Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T19:03:14.347Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) differentially respond to soil management practices in feed and forage systems in transition to organic management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2019

Tara Pisani Gareau Open the ORCID record for Tara Pisani Gareau [Opens in a new window] ,
Christina Voortman  and
Mary Barbercheck
Tara Pisani Gareau*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467, USA
Christina Voortman
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 501 ASI, PA16802, USA
Mary Barbercheck
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 501 ASI, PA16802, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Tara Pisani Gareau, E-mail: tara.pisanigareau@bc.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We conducted a 3-yr cropping systems experiment in central Pennsylvania, USA, to determine the effects of initial cover crop species, tillage and resulting environmental variables on the activity–density (A–D), species richness, community composition and guild composition of carabid beetles (Carabidae: Coleoptera) during the transition from conventional to organic production. We compared four systems in a factorial combination of a mixed perennial sod (timothy, Phleum pratense L.) and legumes (red clover, Trifolium pratense L.) or annual cereal grain (cereal rye, Secale cereale L.) followed by a legume (hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth) as initial cover crops, and soil management using full tillage (moldboard plow) or reduced tillage (chisel plow) implemented in soybeans followed by maize in the subsequent year. The experiment was established twice, first in autumn 2003 (S1) and again in autumn 2004 (S2) in an adjacent field, in a randomized complete-block design with four replicates in each Start. We collected a total of 2181 adult carabid beetles. Approximately 65% of the carabid beetles collected were from six species. Indicator Species Analysis showed that several carabid species were indicative of treatment, e.g., Poecilus chalcites was a strong indicator for treatments with an initial cereal rye cover crop. Eleven environmental variables explained variation in carabid A–D, richness and the A–D of species categorized by size class and dominant trophic behavior, respectively, but varied in significance and direction among guilds. Soil moisture was a significant effect for total carabid A–D in both S1 and S2. Redundancy analyses revealed some similar and some idiosyncratic responses among informative species for the cover crop×tillage treatments through the 3-yr rotation. The most consistent factors that distinguished species assemblages among years and treatments were the number and intensity of soil disturbances and perennial weed density. The consistent occurrence of soil disturbance indicators in multivariate analyses suggests that future studies that aim to compare the effects of nominal soil management treatments on carabid beetles and other soil-associated arthropods should quantify frequency and intensity of disturbance associated with crop management practices.

Keywords

Carabidcover cropsground beetleorganic agricultureorganic transitionsoil disturbancetillage
Type
Research Paper
Information
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems , Volume 35 , Issue 6 , December 2020 , pp. 608 - 625
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andow, D (1991) Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology 36, 561–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aviron, S, Burel, F, Baudry, J and Schermann, N (2005) Carabid assemblages in agricultural landscapes: impacts of habitat features, landscape context at different spatial scales and farming intensity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Environment 108, 205–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, SL, Woodcock, BA, Potts, SG and Heard, MS (2015) Size matters: body size determines functional responses of ground beetle interactions. Basic and Applied Ecology 44, 125–140.Google Scholar
Bayley, M, Baatrap, E, Heimbach, U and Bjerregaard, P (1995) Elevated copper levels during larval development cause altered locomotor behavior in the adult carabid beetle Pterostichus cupreus L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 32, 166–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belaoussoff, S, Kevan, PG, Murphy, S and Swanton, C (2003) Assessing tillage disturbance on assemblages of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) by using a range of ecological indices. Biodiversity and Conservation 12, 851–882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtsson, J, Ahnström, J and Weibull, A (2005) The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 261–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birkhofer, K, Wise, DH and Scheu, S (2008) Subsidy from the detrital food web, but not microhabitat complexity, affects the role of generalist predators in an aboveground herbivore food web. Oikos 117, 494–500.Google Scholar
Birkhofer, K, Wolters, V and Diekötter, T (2014) Grassy margins along organically managed cereal fields foster trait diversity and taxonomic distinctness of arthropod communities. Insect Conservation and Diversity 7, 274–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, S, Foster, GN, Eyre, MD and Luff, ML (1994) Effects of habitat type and grassland management: practices on the body-size distribution of carabid beetles. Pedobiologia 38, 502–512.Google Scholar
Blubaugh, CK and Kaplan, I (2015) Tillage compromises weed seed predator activity across developmental stages. Biological Control 81, 76–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohan, DA, Caron-Lormier, G, Muggleton, S, Raybould, A and Tamaddoni-Nezhad, A (2011) Automated discovery of food webs from ecological data using logic-based machine learning. PLoS ONE 6, e29028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, W and Grundy, AC (2001) Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Research 41, 383–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booij, CJ and Noorlander, J (1992) Farming systems and insect predators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 40, 125–135.Google Scholar
Bousquet, Y (2010) Illustrated Identification Guide to Adults and Larvae of Northeastern North America Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Sofia: Pensoft Publishers.Google Scholar
Bousquet, Y (2012) Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico. ZooKeys 245, 1–1722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braker, WL (1981) Soil Survey of Centre County, Pennsylvania. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.Google Scholar
Caballero-López, B, Blanco-Moreno, JM, Pérez-Hidalgo, N, Michelena-Saval, JM, Pujade-Villar, J, Guerrieri, E, Sánchez-Espigares, JA and Sans, FX (2012) Weeds, aphids, and specialist parasitoids and predators benefit differently from organic and conventional cropping of winter cereals. Journal of Pest Science 85, 81–88.Google Scholar
Cárcamo, HA (1995) Effect of tillage on ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae): a farm-scale study in Central Alberta. Canadian Entomologist 127, 631–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmona, DM and Landis, DA (1999) Influence of refuge habitats and cover crops on seasonal activity-density of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in field crops. Biological Control 28, 1145–1153.Google Scholar
Ciegler, J and Morse, J (2000) Ground Beetles and Wrinkled Bark Beetles of South Carolina (Coleoptera: Geadephaga: Carabidae and Rhysodidae). Clemson, SC: South Carolina Agriculture and Forestry Research System, Clemson University.Google Scholar
Clark, S, Szlavecz, K, Cavigelli, MA, Clark, S, Szlavecz, K and Cavigelli, MA (2006) Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in organic, no-till, and chisel-till cropping systems in Maryland. Environmental Entomology 35, 1304–1312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coombs, WT, Algina, J and Oltman, DO (1996) Univariate and multivariate omnibus hypothesis tests selected to control type I error rates when population variances are not necessarily equal. Review of Educational Research 66, 137–179.Google Scholar
Crowder, DW, Northfield, TD, Strand, MR and Snyder, WE (2010) Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control. Nature 466, 109–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Culman, SW, Snapp, SS, Freeman, MA, Schipanski, ME, Beniston, J, Lal, R, Drinkwater, LE, Franzluebbers, AJ, Glover, JD, Grandy, SA, Lee, J, Six, J, Maul, JE, Mirksy, SB, Spargo, JT and Wander, MM (2012) Permanganate oxidizable carbon reflects a processed soil fraction that is sensitive to management. Soil Science Society of America Journal 76, 494–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dearborn, RG, Nelson, RE, Donahue, C, Bell, RT and Webster, RP (2014) The ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) fauna of Maine, USA. Coleopteran Bulletin 68, 441–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Cáceres, M and Legendre, P (2009) Associations between species and groups of sites: indices and statistical inference. Ecology 90, 3566–3574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diehl, E, Wolters, V and Birkhofer, K (2012) Arable weeds in organically managed wheat fields foster carabid beetles by resource- and structure-mediated effects. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6, 75–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Döring, TF and Kromp, B (2003) Which carabid species benefit from organic agriculture? A review of comparative studies in winter cereals from Germany and Switzerland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 98, 153–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downie, NM and Arnett, JRH (1996) The Beetles of Northeastern North America, Volume 1. Gainesville, FL: The Sandhill Crane Press.Google Scholar
Dufrêne, M and Legendre, P (1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Mongraphs 67, 345–366.Google Scholar
Ellsbury, MM, Powell, JE, Forcella, F, Woodson, WD, Clay, SA and Riedell, WE (1998) Diversity and dominant species of ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in crop rotation and chemical input systems for the northern Great Plains. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91, 619–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyre, MD, Luff, ML, Atlihan, R and Leifert, C (2012) Ground beetle species (Carabidae: Coleoptera) activity and richness in relation to crop type, fertility management and crop protection in a farm management comparison trial. Annals of Applied Biology 161, 169–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyre, MD, Luff, ML and Leifert, C (2013) Crop, field boundary, productivity and disturbance influences on ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the agroecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 165, 60–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, HJ and McPherson, RM (1985) Abundance and diversity of adult Carabidae in four soybean cropping systems in Virginia. Journal of Entomological Science 20, 163–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fry, RC, Fergusson-Kolmes, LA, Kolmes, SA and Villani, MG (2019) Radiographic study of the response of Japanese beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to soil-incorporated mycelial particles of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 105, 113–120.Google Scholar
Gaines, HR and Gratton, C (2010) Seed predation increases with ground beetle diversity in Wisconsin (USA) potato agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 137, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goettel, MS and Inglis, GD (1997) Fungi: Hyphomycetes. In Lacey, LA (ed.), Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology. London: Academic Press, pp. 213–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hance, T, Gregoirewibo, C and Lebrun, P (1990) Agriculture and ground-beetle populations: the consequence of crop types and surrounding habitats on activity and species composition. Pedobiologia 34, 337–346.Google Scholar
Hanson, HI, Palmu, E, Birkhofer, K and Smith, HG (2016) Agricultural land use determines the trait composition of ground beetle communities. PLoS ONE 11, 1–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Harvey, JA, Van Der Putten, WH, Turin, H, Wagenaar, R and Bezemer, TM (2008) Effects of changes in plant species richness and community traits on carabid assemblages and feeding guilds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 127, 100–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatten, TD, Bosque-Perez, NA, Johnson-Maynard, J and Eigenbrode, SD (2007) Tillage differentially affects the capture rate of pitfall traps for three species of carabid beetles. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 124, 177–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckman, J (2006) A history of organic farming: transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, 143–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, JM and Luff, ML (2000) The effects of agricultural practices on Carabidae in temperate agroecosystems. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 5, 109–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, JM, Thomas, CFG and Birkett, T (2007) Spatio-temporal distribution and emergence of beetles in arable fields in relation to soil moisture. Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, 89–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holopainen, JK, Bergman, T, Hautala, E-L and Oksanen, J (1995) The ground beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in relation to soil properties and foliar fluoride content in spring cereals. Pedobiologia 39, 193–206.Google Scholar
Homburg, K, Homburg, N, Schafer, F, Schuldt, A and Assmann, T (2014) Carabids.org––a dynamic online database of ground beetle species traits (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Insect Conservation and Diversity 7, 195–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honek, A, Martinkova, Z, Saska, P and Pekar, S (2007) Size and taxonomic constraints determine the seed preferences of Carabidae (Coleoptera). Basic and Applied Ecology 8, 343–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, MD (2009) Trophic promiscuity, intraguild predation and the problem of omnivores. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 11, 125–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jabbour, R and Barbercheck, ME (2009) Soil management effects on entomopathogenic fungi during the transition to organic agriculture in a feed grain rotation. Biological Control 51, 435–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jabbour, R, Pisani Gareau, T, Smith, RG, Mullen, C and Barbercheck, M (2015) Cover crop and tillage intensities alter ground-dwelling arthropod communities during the transition to organic production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, 361–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, DM, Harrison, HF Jr and Harrison, HF (2008) Effects of a killed-cover crop mulching system on sweetpotato production, soil pests, and insect predators in South Carolina. Journal of Economic Entomology 101, 1871–1880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koivula, MJ (2011) Useful model organisms, indicators, or both? Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) reflecting environmental conditions. ZooKeys 317, 287–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kromp, B (1999) Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 187–228.Google Scholar
Kulkarni, S, Dosdall, L and Willenborg, C (2015) The role of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in weed seed consumption: a review. Weed Science 63, 355–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larochelle, A and Larivière, M-C (2003) A Natural History of the Ground-Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of America North of Mexico. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers.Google Scholar
Larsen, KJ, Work, TT and Purrington, FF (2003) Habitat use patterns by ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of northeastern Iowa. Pedobiologia 47, 288–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, TW, Biddinger, DJ, Rohr, JR and Fleischer, SJ (2010) Conventional and seed-based insect management strategies similarly influence nontarget coleopteran communities in maize. Environmental Entomology 39, 2045–2055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, DB, Kaye, JP, Jabbour, R and Barbercheck, ME (2011) Labile carbon and other soil quality indicators in two tillage systems during transition to organic agriculture. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, 342–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lichtenberg, EM, Kennedy, CM, Kremen, C, Berendse, F, Bommarco, R, Bosque-p, NA, Carvalheiro, G, Snyder, WE, Williams, NM, Winfree, R, Yann, RC, Bryan, C and Tim, D (2017) A global synthesis of the effects of diversified farming systems on arthropod diversity within fields and across agricultural landscapes. Global Change Biology 23, 4946–4957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundgren, JG (2009) Nutritional aspects of non-prey foods in the life histories of predaceous Coccinellidae. Biological Control 51, 294–305.Google Scholar
Lundgren, JG (2013) Molecular approach to describing a seed-based food web: the post-dispersal granivore community of an invasive plant. Ecology and Evolution 3, 1642–1652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundgren, JG, Shaw, JT, Zaborski, ER and Eastman, CE (2006) The influence of organic transition systems on beneficial ground-dwelling arthropods and predation of insects and weed seeds. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, 227–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menalled, FD, Smith, RG, Dauer, JT and Fox, TB (2007) Impact of agricultural management on carabid communities and weed seed predation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 118, 49–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyling, NV and Eilenberg, J (2007) Ecology of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in temperate agroecosystems: potential for conservation biological control. Biological Control 43, 145–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minasny, B and McBratney, AB (2018) Limited effect of organic matter on soil available water capacity. European Journal of Soil Biology 69, 39–47.Google Scholar
Morrill, WL, Lester, DG and Wrona, AE (1990) Factors affecting efficacy of pitfall traps for beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Tenebrionidae). Journal of Entomological Science 25, 284–293.Google Scholar
Norton, L, Johnson, P, Joys, A, Stuart, R, Chamberlain, D, Feber, R, Firbank, L, Manley, W, Wolfe, M, Hart, B, Mathews, F, Macdonald, D and Fuller, RJ (2009) Consequences of organic and non-organic farming practices for field, farm and landscape complexity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129, 221–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NRCS (2002) Guide to Using the Soil Conditioning Index. US Department of Agricutlure. Available at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_025093.pdf.Google Scholar
O'Rourke, ME, Liebman, M and Rice, ME (2008) Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in conventional and diversified crop rotation systems. Environmental Entomology 37, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavuk, DM, Purrington, FF, Williams, CE and Stinner, BR (2009) Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) activity density and community composition in vegetationally diverse corn agroecosystems. American Midland Naturalist 138, 14–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfiffner, L and Niggli, U (1996) Effects of bio-dynamic, organic and conventional farming on ground beetles (Col. Carabidae) and other epigaeic arthropods in winter wheat. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 12, 353–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puech, C, Baudry, J, Joannon, A and Poggi, S (2014) Organic vs. conventional farming dichotomy: Does it make sense for natural enemies? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 194, 48–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purtauf, T, Dauber, J and Wolters, V (2005) The response of carabids to landscape simplification differs between trophic groups. Oecologia 142, 458–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ribera, I, Dolédec, S, Downie, IS and Foster, GN (2001) Effect of land disturbance and stress on species traits of ground beetle assemblages. Ecology 82, 1112–1129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivers, A, Mullen, C, Wallace, J and Barbercheck, M (2017) Cover crop-based reduced tillage system influences Carabidae (Coleoptera) activity, diversity and trophic group during transition to organic production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, 538–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rondon, SI, Pantoja, A, Hagerty, A, Donald, A and Entomologist, SF (2013) Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) populations in commercial organic and conventional potato production. Florida Entomologist 96, 1492–1499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouabah, A, Lasserre-Joulin, F, Amiaud, B and Plantureux, S (2014) Emergent effects of ground beetles size diversity on the strength of prey suppression. Ecological Entomology 39, 47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rusch, A, Bommarco, R, Chiverton, P, Öberg, S, Wallin, H, Wiktelius, S and Ekbom, B (2013) Response of ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities to changes in agricultural policies in Sweden over two decades. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 176, 63–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rusch, A, Birkhofer, K, Bommarco, R, Smith, HG and Ekbom, B (2014) Management intensity at field and landscape levels affects the structure of generalist predator communities. Oecologia 175, 971–983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAS Institute Inc. (2004) SAS 9.1.3 Help and Documentation. Cary, NC : SAS Institute, Inc. Accessed at http://support.sas.com/documentation/onlinedoc/91pdf/index_913.html.Google Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. (2019) JMP Pro® 13.0. Cary, NC : SAS Institute, Inc.Google Scholar
Schirmel, J, Thiele, J, Entling, MH and Buchholz, S (2016) Trait composition and functional diversity of spiders and carabids in linear landscape elements. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 235, 318–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitz, O (2009) Effects of predator functional diversity on grassland ecosystem function. Ecology 90, 2339–2345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shearin, AF, Reberg-Horton, SC and Gallandt, ER (2007) Direct effects of tillage on the activity density of ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) weed seed predators. Environmental Entomology 36, 1140–1146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Šmilauer, P and Lepš, J (2014) Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using Canoco 5. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, RG, Jabbour, R, Hulting, AG, Barbercheck, ME and Mortensen, DA (2009) Effects of initial seed-bank density on weed seedling emergence during the transition to an organic feed-grain crop rotation. Weed Science 57, 533–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, RG, Barbercheck, ME, Mortensen, DA, Hyde, J and Hulting, AG (2011) Yield and net returns during the transition to organic feed grain production. Agronomy Journal 103, 51–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steenberg, T, Langer, V and Esbjerg, P (1995) Entomopathogenic fungi in predatory beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae) from agricultural fields. BioControl 40, 77–85.Google Scholar
Stinner, B and House, G (1990) Arthropods and other invertebrates in conservation-tillage agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology 35, 299–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, ME, Davis, CS and Koch, GC (2000) Categorical Data Analysis Using the SAS System, 2nd Edn. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.Google Scholar
Ter Braak, C and Šmilauer, P (2012) CANOCO reference manual and user's guide. Canoco 5.0. Ithaca, NY: Microcomputer Power.Google Scholar
Thiele, H-U (1977) Carabid Beetles in Their Environments: A Study on Habitat Selection by Adaptations in Physiology and Behaviour. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorbek, P and Bilde, T (2004) Reduced numbers of generalist arthropod predators after crop management. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 526–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsiafouli, MA, Thébault, E, Sgardelis, SP, de Ruiter, PC, van der Putten, WH, Birkhofer, K, Hemerik, L, de Vries, F, Bardgett, RD, Brady, MV, Bjornlund, L, Jørgensen, HB, Christensen, S, Hertefeldt, TD, Hotes, S, Gera Hol, WH, Frouz, J, Liiri, M, Mortimer, SR, Setalä, H, Tzanopoulos, J, Uteseny, K, Pizl, V, Stary, J, Wolters, V and Hedlund, K (2015) Intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity across Europe. Global Change Biology 21, 973–985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuck, SL, Winqvist, C, Mota, F, Ahnstrom, J, Turnbull, LA and Bengtsson, J (2014) Land-use intensity and the effects of organic farming on biodiversity: a hierarchical meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 51, 746–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
USDA NOP (2019) Organic regulations [online]. Available at https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/organic (Accessed 28 December 2017).Google Scholar
Veselý, M and Šarapatka, B (2008) Effects of conversion to organic farming on carabid beetles (Carabidae) in experimental fields in the Czech Republic. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 25, 289–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallin, AH and Ekbom, BS (2019) Movements of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) inhabiting cereal fields: a field tracing study. Oecologia 77, 39–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weil, RR, Islam, KR, Stine, MA, Gruver, JB and Samson-Liebig, SE (2003) Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: a simplified method for laboratory and field use. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 18, 3–17.Google Scholar
Winqvist, C, Bengtsson, J, Berendse, F, Clement, LW, Fischer, C, Flohre, A, Weisser, WW and Bommarco, R (2014) Species’ traits influence ground beetle responses to farm and landscape level agricultural intensification in Europe. Journal of Insect Conservation 18, 837–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zehnder, G, Gurr, GM, Stefan, K, Wade, MR, Wratten, SD and Wyss, E (2007) Arthropod pest management in organic crops. Annual Review of Entomology 52, 57–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, G (1986) The ‘Galleria bait method’ for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil. Journal of Applied Entomology 102, 213–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Pisani Gareau et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S4

Download Pisani Gareau et al. supplementary material(File)
File 60.5 KB