Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T14:59:30.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Redating Shuidonggou Locality 1 and Implications for the Initial Upper Paleolithic in East Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2016

Christopher Morgan ,
Loukas Barton ,
Mingjie Yi ,
Robert L Bettinger ,
Xing Gao  and
Fei Peng
Christopher Morgan*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557-0096, USA
Loukas Barton
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, 3302 WWPH, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
Mingjie Yi
Affiliation:
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
Robert L Bettinger
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California—Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616-8522, USA
Xing Gao
Affiliation:
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
Fei Peng
Affiliation:
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
*
Corresponding author. Email: ctmorgan@unr.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A review of recently published temporal data from Shuidonggou Locality 1 indicates that a 40–43 cal ka date for the inception of Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) blade-oriented technologies in East Asia is warranted. Comparison of the dates from Shuidonggou to other Asian IUP dates in Korea, Siberia, and Mongolia supports this assertion, indicating that the initial appearance of the IUP in East Asia generally corresponds in time to the fluorescence of the IUP in eastern Europe and western Asia. This conclusion preliminarily suggests that either a version of the IUP originated independently in East Asia just prior to 40 cal ka, or more likely, that an early, initial diffusion of the IUP into East Asia occurred ∼41 cal ka, a hypothesis consistent with current estimates for the evolution or arrival of modern humans in the region.

Type
Articles
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 56 , Issue 1 , 2014 , pp. 165 - 179
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, DG, Gillam, JC. 2000. Paleoindian colonization of the Americas: implications from an examination of physiography, demography, and artifact distribution. American Antiquity 65(1):43–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, DG, Goodyear, AC, Kennett, J, West, A. 2011. Multiple lines of evidence for possible human population decline/settlement reorganization during the Early Younger Dryas. Quaternary International 242(2):570–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bae, CJ, Bae, K. 2012. The nature of the Early to Late Paleolithic transition in Korea: current perspectives. Quaternary International 281:26–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bae, CJ, Kim, JC. 2010. The Late Paleolithic-Neolithic transition in Korea: current archaeological and radiocarbon perspectives. Radiocarbon 52(2):493–9.Google Scholar
Bamforth, DB, Grund, B. 2012. Radiocarbon calibration curves, summed probability distributions, and Early Paleoindian population trends in North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(6):1768–74.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 2007. The archaeological framework of the Upper Paleolithic revolution. Diogenes 54(2):3–18.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O, Kuhn, SL. 1999. The big deal about blades: laminar technologies and human evolution. American Anthropologist 101(2):322–38.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O, Wang, Y. 2012. Paleolithic archaeology in China. Annual Review of Anthropology 41:319–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettinger, RL, Barton, L, Morgan, C. 2010a. The origins of food production in north China: a different kind of agricultural revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 19(1):9–21.Google Scholar
Bettinger, RL, Barton, L, Morgan, C, Chen, F, Wang, H, Guilderson, TP, Ji, D, Zhang, D. 2010b. The transition to agriculture at Dadiwan, People's Republic of China. Current Anthropology 51(5):703–14.Google Scholar
Binford, LR. 2001. Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter-Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bordes, F. 1968. The Old Stone Age. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Boule, M, Breuil, H, Licent, E, Chardin, PTD. 1928. Le Paleolithique de la Chine. Paris: Archives de l'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine.Google Scholar
Brantingham, PJ, Krivoshapkin, AI, Jinzeng, L, Tserendagva, Y. 2001. The Initial Upper Paleolithic in Northeast Asia. Current Anthropology 42(5):735–47.Google Scholar
Brantingham, PJ, Gao, X, Madsen, DB, Bettinger, RL, Elston, RG. 2004. The Initial Upper Paleolithic at Shuidonggou, northwestern China. In: Brantingham, PJ, Kuhn, SL, Kerry, KW, editors. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 233–41.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51(1):337–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, B, Collard, M, Edinborough, K. 2008. Paleoindian demography and the extraterrestrial impact hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105(33):11,651–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, B, Hamilton, M, Edinborough, K, O'Brien, MJ, Collard, M. 2011. A comment on Steele's (2010) “Radiocarbon dates as data: quantitative strategies for estimating colonization front speeds and event densities.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38(9):2116–22.Google Scholar
Cann, RL, Stoneking, M, Wilson, AC. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325(6099):31–6.Google Scholar
Chen, FH, Bloemendal, J, Wang, JM, Li, JJ, Oldfield, F. 1997. High-resolution multi-proxy climate records from Chinese loess: evidence for rapid climatic changes over the last 75 kyr. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 130(1–4):323–35.Google Scholar
Chen, FH, Bloemendal, J, Feng, ZD, Wang, JM, Parker, E, Guo, ZT. 1999. East Asian Monsoon variations during Oxygen Isotope Stage 5: evidence from the northwestern margin of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews 18(8–9):1127–35.Google Scholar
Chen, T, Yuan, S. 1988. Uranium-series dating of bones and teeth from Chinese Paleolithic sites. Archaeometry 30(1):59–76.Google Scholar
Chen, T, Yuan, S, Gao, S. 1984. Uranium-series dating of bones and teeth from Chinese Paleolithic sites. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 3:259–69.Google Scholar
Cheon, KH, Lee, YJ. 2008. A study of lithic assemblage from the Yong-Bang Paleolithic site. Journal of the Korean Paleolithic Society 17:17–32. In Korean.Google Scholar
Chinese Quaternary Research Association (CQRA). 1987. Contributions to Quaternary Glaciology and Geology. Special Issue on 14C Dating. In Chinese.Google Scholar
Choi, BK. 2007. A study on the Hwadae-ri Shomteo Paleolithic site in Pocheon-city, Korean Peninsula. Journal of the Korean Paleolithic Society 15:57–68. In Korean.Google Scholar
Chu, JY, Huang, W, Kuang, SQ, Wang, JM, Xu, JJ, Chu, ZT, Yang, ZQ, Lin, KQ, Li, P, Wu, M, Geng, ZC, Tan, CC, Du, RF, Jin, L. 1998. Genetic relationship of populations in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95(20):11,763–8.Google Scholar
d'Errico, F. 2003. The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of behavioural modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12(4):188–202.Google Scholar
Damblon, F, Haesaerts, P, van der Plicht, J. 1996. New datings and considerations on the chronology of Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Great Eurasiatic Plain. Préhistoire Européenne 9:177–231.Google Scholar
Derevianko, AP. 1998. Human occupation of nearby regions and the role of population movements in the Paleolithic of Siberia. In: Derevianko, AP, editor. The Paleolithic of Siberia, New Discoveries and Interpretations. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p 336–80.Google Scholar
Derevianko, AP, Agadjanian, AK, Baryshnikov, GF, Dergacheva, MI, Malaeva, EM, Markin, SV, Molodin, VI, Nikolaev, SV, Orlova, LA, Petrin, VT, Postnov, AV, Ulanov, VA, Fedeneva, IK, Foronova, IV, Shunkov, MV. 1998. Archaeology, Geology and the Pleistocene and Holocene Paleogeography of the Mountainous Altai. Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Press.Google Scholar
Derevianko, AP, Brantingham, PJ, Olsen, JW, Tseveendorj, D. 2004. Initial Upper Paleolithic blade industries from the North-central Gobi Desert, Mongolia. In: Brantingham, PJ, Kuhn, SL, Kerry, KW, editors. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 207–22.Google Scholar
Derevianko, AP, Postnov, AV, Rybin, EP, Kuzmin, YV, Keates, SG. 2005. The Pleistocene peopling of Siberia: a review of environmental and behavioral aspects. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 25:57–68.Google Scholar
Drozdov, NI, Laukhin, SA, Chekha, VP, Koltsova, VG, Bokarev, AA, Vikulov, AA. 1990. Kurtakski Arkheologicheski Raion. Vyp. I. Geologiya i Arkheologiya Trifonovskogo i Kurtakskogo Uchastkov. Krasnoyarsk: Izdatelstvo Instituta Istorii, Arkheologii i Etnografii.Google Scholar
Gamble, C, Davies, W, Pettitt, P, Hazelwood, L, Richards, M. 2005. The archaeological and genetic foundations of the European population during the Late Glacial: implications for ‘agricultural thinking’. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15(2):193–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, X, Norton, CJ. 2002. A critique of the Chinese ‘Middle Palaeolithic.’ Antiquity 76(292):397–412.Google Scholar
Gao, X, Li, JZ, Madsen, DB, Brantingham, PJ, Elston, RG, Bettinger, RL. 2002. New 14C dates for Shuidonggou and related discussions. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 21:211–8. In Chinese with English abstract.Google Scholar
Gao, X, Yuan, B, Pei, S, Wang, H, Chen, F, Feng, X. 2008. Analysis of sedimentary-geomorphologic variation and the living environment of hominids at the Shuidonggou Paleolithic site. Chinese Science Bulletin 53(13):2025–32.Google Scholar
Geng, K, Dan, P. 1992. The Yinchuan Area: Past, Present, and Future-Processes of Late Quaternary Environmental Evolution. Beijing: Cartographic Publishing House. In Chinese.Google Scholar
Ginter, BJ, Kozlowski, JK, Laville, H, Sirakov, N, Hedges, REM. 1996. The transition in the Balkans: news from Temnata Cave, Bulgaria. In: Carbonell, E, Vaquero, M, editors. The Last Neanderthals, the First Anatomically Modern Humans: A Tale About Human Diversity, Cultural Change and Human Evolution: The Crisis and 40,000 B.P. Tarrogona: Universitat de Rovira i Virgili. p 169–200.Google Scholar
Goebel, T. 1993. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Siberia [unpublished PhD dissertation]. Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Goebel, T. 2004. The Early Upper Paleolithic of Siberia. In: Brantingham, PJ, Kuhn, SL, Kerry, KW, editors. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 162–95.Google Scholar
Goebel, T, Aksenov, M. 1995. Accelerator radiocarbon dating of the Initial Upper Palaeolithic in Southeast Siberia. Antiquity 69(263):349–57.Google Scholar
Goebel, T, Derevianko, AP, Petrin, VT. 1993. Dating the Middle-to-Upper-Paleolithic transition at Kara-Bom. Current Anthropology 34(4):452–8.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, AN, Belfer-Cohen, A, editors. 2005. More than Meets the Eye: Studies on the Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Graf, KE. 2008. “The good, the bad, and the ugly”: evaluating the radiocarbon chronology of the Middle and Late Upper Paleolithic in the Enisei River Valley, South-Central Siberia. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(3):694–707.Google Scholar
Guan, Y, Gao, X, Wang, H, Chen, F, Pei, S, Zhang, X, Zhou, Z. 2011. Spatial analysis of intra-site use at a Late Paleolithic site at Shuidonggou, Northwest China. Chinese Science Bulletin 56(32):3457–63.Google Scholar
Guan, Y, Gao, X, Li, F, Pei, S, Chen, F, Zhou, Z. 2012. Modern human behaviors during the late stage of the MIS3 and the broad spectrum revolution: evidence from a Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site. Chinese Science Bulletin 57(4):379–86.Google Scholar
Haesaerts, P. 1990. Nouvelles recherches au Gisement de Willendorf (Basse Autriche). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 60:203–18.Google Scholar
Haesaerts, P, Damblon, F, Bachner, M, Trnka, G. 1996. Revised stratigraphy and chronology of the Willendorf II sequence, Lower Austria. Archaeologia Austriaca 80:24–9.Google Scholar
Han, CG. 2002. Yongho-dong Paleolithic site at Daejeon, Korea. In: Bae, K, Lee, J, editors. Paleolithic Archaeology in Northeast Asia: Assembled Collection of Papers Presented at the International Seminar Commemorating the Tenth Chongokni Prehistoric Festival. Hanyang University: Yeoncheon County and Institute of Cultural Properties. p 163–72.Google Scholar
Hedges, REM, Housley, RA, Bronk Ramsey, C, van Klinken, GJ. 1994. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: Archaeometry datelist 18. Archaeometry 36(2):337–74.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, CS, Marean, CW. 2003. The origin of modern human behavior: critique of models and their test implications. Current Anthropology 44(5):627–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higham, T. 2011. European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates are often older than they look: problems with previous dates and some remedies. Antiquity 85(327):235–49.Google Scholar
Hong, MY, Kim, JH. 2008. Hopyeong-dong Paleolithic Site. Suwon: Korea Land Corporation, Gyeonggi Cultural Foundation and Gijeon Institute of Cultural Properties.Google Scholar
Ingman, M, Kaessmann, H, Paabo, S, Gyllensten, U. 2000. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 408(6828):708–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jöris, O, Street, M, Terberger, T, Weninger, B. 2011. Radiocarbon dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition: the demise of the last Neanderthals and the first appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe. In: Condemi, S, Weninger, G-C, editors. Continuity and Discontinuity in the Peopling of Europe. Dordrecht: Springer. p 239–98.Google Scholar
Klein, RG. 2008. Out of Africa and the evolution of modern human behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology 17(6):267–81.Google Scholar
Konstantinov, MV. 1994. Kamennyi Vek Vostochnogo Regiona Baikal'skoi Azii. Chita: Chita Pedagogical University Press.Google Scholar
Kuhn, SL. 2004. From Initial Upper Paleolithic to Ahmarian at Üçaǧizli Cave, Turkey. Anthropologie 42(3):249–62.Google Scholar
Kuhn, SL, Stiner, MC, Gülec, E. 1999. Initial Upper Paleolithic in south-central Turkey and its regional context: a preliminary report. Antiquity 73(281):505–17.Google Scholar
Kuhn, SL, Brantingham, PJ, Kerry, KW. 2004. The early Upper Paleolithic and the origins of modern human behavior. In: Brantingham, PJ, Kuhn, SL, Kerry, KW, editors. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 242–8.Google Scholar
Kuhn, SL, Stiner, MC, Güleç, E, Özer, I, Yilmaz, H, Baykara, I, Açıkkol, A, Goldberg, P, Molina, KM, Ünay, E, Suata-Alpaslan, F. 2009. The early Upper Paleolithic occupations at Üçaǧızlı Cave (Hatay, Turkey). Journal of Human Evolution 56(2):87–113.Google Scholar
Kuzmin, YV. 1994. Prehistoric colonization of Northeastern Siberia and migration to America: radiocarbon evidence. Radiocarbon 36(3):367–76.Google Scholar
Kuzmin, YV. 2004. Origin of the Upper Paleolithic in Siberia. In: Brantingham, PJ, Kuhn, SL, Kerry, KW, editors. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 196–206.Google Scholar
Kuzmin, YV, Orlova, LA. 1998. Radiocarbon chronology of the Siberian Paleolithic. Journal of World Prehistory 12(1):1–53.Google Scholar
Lee, GK. 2004. Wolpyong, a typical Upper Paleolithic site in Suncheon, Korea. Journal of the Korean Paleolithic Society 9:1–18. In Korean.Google Scholar
Li, F, Kuhn, SL, Gao, X, Chen, F. 2013. Re-examination of the dates of large blade technology in China: a comparison of Shuidonggou Locality 1 and Locality 2. Journal of Human Evolution 64(2):161–8.Google Scholar
Li, X, Liu, G, Xu, G. 1987. Dating reports on the 14C methodology (PV). In: Radiocarbon Dating Society of Chinese Quaternary Research Association, editor. Contribution to the Quaternary Glaciology and Geology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. p 16–38. In Chinese.Google Scholar
Licent, E, Chardin, P. 1925. Le Paléolithique de la Chine. L'Anthropologie 35:201–34.Google Scholar
Lisitsyn, NF, Svezhentsev, YS. 1997. Radiocarbon chronology of the Upper Paleolithic of Northern Asia. In: Sinitsyn, AA, Praslov, ND, editors. Radiouglerodnaya Chronologia Paleolita Vostochonoi Europy i Severnoi Azii: Problemy i Perspectivy. St. Petersburg: Institute for the History of Material Culture. p 67–100.Google Scholar
Liu, D, Wang, X, Gao, X, Xia, Z, Pei, S, Chen, F, Wang, H. 2009. Progress in the stratigraphy and geochronology of the Shuidonggou site, Ningxia, North China. Chinese Science Bulletin 54(21):3880–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, DB, Li, J, Brantingham, PJ, Gao, X, Elston, RG, Bettinger, RL. 2001. Dating Shuidonggou and the Upper Palaeolithic blade industry in North China. Antiquity 75(290):706–16.Google Scholar
Marks, AE. 1983. Prehistory and Paleoenvironment in the Negev, Israel. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Medvedev, G, Cauwe, N, Vorobieva, G, Coup, D, Claes, L, Lipnina, E, Modri, S, Mukharramov, S, Osadchy, S, Pettitt, P, Rebrikov, P, Rogovsky, E, Sitlivy, V, Sulerzhitsky, L, Khenzykhenova, F. 1996. The Malta Paleolithic Locality (According to the 1995 Field-season). Irkutsk: Arcon.Google Scholar
Meignen, L, Geneste, JM, Koulakovskaia, L, Sytnik, A. 2004. Koulichivka and its place in the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in Eastern Europe. In: Brantingham, PJ, Kuhn, SL, Kerry, KW, editors. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 50–63.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. 1999. The Neanderthal problem continued. Current Anthropology 40(3):341–60.Google Scholar
Millard, AR, Hedges, REM. 1995. The role of the environment in uranium uptake by buried bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 22(2):239–50.Google Scholar
Mook, WG. 1982. Radiocarbon dating. In: Kozlowski, JK, editor. Excavation in the Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria): Final Report. Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers. p 168.Google Scholar
Morgan, C, Barton, L, Bettinger, R, Chen, F, Dongju, Z. 2011. Glacial cycles and Palaeolithic adaptive variability on China's Western Loess Plateau. Antiquity 85(328):365–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muratov, VM, Ovodov, ND, Panychev, VA, Safrova, SA. 1982. Obshchaia kharakteristika Paleolitichekoi Stoianki Malaia Syia v Khakasii. Arkheologiia Svenoi Azii. Novosibirsk: Nauka. p 33–48.Google Scholar
Murray, AS, Olley, JM. 2002. Precision and accuracy in the optically stimulated luminescence dating of sedimentary quartz: a status review. Geochronometria 21:1–16.Google Scholar
Ningxia Museum 1987. A report on the 1980 excavations at Shuidonggou. Kaogu 10:439–49. In Chinese.Google Scholar
Ningxia Provincial Institute of Archaeology. 2003. Shuidonggou – 1980 Excavation Report. Beijing: Science Press. In Chinese.Google Scholar
Norton, CJ, Jin, JH. 2009. The evolution of modern human behavior in East Asia: current perspectives. Evolutionary Anthropology 18(6):247–60.Google Scholar
O'Connell, JF, Allen, J. 2004. Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea): a review of recent research. Journal of Archaeological Science 31(6):835–53.Google Scholar
Orlova, LA. 1995. Radiouglerodnoye Datirovanie Arkheologichesikh Pamiatnikov Siberi i Dalnego Vostoka. In: Derevianko, AP, Kholushkin, YP, editors. Metody Estestvennykh Nauk v Arkheologicheskikh Rekonstruktsiyakh. Novosibirsk: Izdatelstvo Instituta Arheologii i Ethnografii SORAN. p 207–32.Google Scholar
Orlova, LA. 1998. Radiocarbon dating of the archaeology sites in Siberia and the Russian Far East: List 2. In: Derevianko, AP, Kholushkin, YP, Rostovtsev, OS, Voronin, VT, editors. Statistical Analysis of the Upper Paleolithic Complexes of Northern Asia, Supplement. Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Press. p 74–88.Google Scholar
Pei, S, Gao, X, Wang, H, Kuman, K, Bae, CJ, Chen, F, Guan, Y, Zhang, Y, Zhang, X, Peng, F, Li, X. 2012. The Shuidonggou site complex: new excavations and implications for the earliest Late Paleolithic in north China. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(12):3610–26.Google Scholar
Peng, F, Gao, X, Wang, H, Chen, F, Liu, D, Pei, S. 2012. An engraved artifact from Shuidonggou, an early Late Paleolithic site in northwest China. Chinese Science Bulletin 57(1):1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettitt, PB, Davies, W, Gamble, CS, Richards, MB. 2003. Palaeolithic radiocarbon chronology: quantifying our confidence beyond two half-lives. Journal of Archaeological Science 30(12):1685–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, AWG, Hedges, REM. 2001. Sample geometry and U-uptake in archaeological teeth: implications for U-series and ESR dating. Quaternary Science Reviews 20(5–9):1031–9.Google Scholar
Qu, T, Bar-Yosef, O, Wang, Y, Wu, X. 2013. The Chinese Upper Paleolithic: geography, chronology, and techno-typology. Journal of Archaeological Research 21(1):1–73.Google Scholar
Rae, A, Hedges, REM, Ivanovich, M. 1989. Further studies for uranium-series dating of fossil bones. Applied Geochemistry 4(3):331–7.Google Scholar
Reich, D, Patterson, N, Kircher, M, Delfin, F, Nandineni Madhusudan, R, Pugach, I, Ko Albert, M-S, Ko, Y-C, Jinam, TA, Phipps Maude, E, Saitou, N, Wollstein, A, Kayser, M, Pääbo, S, Stoneking, M. 2011. Deni sova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania. The American Journal of Human Genetics 89(4):516–28.Google Scholar
Reimer, PJ, Baillie, MGL, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Buck, CE, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Hajdas, I, Heaton, TJ, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kaiser, KF, Kromer, B, McCormac, FG, Manning, SW, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Southon, JR, Talamo, S, Turney, CSM, van der Plicht, J, Weyhenmeyer, CE. 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51(4):1111–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, D, Tostevin, G, Škrdla, P. 2008. Bohunician technology and thermoluminescence dating of the type locality of Brno-Bohunice (Czech Republic). Journal of Human Evolution 55(5):871–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seong, C. 2006. A comparative and evolutionary approach to the Korean Paleoithic assemblages. Journal of Korean Ancient Historical Society 51:5–42.Google Scholar
Seong, C. 2008. Tanged points, microblades and Late Palaeolithic hunting in Korea. Antiquity 82(308):817–83.Google Scholar
Seong, C. 2009. Emergence of a blade industry and evolution of Late Paleolithic technology in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Anthropological Research 65(3):417–51.Google Scholar
Seong, C. 2011. Evaluating radiocarbon dates and Late Paleolithic chronology in Korea. Arctic Anthropology 48(1):93–112.Google Scholar
Shea, JJ. 2011. Homo sapiens is as Homo sapiens was. Current Anthropology 52(1):1–35.Google Scholar
Shennan, S, Edinborough, K. 2007. Prehistoric population history: from the Late Glacial to the Late Neolithic in central and northern Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(8):1339–45.Google Scholar
Škrdla, P, Tostevin, G. 2005. Brno-Bohunice, analysis of material from the 2002 excavation. Přehed výzkumů 46:35–61.Google Scholar
Steele, J. 2010. Radiocarbon dates as data: quantitative strategies for estimating colonization front speeds and event densities. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(8):2017–30.Google Scholar
Steier, P, Rom, W. 2000. The use of Bayesian statistics for 14C dates of chronologically ordered samples: a critical analysis. Radiocarbon 42(2):183–98.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M, Reimer, PJ. 1993. Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35(1):215–30.Google Scholar
Su, B, Xiao, C, Deka, R, Seielstad, MT, Kangwanpong, D, Xiao, J, Lu, D, Underhill, P, Cavalli-Sforza, L, Chakraborty, R, Jin, L. 2000. Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistoric migrations to the Himalayas. Human Genetics 107(6):582–90.Google Scholar
Sun, J, Zhao, Z. 1991. Quaternary Geology in the Loess Plateau. Beijing: Science Press. In Chinese.Google Scholar
Svoboda, JA. 2003. Chronostratigraphic background, environment, and formation of the archaeological layers. In: Svoboda, J, Bar-Yosef, O, editors. Stránská skála: Origins of the Upper Paleolithic in the Brno Basin. Cambridge: American School of Prehistoric Research, Bulletin 47. Dolni Vestonice Publications 10. Peabody Museum Publications. p 15–26.Google Scholar
Svoboda, JA. 2004. Continuities, discontinuities, and interactions in Early Upper Paleolithic technologies: a view from the Middle Danube. In: Brantingham, PJ, Kuhn, SL, Kerry, KW, editors. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 30–49.Google Scholar
Usik, VI, Monigal, K, Kulakovskaya, L. 2006. New perspectives on the Transcarpathian Middle to Upper Paleolithic boundary. In: Conard, NJ, editor. When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag. p 213–32.Google Scholar
Valoch, K, editor. 1976. Die Altsteinzeitliche Fundstelle in Brno-Bohunice. Prague: Academia.Google Scholar
van Andel, TH. 2005. The ownership of time: approved 14C calibration or freedom of choice? Antiquity 79(306):944–8.Google Scholar
van Andel, TH, Davies, W, Weninger, B, Jöris, O. 2003. Archaeological dates as proxies for the spatial and temporal human presence in Europe: a discourse on the method. In: van Andel, TH, Davies, W, editors. Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape during the Last Glaciation: Archaeological Results of the Stage 3 Project. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. p 21–9.Google Scholar
Vasiliev, SS. 1992. The Late Paleolithic of the Yenisei: a new outline. Journal of World Prehistory 6(3):337–83.Google Scholar
Vishnyatsky, LB, Nehoroshev, PE. 2004. The beginning of the Upper Paleolithic on the Russian Plain. In: Brantingham, PJ, Kuhn, SL, Kerry, KW, editors. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 80–96.Google Scholar
Vogel, JS, Southon, JR, Nelson, DE, Brown, TA. 1984. Performance of catalytically condensed carbon for use in accelerator mass spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 5(2):289–93.Google Scholar
Wang, C, Zhang, Y, Gao, X, Zhang, X, Wang, H. 2009. Archaeological study of ostrich eggshell beads collected from SDG site. Chinese Science Bulletin 54(21):3887–95.Google Scholar
Weninger, B, Jöris, O. 2008. A 14C age calibration curve for the last 60 ka: the Greenland-Hulu U/Th timescale and its impact on understanding the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Western Eurasia. Journal of Human Evolution 55(5):772–81.Google Scholar
Weninger, B, Edinborough, K, Clare, L, Jöris, O. 2011. Concepts of probability in radiocarbon analysis. Documenta Prehistorica 38:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weninger, B, Jöris, O, Danzeglocke, U. 2012. Cal-Pal-2007. Cologne Radiocarbon Calibration & Palaeoclimate Research Package. http://www.calpal.de/. Accessed 30 January 2012.Google Scholar
Williams, AN. 2012. The use of summed radiocarbon probability distributions in archaeology: a review of methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(3):578–89.Google Scholar
Wu, X. 2004. On the origin of modern humans in China. Quaternary International 117(1):131–40.Google Scholar
Yang, JS, Hong, MY, Kim, JR, Kim, NH, Mo, HS, Kim, JH. 2008. Excavation Report No. 18, the Deokso Site, Nayangju, Gyeonggi Province, Korea. University of Suwon Museum. In Korean.Google Scholar
Zam'atnin, SN. 1951. O Vozniknovenii Lokal'nykh Razlichiy v Kul'ture Paleoliticheskogo Perioda (On the Appearance of Local Differences in the Culture of the Paleolithic Period). Prosiskhozhdenie i Rasselenie Chelovechestva. Trudy Insituta Etntografi. p 89–152.Google Scholar
Zhang, D, Chen, FH, Bettinger, RL, Barton, L, Ji, DX, Morgan, CT, Wang, H, Chen, XZ, Dong, GH. 2010. Archaeological records of Dadiwan in the past 60 ka and the origin of millet agriculture. Chinese Science Bulletin 55(16):1636–42.Google Scholar
Zhang, F, Su, B, Zhang, Y-P, Jin, L. 2007. Genetic studies of human diversity in East Asia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 362(1482):987–96.Google Scholar