Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-5xszh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T16:08:44.933Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Gravitational Lenses as Tools in Observational Cosmology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 July 2016

Claude R. Canizares*
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Center for Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The study of gravitational lenses is intimately tied to observational cosmology. When we observe a gravitationally lensed quasar, we are viewing a single object along two or more neighboring paths (null geodesics) of cosmological dimensions (Figure 1). What we see depends on bulk properties of the universe, such as Ho and qo, on the large scale structure and inhomogeneities along the paths, and on the small scale structure in and around the primary deflector. Furthermore, the deflection of light depends on the gravitational field along the line of sight, so it is sensitive to all forms of matter: luminous or dark, baryonic or exotic. Thus the images of gravitationally lensed quasars contain an imprint of the universe that is virtually inaccessible by any other means. The hope of decoding this imprint has stimulated observers and theorists to expend many thousands of hours of telescope time, computer time and cogitation on the elucidation of gravitational lens properties.

Type
Chapter XIII: Gravitational Lenses
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1987 

References

Alcock, C. and Anderson, N. 1985, Ap. J. (Letters), 291, L29.Google Scholar
Alcock, C. and Anderson, N. 1986, Ap. J., 302, 43.Google Scholar
Anderson, N. and Alcock, C. 1986, Ap. J., 300, 56.Google Scholar
Arp, H. and Hazard, C. 1980, Ap. J., 240, 726.Google Scholar
Bahcall, J. N., Bahcall, N. A., and Schneider, D. P. 1986, preprint.Google Scholar
Beers, T. C., Huchra, J. P., and Geller, M. J. 1983, Ap. J., 264, 356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R. and Jaroszynski, M. 1981, Ap. J., 246, 1.Google Scholar
Blandford, R. and Narayan, R. 1986, Ap. J., (in press).Google Scholar
Blandford, R., Narayan, R., and Phinney, S. 1987, Ap. J., (in press).Google Scholar
Borgeest, U. 1986, Ap. J., (submitted).Google Scholar
Borgeest, U., and Refsdal, S. 1984, A. Ap., 141, 318.Google Scholar
Burbidge, G. 1985, A. J., 90, 1399.Google Scholar
Burke, B. 1986, in Swarup, G. and Kapahi, V. K. (eds), Proc. IAU Symp. #119: Quasars, (Reidel), 517.Google Scholar
Burke, W. 1981, Ap. J. (Letters), 244, L1.Google Scholar
Canizares, C. R. 1981, Nature, 291, 620; erratum 293, 490.Google Scholar
Canizares, C. R. 1982, Ap. J., 263, 508.Google Scholar
Canizares, C. R. 1983, in Proc. IAU Symp. #117: Quasars and Gravitational Lenses, (Liege: Institut d'Astrophysique), 126.Google Scholar
Chang, K., and Refsdal, S. 1979, Nature, 282, 561.Google Scholar
Chang, K., and Refsdal, S. 1984, A. Ap., 132, 168.Google Scholar
Christian, C., Crabtree, D., and Waddell, P., 1986, IAU Circ. No. 4182.Google Scholar
Cohen, N. L., Gorenstein, M. V., Shapiro, I. I., Rogers, A. E., Bonometti, R. J., Falco, E. E., Barel, N., Marcaide, J. M. 1987, in preparation.Google Scholar
Dekel, A. and Piran, T. 1986, Ap. J. (Letters), (submitted).Google Scholar
De Lapparent, V., Geller, M., and Huchra, J. P. 1986, Ap. J. (Letters), 302, L1.Google Scholar
Djorgovski, S. and Spinrad, H. 1984, Ap. J. (Letters), 282, L1.Google Scholar
Dyer, C. C. 1984, Ap. J., 287, 26.Google Scholar
Dyer, C. C. and Roeder, , 1980, Ap. J. (Letters), 238, L67; erratum 242, L53.Google Scholar
Falco, E., Gorenstein, M., and Shapiro, I. 1985, Ap. J. (Letters), 289, L1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foltz, C. B., Weyman, R. J., Roser, H.-J., and Chaffee, F. H. Jr. 1984, Ap. J. (Letters), 289, L1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foy, R., Bonneau, D., and Blazit, A. 1985, A. Ap., 149, L13.Google Scholar
Gott, J. R. 1981, Ap. J., 243, 140.Google Scholar
Gott, J. R. 1985, Ap. J., 288, 422.Google Scholar
Gott, J. R. 1986, Nature, 321, 420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gott, J. R. 1987. in Knapp, G. (ed), Proc. IAU Symp. #117: Dark Matter in the Universe, (Reidel).Google Scholar
Gorenstein, M. V., et al. 1984, Ap. J., 287, 538.Google Scholar
Greenfield, P., Roberts, D., and Burke, B. 1985, Ap. J., 293, 370.Google Scholar
Grieger, B., Kayser, R., and Refsdal, S. 1986, submitted to Nature.Google Scholar
Hammer, F. 1987, this volume.Google Scholar
Henry, J. P. and Heasley, J. N. 1986, Nature, 321, 139.Google Scholar
Hewitt, J. N. 1986, MIT .Google Scholar
Hewitt, J. N. 1987, this volume.Google Scholar
Hewitt, J. N., Roberts, D. H., and Burke, B. F. 1984, B. A. A. S., 16, 519.Google Scholar
Huchra, J. P. 1986, Nature, (submitted).Google Scholar
Huchra, J. P., Gorenstein, M., Kent, S., Shapiro, I., Smith, G., Horine, E., and Perley, R. 1985, A. J., 90, 691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kayser, R. 1986, A. Ap., 157, 204.Google Scholar
Kayser, R., Refsdal, S., and Stabell, R. 1986, A. Ap., (submitted).Google Scholar
Kriss, G. A., Cioffi, D. F., and Canizares, C. R. 1983, Ap. J., 272, 439.Google Scholar
Kovner, I. 1986, preprint.Google Scholar
Lawrence, C. R., Schneider, D. P., Schmidt, M., Bennett, C. L., Hewitt, J. N., Burke, B. F., Turner, E. L., and Gunn, J. E. 1984, Science, 223, 46.Google Scholar
Narasimha, D., Subramanian, K., and Chitre, S. M. 1986, Nature, 321, 45.Google Scholar
Narayan, R., 1986, in Swarup, G. and Kapahi, V. K. (eds), Proc. IAU Symp. #119: Quasars, (Reidel), 529.Google Scholar
Narayan, R., Blandford, R., and Nityananda, R. 1984, Nature, 310, 112.Google Scholar
Ostriker, J. P. and Vietri, M. 1985, Nature, 318, 446.Google Scholar
Ostriker, J. P. and Vietri, M. 1986a, Ap. J., 300, 68.Google Scholar
Ostriker, J. P. and Vishniac, E. T. 1986, Nature, 322, 804.Google Scholar
Paczynski, B. 1986a, Ap. J., 304, 1.Google Scholar
Paczynski, B. 1986b, Nature, 319, 567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paczynski, B. and Gorski, K. 1981, Ap. J. (Letters), 248, L101.Google Scholar
Peacock, J. 1983, in Proc. IAU Symp. #117: Quasars and Gravitational Lenses, (Liege: Institut d'Astrophysique), 86.Google Scholar
Phinney, E. S. and Blandford, R. D. 1986, Nature, 321, 569.Google Scholar
Press, W. and Gunn, J. 1973, Ap. J., 185, 397.Google Scholar
Refsdal, S. 1964, M. N. R. A. S., 128, 307.Google Scholar
Refsdal, S. 1966, M. N. R. A. S., 132, 101.Google Scholar
Schild, R. and Cholfin, B. 1986, Ap. J., 300, 209.Google Scholar
Schneider, D. P., Gunn, J. E., Turner, E. L., Lawrence, C. R., Hewitt, J. N., Schmidt, M., and Burke, B. F. 1986, A. J., 91, 991.Google Scholar
Schneider, D. P., Lawrence, C. R., Schmidt, M., Gunn, J. E., Turner, E. L., Burke, B. F., and Dhawan, V. 1985, Ap. J., 294, 66.Google Scholar
Schneider, P. 1985, A. Ap., 143, 413.Google Scholar
Schneider, P. 1986a, Ap. J. (Letters), 300, L31.Google Scholar
Schneider, P. 1986b, A. Ap., (submitted).Google Scholar
Schneider, P. 1986c, A. Ap., (submitted).Google Scholar
Schneider, P. 1986d, A. Ap., (submitted).Google Scholar
Schneider, P., and Wagoner, R. V. 1986, Ap. J., (submitted).Google Scholar
Shaklan, S. B. and Hege, E. K. 1986, Ap. J., 303, 605.Google Scholar
Shaver, P. A. 1984, A. Ap., 136, L9.Google Scholar
Shaver, P. A. and Cristiani, S. 1986, Nature, 321, 585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silk, J. 1986, preprint.Google Scholar
Stocke, J. T., Liebert, J. Schild, R. Gioia, I. M., and Maccacaro, T. 1984, Ap. J., 277, 43; erratum 295, 685.Google Scholar
Stark, A. A., Dragovan, M., Wilson, R. W., and Gott, J. R. 1986, Nature, 322, 805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramanian, K., Chitre, S. M., and Narasimha, D. 1985, Ap. J., 289, 37.Google Scholar
Subramanian, K. and Cowling, S. 1986, M.N.R.A.S., 219, 333.Google Scholar
Tyson, J. A. and Gorenstein, M. 1985, Sky and Telescope, October, 319.Google Scholar
Tyson, J. A., Seitzer, P., Weyman, R. J., and Foltz, C. 1986, A. J., 91, 1274.Google Scholar
Turner, E. L. 1980, Ap. J. (Letters), 242, L135.Google Scholar
Turner, E. 1987 in Knapp, G. (ed), Proc. IAU Symp. 117: Dark Matter in the Universe, (Reidel).Google Scholar
Turner, E. L., et al., 1986, Nature, 321, 142.Google Scholar
Turner, E. L., Ostriker, J. P. and Gott, J. R. 1984, Ap. J., 284, 1.Google Scholar
Vanderriest, C., Wlerick, G., Lelievre, G., Schneider, J., Sol, H., Horville, D., Renard, L., and Servan, B. 1986, A. Ap., 158, L5.Google Scholar
Vietri, M. 1985, Ap. J., 293, 343.Google Scholar
Vietri, M. and Ostriker, J. P. 1983, Ap. J., 267, 488.Google Scholar
Vilenkin, A. 1984, Ap. J. (Letters), 282, L51.Google Scholar
Vilenkin, A. 1986, Nature, 322, 613.Google Scholar
Walsh, D., Carswell, R. and Weyman, R. 1979, Nature, 279, 381.Google Scholar
Wagoner, R. V. 1986, in Proc. Vatican Obs. Conf. on Theory and Observational Limits in Cosmology (in press).Google Scholar
Weedman, D. W., Weyman, R. J., Green, R. F., and Heckman, T. M. 1982, Ap. J. (Letters), 255, L5.Google Scholar
Weyman, R. J. and Folz, C. B. 1983, Ap. J. (Letters), 272, L1.Google Scholar
Weyman, R. J., Latham, D., Angel, J. R. P., Green, R. F., Liebert, J. W., Turnshek, D. A., Turnshek, D. E., and Tyson, J. A. 1980, Nature, 285, 641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, P. 1981, Ap. J., 244, 756.Google Scholar
Zuiderwijk, E. J. 1985, M. N. R. A. S., 215, 639.Google Scholar