American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM–III–R). Washington, DC: APA.
Andreasen, N. C. (1981) The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.
Breier, A., Buchanan, R. W., Waltrip, R. W. III, et al (1994) The effect of clozapine on plasma norepinephrine: relationship to clinical efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 1–7.
Bunney, W. E. Jr. & Hamburg, D. A. (1963) Methods for reliable longitudinal assessment of behaviour. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9, 280–294.
Davidson, M., Kahn, R. S., Stern, R. G., et al (1993) Treatment with clozapine and its effect on plasma homovanillic acid and norepinephrine concentrations in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 46, 151–163.
Duinkerke, S. J., Botter, P. A., Janssen, A. A., et al (1993) Ritanserin, a selective 5HT21C antagonist, and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 451–455.
Eisenhofer, G., Goldstein, D. S., Stull, R., et al (1986) Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, catecholamines, and 3,4-dihydroxyphe-nylalanine in plasma in their responses to inhibition of monoamine oxidase. Clinical Chemistry, 32, 2030–2033.
Green, A. I., Alam, M. Y., Sobieraj, J. T., et al (1993) Clozapine response and plasma catecholamines and their metabolites. Psychiatry Research, 46, 139–149.
Grenhoff, J., Nissel, M., Ferre, S., et al (1993) Noradrenergic modulation of midbrain dopamine cell firing elicited by stimulation of the locus coeruleus in the rat. Journal of Neural Transmission, 93, 11–25.
Guy, W. (1976) ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, pp. 535–543. Rockville, MD: Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration.
Javaid, J. I., Dekirmenjian, H., Liskevych, U., et al (1981) Fluphenazine determination in human plasma by sensitive gas chromatographic method using a nitrogen detector. Journal of Chromatographic Sciences, 19, 439.
Kane, J., Honigfeld, G., Singer, J., et al (1988) Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind placebo comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 789–796.
Karoum, F. & Neff, N. (1982) Quantitative gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) of biogenic amines: theory and practice. In Modern Methods in Pharmacology (eds Spector, S. & Beck, N.), pp. 131–163. New York: Alan R. Liss.
Litman, R. E., Hong, W. W., Weissman, E. M., et al (1993) Idazoxan, an α2 antagonist, augments fluphenazine in schizophrenic patients: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 264–267.
Litman, R. E., & Pickar, D. (in press) Noradrenergic systems as a target for augmenting pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia. In The New Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia (ed. Breier, A.). Washington, DC: APA.
Manji, H. (1992)
G Proteins: implications for psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 746–760.
Manji, H.
Hsiao, J. H., Risby, E. D., et al (1991) The mechanisms of action of lithium. II: effects on serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in normal subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 513–524.
Meltzer, H. Y. (1989) Clinical studies on the mechanism of action of clozapine: the dopamine-serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 99 (suppl.), S18–S27.
Michel, M. C., Brodde, O. E., Schnepel, B., et al (1989) [3H]Idazoxan and some other α2-adrenergic drugs also bind with high affinity to a nonadrenergic site. Molecular Pharmacology, 35, 324–330.
Nicholson, A. N. & Pascoe, P. A. (1991) Presynaptic α2-adrenoceptor function and sleep in man: Studies with clonidine and idazoxan. Neuropharmacology, 30, 367–372.
Overall, J. E. & Gorham, D. E. (1961) The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Research, 10, 799–812.
Pickar, D. (1995) Prospects for pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Lancet, 345, 557–562.
Overall, J. E., Owen, R. R., Litman, R. E., et al (1992) Clinical and biologic response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia: crossover comparison with fluphenazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 345–353.
Richelson, E. & Nelson, A. (1984) Antagonism by neuroleptics of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brain in vitro. European Journal of Pharmacology, 103, 194–204.
Schotte, A., Janssen, P. F. M., Megens, A. A. H. P., et al (1993) Occupancy of central neurotransmitter receptors by risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol, measured quantitative autoradiography. Brain Research, 631, 191–202.
Simpson, G. & Angus, J. S. W. (1970) A rating scale for extrapyramidal side-effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 212 (suppl.), 9–11.
Idazoxan and Response to Typical Neuroleptics in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Comparison with the Atypical Neuroleptic, Clozapine
eLetters
No eLetters have been published for this article.