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118. Kelley and Trebilcock, The Making of the Mosaic, 134–35.

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120. Siegfried, André, The Race Question in Canada (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1907)Google Scholar. See also Henri Bourassa (1913) “Le langue française et l'avenir de notre race” (the French language and the future of our race) and even the much later 1968 autobiography of Vallières, Nègres blanc d'amérique/White Niggers of America.

121. Baum, Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race.

122. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Sixth Census of Canada, 1921: Instructions to Commissioners and Enumerators (Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1921).

123. “Nationality, Orientals and Others,” letter from R. H. Coats, Dominion Statistician, to Dr. Helen R. Y. Reid, Chairman, Division on Immigration, National Committee for Mental Hygiene, December 10, 1930, National Archives of Canada (NAC), RG31 Accession 1989–90/133, box 29, file 7267.

124. Census and Statistics Office, Fifth Census of Canada, 1911: Instructions to Officers, Commissioners, and Enumerators (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1911), 27.

125. Memorandum for Dr. Coats, The Necessity of Taking the Eighth Decennial Census of Canada in 1941, November 27, 1939, NAC RG31, vol. 1417, Records of the Assistant Dominion Statistician, Census Material, 1891–1940.

126. “Nationality, Orientals and Others,” Letter to R. B. Bennett, from H. Langley, Secretary, Maple Leaf Association, January 7, 1931, NAC RG31 Accession 1989–90/133, box 29, file 7267.

127. “Nationality, Orientals and Others,” Memorandum for Mr. Macphail, Chief, Division of Census and Vital Statistics, from R. H. Coats, Dominion Statistician, May 26, 1932, Re: Letter to the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene, NAC RG31 Accession 1989–90/133, box 29, file 7267.

128. Memorandum for Mr. Coats, from Chief, General Statistics Branch, May 12, 1926, NAC RG31, vol. 1417, Records of the Assistant Dominion Statistician, Racial Origin.

129. Fourth Census of Canada, 1901: Instructions to Chief Officers, Commissioners and Enumerators (Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1901), 14.

130. Memorandum for the Honourable Minister of Trade and Commerce—the Northwest Census of Population and Agriculture, 1916, and Cognate Subjects, September 16, 1915, NAC RG31, vol. 1417, Records of the Assistant Dominion Statistician, Census Material 1891–1940.

131. Andersen, Chris, “From Nation to Population: The Racialisation of the ‘Métis’ in the Canadian Census,” Nations and Nationalisms 14, no. 2 (2008): 347–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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133. Titley, E. Brian, A Narrow Vision: Duncan Campbell Scott and the Administration of Indian Affairs in Canada (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1986)Google Scholar.

134. Thompson, “Racial Ideas and Gendered Intimacies.”

135. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Sixth Census of Canada, 1921.

136. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Seventh Census of Canada, 1931: Instructions to Commissioners and Enumerators (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1931); Eighth Census of Canada, 1941.

137. McLaren, Our Own Master Race.

138. Tanser, H. A., “Intelligence of Negroes of Mixed Blood in Canada,” The Journal of Negro Education 10, no. 4 (1941): 650–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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140. Barkan, Elazar, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992)Google Scholar.

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142. Boas, Franz, The Mind of Primitive Man (New York: Macmillan, 1911)Google Scholar. Note that the challenge to biological racialism in the academy, including the extensive body of work produced by W. E. B. Du Bois, predated the Second World War, but was only taken up in the postwar era.

143. UNESCO, The Race Question (Paris: UNESCO, 1950).

144. Lauren, Paul Gordon, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Füredi, Frank, The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997)Google Scholar.

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146. Memorandum Re: Population Card, Cabinet Document No. 139-50, May 6, 1950, NAC RG2 vol. 148, file D-25-3-C, Privy Council Office of Canada, Department of Trade and Commerce, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Census, 1951.

147. Letter from Herbert Marshall, Dominion Statistician to M. W. Mackenzie, Deputy Minister, Department of Trade and Commerce, March 10, 1950, NAC RG31 vol. 1517, file 123, Records of the Assistant Dominion Statistician (Walter Duffet) 1961 Census—Origin or Ethnic Question.

148. Ibid.

149. Clément, Dominique, Canada's Rights Revolution: Social Movements and Social Change, 1937–1982 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008)Google Scholar; Triadafilopoulos, Becoming Multicultural.

150. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Census of Canada, 1951: Instructions to Commissioners and Enumerators (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1951).

151. Ninth Census of Canada, 1951: Volume X, General Review and Summary Tables (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1956), 138.

152. Ibid., 128.

153. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Census of Canada, 1951, 44.

154. Ninth Census of Canada, 1951, 131.

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156. House of Commons, Debates, April 30, 1946, 1043–46 (Can.).

157. Ibid.

158. House of Commons, Debates, May 25, 1959, 3975–76 (Can.). See also January 20, 1961, 1280–89; January 23, 1961, 1301–302; January 24, 1961, 1356–57; May 4, 1961, 4352–54.

159. January 6, 1959, NAC RG2 vol. 2744, Cabinet Conclusions, 1959. January 6, 1959, no. 2-59.

160. Though “Canadian” was an acceptable answer to the origin question on the 1951 census, only those respondents who insisted on the designation to enumerators were counted in this way. Prior to 1951 neither “Canadian” nor “American” were considered acceptable racial origins.

161. House of Commons, Debates, April 30, 1946, 1043–46 (Can.).

162. François-Albert Angers, “Entre Nous” [Between Ourselves], L'Action Nationale, 47, no. 9-10 (May-June 1959) [trans.].

163. Queries about the Census Origin Question, April 28, 1961, NAC RG31 vol. 1517, file 123, Records of the Assistant Dominion Statistician (Walter Duffett) 1961 Census—Origin or Ethnic Question.

164. Letter from C. D. Howe, Minister of Trade and Commerce, to Louis St-Laurent, Prime Minister, May 6, 1950, NAC RG2 vol. 148, file D-25-3-C, Privy Council Office of Canada, Department of Trade and Commerce, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Census, 1951.

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167. Prévost and Beaud, Statistics, Public Debate and the State.

168. Fox, Cybelle and Guglielmo, Thomas A., “Defining America's Racial Boundaries: Blacks, Mexicans, and European Immigrants, 1850–1945,” American Journal of Sociology 118, no. 2 (2012): 327–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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170. Ibid.

171. King and Smith, Still a House Divided.

172. Francis, Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State.

173. Smith, “Diversity and Canadian Political Development,” 849.