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Calendar Age of the Baigetobe Kurgan from the Iron Age Saka Cemetery in Shilikty Valley, Kazakhstan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2016

Irina P Panyushkina ,
Igor Y Slyusarenko ,
Renato Sala ,
Jean-Marc Deom  and
Abdesh T Toleubayev
Irina P Panyushkina*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
Igor Y Slyusarenko
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
Renato Sala
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Geoarchaeology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan.
Jean-Marc Deom
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Geoarchaeology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan.
Abdesh T Toleubayev
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Ethnology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan.
*
*Corresponding author. Email: ipanyush@email.arizona.edu
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Abstract

This study addresses the development of an absolute chronology for prominent burial sites of Inner Asian nomadic cultures. We investigate Saka archaeological wood from a well-known gold-filled Baigetobe kurgan (burial mound #1 of Shilikty-3 cemetery) to estimate its calendar age using tree-ring and 14C dating. The Saka was the southernmost tribal group of Asian Scythians, who roamed Central Asia during the 1st millennium BC (Iron Age). The Shilikty is a large burial site located in the Altai Mountains along the border between Kazakhstan and China. We present a new floating tree-ring chronology of larch and five new 14C dates from the construction timbers of the Baigetobe kurgan. The results of Bayesian modeling suggest the age of studied timbers is ~730–690 cal BC. This places the kurgan in early Scythian time and authenticates a previously suggested age of the Baigetobe gold collection between the 8th and 7th centuries BC derived from the typology of grave goods and burial rites. Chronologically and stylistically, the Scythian Animal Style gold from the Baigetobe kurgan is closer to Early Scythians in the North Caucasus and Tuva than to the local Saka occurrences in the Kazakh Altai. Our dating results indicate that the Baigetobe kurgan was nearly contemporaneous to the Arjan-2 kurgan (Tuva) and could be one of the earliest kurgans of the Saka-Scythian elite in Central Asia.

Keywords

tree-ring datingradiocarbon datingchronology of Scythian antiquityarchaeological timbersEurasian SteppeChiliktaAltai Mountains
Type
Research Article
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 58 , Issue 1 , March 2016 , pp. 157 - 167
Copyright
© 2016 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

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