID=7284.

⁸⁵ NSW, Office of Environment and Heritage, ‘Identifying Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities’, available at: http://www.climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/Adapting-to-climate-change/Local-government.

⁸⁶ South Australia released its adaptation framework ‘Prospering in Changing Climate: A Climate Change Adaptation Framework for South Australia’ in 2012, which provided a foundation for public agencies, communities and business to develop well-informed and timely adaptation responses: Government of South Australia, Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, ‘Adapting to Climate Change’, available at: https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/Science/Science_research/climate-change/climate-change-initiatives-in-south-australia/adapting-to-climate-change. Western Australia, in 2012, released its Climate Change Strategy: Adapting to our Changing Climate, which outlines the key climate change challenges and establishes a high-level strategic framework for agencies to develop adaptation responses: Western Australian Government, Department of Environment and Conservation, ‘Adapting to our Changing Climate’, Oct. 2012, available at: https://www.der.wa.gov.au/images/documents/your-environment/climate-change/adapting-to-our-changing-climate-october-2012.pdf.

⁸⁷ The State of Queensland has committed to developing the Queensland Climate Adaptation Strategy to address risks to the economy, environment, infrastructure and communities posed by current and future climate impacts: Queensland Government, ‘Adapting to Climate Change’, available at: https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/climate/adapting.

⁸⁸ Victorian Environment and Climate Change, ‘Victoria’s Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2017–2020’, available at: https://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/60729/Victorias-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Plan-2017-2020.pdf.

⁸⁹ NCCARF, Local Government Portal, ‘Adaptation Good Practice Project’, available at: https://www.nccarf.edu.au/localgov/map/list?type[0]=case_study&field_state_tid=All.

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⁹⁴ National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Peoples Republic of China (PRC), ‘National Climate Change Program’, 2007, available at: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/200706/P020070604561191006823.pdf.

⁹⁵ National People’s Congress, PRC, ‘Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development’, 13 Mar. 2011, Ch. 21, available at: https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/37; National People’s Congress, PRC, ‘Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development’, 17 Mar. 2016, Ch. 46, available at: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/P020161207645765233498.pdf.

⁹⁶ NDRC, PRC, ‘China’s National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation’, 2013; the document is not available in English, but further information on this policy is available at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/law/the-national-strategy-for-climate-change-adaptation.

⁹⁷ NDRC, PRC, ‘City Action Plan of Climate Change Adaptation’, 2016, available at: http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn/syqhbh/201702/t20170224_839166.html (in Chinese).

⁹⁸ NDRC, PRC, ‘National Plan to Address Climate Change (2014–20)’, 2014; an English version of this document is not available but further information is available at: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC158289.

⁹⁹ Information Office of the State Council, PRC, ‘China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change’, 22 Nov. 2011, available at: http://www.gov.cn/english/official/2011-11/22/content_2000272.htm.

¹⁰⁰ He, n. 50 above, p. 94.

¹⁰¹ Asian Development Bank, Addressing Climate Change Risks, Disasters, and Adaptation in the People’s Republic of China (Asian Development Bank, 2015) pp. 12–13 Google Scholar.

¹⁰² B.J. Preston, ‘Judicial Implementation of the Principles of Ecologically Sustainable Development in Australia and Asia’, paper presented to the Law Society of New South Wales Regional Presidents Meeting, Sydney, NSW (Australia), 21 July 2006.

¹⁰³ Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, ‘Non-US Jurisdiction’, available at: http://wordpress2.ei.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/non-us-jurisdiction.

¹⁰⁴ Peel, J., ‘The Role of Climate Change Litigation in Australia’s Response to Global Warming’ (2007) 24(2) Environmental and Planning Law Journal, pp. 90–105 Google Scholar, at 91. One of the most prominent cases in the US is Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, 549 U.S. 497 (2007), which was brought by several states to force governmental action to ensure GHG emissions reduction in accordance with the Clean Air Act. See also Peel, J. & Osofsky, H.M., ‘A Rights Turn in Climate Change Litigation?’ (2018) 7(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 37–67 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and van Zeben, J., ‘Establishing a Governmental Duty of Care for Climate Change Mitigation: Will Urgenda Turn the Tide?’ (2015) 4(2) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 339–357 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Peel, ibid., p. 96.

¹⁰⁶ Wilensky, M., ‘Climate Change in the Courts: An Assessment of Non-US Climate Litigation’ (2015) 26(1) Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, pp. 131–179 Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, ‘US Climate Change Litigation’, available at: http://www.climatecasechart.com.

¹⁰⁸ Peel & Osofsky, n. 16 above, p. 154.

¹⁰⁹ See, e.g., Connecticut v. American Electric Power Co., 564 US (slip op., 20 June 2011) (No. 10-174); Peel & Osofsky, n. 16 above.

¹¹⁰ L. Paddison, ‘Exxon, Shell and other Carbon Producers Sued for Sea Level Rises in California’, The Guardian, 26 July 2017, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/26/california-communities-lawsuit-exxon-shell-climate-change-carbon-majors-sea-level-rises.

¹¹¹ Markell, D. & Ruhl, J.B., ‘An Empirical Assessment of Climate Change in the Courts: A New Jurisprudence or Business as Usual?’ (2012) 64(1) Florida Law Review, pp. 15–86 Google Scholar, at 31.

¹¹² M. Feldman & A. Mergen, ‘The Role of Climate Change in ESA Decisions’, available at: https://www.hollandhart.com/files/32466_RMMLF-role-of-climate-change-esa-decisions.pdf; Liebesman, L., Lake, E. & Landreth, P., ‘The Endangered Species Act and Climate Change’ (2009) 39 Environmental Law Reporter, pp. 11173–11180 Google Scholar, at 11174.

¹¹³ Center for Biological Diversity v. Kempthorne, 588 F.3d 701, 711-12 (9^th Cir., 2009).

¹¹⁴ Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Threatened Status for the Polar Bear (Ursus Maritimus) Throughout Its Range, 73 Federal Register 28, 212 (15 May 2008).

¹¹⁵ See, e.g., United States v. Miami-Dade County, Florida, No. 12-24400-FAM (S.D. Fla., 16 Jan. 2014). In this case, the intervenor challenged the application by the plaintiff and defendant to enter into a Consent Decree because the proposed decree failed to account for climatic impacts, including sea level rise, storm surge and flooding. See also Markell & Ruhl, n. 25 above.

¹¹⁶ Peel, J. & Osofsky, H.M., Climate Change Litigation: Regulatory Pathways to Cleaner Energy (Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 170 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Peel & Osofsky, n. 56 above, p. 2202.

¹¹⁸ E.g., Borough of Harvey Cedars v. Karan, 70 A.3d 524 (NJ, 2013).

¹¹⁹ Conservation Law Foundation v. ExxonMobil, 1:16-cv-11950.

¹²⁰ National Centers for Environmental Information, National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, ‘Climate Change and Variability’, available at: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climate-information/climate-change-and-variability.

¹²¹ Peel & Osofsky, n. 56 above, p. 2181.

¹²² Peel, n. 44 above, p. 956.

¹²³ Peel & Osofsky, n. 16 above, pp. 169–70.

¹²⁴ Peel & Osofsky, n. 116 above, p. 121.

¹²⁵ Australia’s National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development (1992) defines ecologically sustainable development as ‘using, conserving and enhancing the community’s resources so that ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained, and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be increased’: Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, ‘National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development’, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/esd/publications/national-esd-strategy-part1#WIESD. The ESD principle involves a cluster of elements or principles, including the principle of integration, the precautionary principle, and the principle of inter-generational and intra-generational equity.

¹²⁶ Walker v. Minister for Planning (2007) NSWLEC 741.

¹²⁷ Gippsland Coastal Board v. South Gippsland Shire Council (2008) VCAT 1545.

¹²⁸ The precautionary principle is included in the Inter-Governmental Agreement on the Environment (Brisbane, Qld (Australia), 31 Oct. 1990, in force 1 May 1992), which states that where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation: Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, ‘Inter-Governmental Agreement on the Environment’, available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/esd/publications/intergovernmental-agreement.

¹²⁹ Department of Planning and Community Development Victoria 2008, ‘General Practice Note: Managing Coastal Hazards and the Coastal Impacts of Climate Change’, Aug. 2015, available at: https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/13445/PPN53-Managing-coastal-hazards-and-the-coastal-impacts-of-climate-change_August-2015.pdf.

¹³⁰ US Climate Change Litigation, n. 107 above.

¹³¹ Peel & Osofsky, n. 56 above, pp. 2221–2.

¹³² Northcape Properties v. District Council of Yorke Peninsula (2008) SASC 57.

¹³³ The year 2007 witnessed an increase in the number of environmental courts, including environmental tribunals, panels and circuit courts: Wang, A.L., ‘Environmental Courts and Public Interest Litigation in China’ (2010) 43(6) Chinese Law and Government, pp. 4–17 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 9.

¹³⁴ As at Sept. 2015, approximately 456 environmental courts had been established in 24 provinces. These ‘courts’ take various forms, including freestanding environmental courts, environmental divisions within existing courts and as designated panels of ‘green’ judges: Z. Lv, ‘The Implementation of the New Environmental Protection Law’, Dec. 2015, available at: http://www.cs.com.cn/xwzx/hg/201512/t20151222_4868079.html (in Chinese); Stern, R., ‘The Political Logic of China’s New Environmental Courts’ (2014) 72 The China Journal, pp. 53–74 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 55.

¹³⁵ The Supreme People’s Court, Several Opinions on Providing Judicial Guarantee and Services for Accelerating the Transformation of the Economic Development Mode, 29 June 2016, available at: http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=8339 (in Chinese).

¹³⁶ Liu, T., ‘China’s Revision to the Environmental Protection Law: Challenges to Public Interest Litigation and Solutions for Increasing Public Participation and Transparency’ (2015) 6 George Washington Journal of Energy & Environmental Law, pp. 60–70 Google Scholar.

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¹³⁸ Search results from the China Judgments Online website, using three key words, show that there are 385 cases altogether: China Judgments Online, http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/Index.

¹³⁹ van Geel, O., ‘Urgenda and Beyond: The Past, Present and Future of Climate Change Public Interest Litigation’ (2017) 3 Maastricht University Journal of Sustainability Studies, pp. 56–72 Google Scholar, at 68.

¹⁴⁰ Peel, n. 44 above, pp. 924–7.

¹⁴¹ Peel & Osofsky, n. 56 above, p. 2197.

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¹⁵² Peel & Osofsky, n. 56 above, pp. 2211–2.

¹⁵³ Z. Leviston, M. Greenhill & I. Walker, ‘Australian Attitudes to Climate Change and Adaptation: 2010–2014’, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 3 Nov. 2015, p. 40, available at: https://doi.org/10.4225/08/584af21158fe9.

¹⁵⁴ The National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility was established by the Australian government to generate critical information for decision makers to manage the risks of climate change impacts in vulnerable areas.

¹⁵⁵ Vanhala, n. 143 above, p. 462.

¹⁵⁶ Peel & Osofsky, n. 56 above, p. 2246.

¹⁵⁷ B.J. Preston, ‘Climate Change Litigation in the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales and Other Courts’, conference paper presented at the Australasian Conference of Planning and Environment Courts and Tribunals, Christchurch (New Zealand), 19–20 Aug. 2009, available at: http://www.lec.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/preston_climate%20change%20litigation%20in%20the%20lec%20and%20other%20courts.pdf.

¹⁵⁸ Peel &Osofsky, n. 116 above, p. 110.

¹⁵⁹ Peel & Osofsky, n. 56 above, pp. 2179–80.

¹⁶⁰ Carlarne, n. 147 above, p. 317; Ansolabehere, S. & Konisky, D.M., Cheap and Clean: How Americans Think about Energy in the Age of Global Warming (The MIT Press, 2014), pp. 153–169 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁶¹ J. Wolf, ‘How Do Republicans and Democrats Differ on Climate & Environment Policies?’, Planet Experts, 5 Aug. 2016, available at: http://www.planetexperts.com/republicans-democrats-differ-climate-environment-policies; D. Leonhardt, ‘On Climate, Republicans and Democrats Are from Different Continents’, The New York Times, 7 May 2015, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/upshot/on-climate-republicans-and-democrats-are-from-different-continents.html.

¹⁶² He, n. 50 above, p. 94.

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¹⁷¹ China’s first EPL was promulgated in 1979. The particular social and political context at that time (the Cultural Revolution ended in 1976) meant that this law was passed by Congress in a trial version only. Ten years later, in 1989, this trial version was replaced by an updated EPL. The third revision was passed in 2014.

¹⁷² Chang, J., ‘Theory and Practice of China’s Rule of Environmental Law in the Past Three Decades’ (2009) 9(5) Journal of China University of Geosciences (Social Sciences Edition), pp. 28–35 Google Scholar, at 29 (in Chinese).

¹⁷³ Art. 5 EPL 2014 provides that ‘environmental protection shall adhere to the following principles: according priority to protection, emphasis on prevention, integrated governance, public participation and liability for the assumption of damages’.

¹⁷⁴ Zhu, X., ‘China’s Environmental Principles: Development Legislation and Redevelopment’ (2014) 17(3) East China University of Political Science and Law Journal, pp. 4–16 (in Chinese)Google Scholar.

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¹⁸³ American Electric Power v. Connecticut, ibid.

¹⁸⁴ Markell & Ruhl, n. 111 above, p. 25.

¹⁸⁵ Re Otter Tail Power Company, Supreme Court of South Dakota, 2008, 744 N.W.2d 594.

¹⁸⁶ Peel & Osofsky, n. 116 above, p. 275.

¹⁸⁷ B.J. Preston, ‘The Role of the Courts in Relation to Adaptation to Climate Change’, in Bonyhady, Macintosh & McDonald, n. 21 above, pp. 157–201, at 200.

¹⁸⁸ Vanhala, n. 143 above, p. 458.

¹⁸⁹ Bach, T. & Brown, J., ‘Recent Developments in Australian Climate Change Litigation: Forward Momentum from Down Under’ (2008) 9(2) Sustainable Development Law & Policy, pp. 39–44 Google Scholar, at 39.

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¹⁹¹ Preston, B.J., ‘Benefits of Judicial Specialization in Environmental Law: The Land and Environment Court of New South Wales as a Case Study’ (2012) 29(2) Pace Environmental Law Review, pp. 396–440 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 439.

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¹⁹³ Ibid., p. 428.

¹⁹⁴ Preston, B.J., ‘Characteristics of Successful Environmental Courts and Tribunals’ (2014) 26(3) Journal of Environmental Law, pp. 365–393 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 385.

¹⁹⁵ Peel & Osofsky, n. 56 above, pp. 2221–2.

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¹⁹⁷ M. Forsythe, ‘China’s Chief Justice Rejects an Independent Judiciary, and Reformers Wince’, 19 Jan. 2017, available at: http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170119/china-chief-justice-courts-zhou-qiang/en-us.

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¹⁹⁹ Stern, n. 134 above, p. 54.

²⁰⁰ Ibid., pp. 61–2.

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²⁰² Peel, n. 104 above, p. 101.

²⁰³ Huggins, A., ‘Is Climate Change Litigation an Effective Strategy for Promoting Greater Action to Address Climate Change? What Other Legal Mechanisms Might Be Appropriate?’ (2007) 13 Local Government Law Journal, pp. 184–191 Google Scholar, at 191.

²⁰⁴ Ibid., p. 184; Macintosh, A., ‘Coastal Climate Hazards and Urban Planning: How Planning Responses Can Lead to Maladaptation’ (2013) 18(7) Mitigation Strategies for Global Change, pp. 1035–1055 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 1048.

²⁰⁵ Bierbaum et al., n. 63 above, p. 387.