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Leader to Laggard: How Founding Institutions Have Shaped American Environmental Policy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2020

David Brian Robertson*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Missouri – St. Louis

Abstract

The U.S. led the world in environmental policy in the 1970s, but now lags behind comparable nations and resists joining others in tackling climate change. Two embedded, entwined, and exceptional American institutions—broad private property rights and competitive federalism—are necessary for explaining this shift. These two institutions shaped the exceptional stringency of 1970s American environmental laws and the powerful backlash against these laws that continues today. American colonies ensured broad private rights to use land and natural resources for profit. The colonies and the independent state governments that followed wielded expansive authority to govern this commodified environment. In the 1780s, Congress underwrote state governance of the privatized environment by directing the parceling and transfer of federal land to private parties and of environmental governance to future states. The 1787 Constitution cemented these relationships and exposed states to interstate economic competition. Environmental laws of the 1970s imposed unprecedented challenges to the environmental prerogatives long protected by these institutions, and the beneficiaries responded with a wide-ranging counterattack. Federalism enabled this opposition to build powerful regional alliances to stymie action on climate change. These overlooked institutional factors are necessary to explain why Canadian and American environmental policies have diverged.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

Acknowledgments: Many thanks to the anonymous reviewers and the editors of Studies in American Political Development for very helpful comments on an earlier version. I thank many colleagues for comments that strengthened the article: Larry Gragg, Richard Bensel, Bat Sparrow, David Siemers, Steven Kautz, Ruth Iyob, David Kimball, Lorenzo Gonzales, Jeff Pasley, Jerritt Frank, Robert Konig, Peter Kastor, Robert Paulett, Susan Flader, Lorri Glover, Chris Deutsch, Shannon Fogg, Michael Bruening, Jeff Schramm, Kathleen Sheppard, Jack Rakove, and Petra Dewitt. I am deeply indebted to Missouri University of Science and Technology for awarding me a Maxwell C. Weiner Distinguished Professorship of Humanities for spring 2016; this honor allowed me necessary time to research and focus on this project.

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