Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T04:13:06.974Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

What caused the low-water phase of glacial Lake Agassiz?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Thomas V. Lowell ,
Patrick J. Applegate ,
Timothy G. Fisher  and
Kenneth Lepper
Thomas V. Lowell*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, 500 Geology/Physics Building, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, USA
Patrick J. Applegate
Affiliation:
Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Timothy G. Fisher
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
Kenneth Lepper
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 2745, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address:Thomas.Lowell@uc.edu (T.V. Lowell).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

First-order modeling suggests that a low-water phase in late-glacial Lake Agassiz can be explained through changes in the balance between evaporation, precipitation, and runoff, rather than drainage. The low-water Moorhead Phase is often attributed to drainage through outlets opened by isostatic depression and retreat of the Laurentide ice margin. However, new data indicate that the proposed outlets were ice-covered during the Moorhead Phase. Instead, the lake water levels dropped to the Moorhead Phase before the start of the Younger Dryas chronozone and remained there until 11.3 ka. Thus, drainage seems to be an implausible explanation for Younger Dryas-aged low water levels in Lake Agassiz. An alternative explanation is that evaporation equaled or exceeded water inputs from the adjacent ice margin and the deglaciated parts of the drainage basin. To evaluate whether this hypothesis is plausible, we constructed a simple model that considers the paleo-basin geometry, hydrology, and meltwater production from the adjacent ice margin. Modest hydrologic changes (within the range of present-day variability), coupled with low meltwater production, produce a closed basin. Shifts in the location of the polar jet, driven by increased Arctic albedo, may explain our inferred hydrologic changes.

Keywords

Glacial Lake AgassizHydrological controlsHydrological modelingLate-glacial period
Type
Original Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 80 , Issue 3 , November 2013 , pp. 370 - 382
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, K.D., Goebel, T., Graf, K., Smith, G.M., Camp, A.J., Briggs, R.W., Rhode, D., (2008). Late Pleistocene and early Holocene lake-level fluctuations in the Lahontan basin, Nevada: implications for the distribution of archaeological sites. Geoarchaeology 23, 608–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aharon, P., (2003). Meltwater flooding events in the Gulf of Mexico revisited: implications for rapid climate changes during the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography 18, 1079–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alley, R.B., Horgan, H.W., Joughin, I., Cuffey, K.M., Dupont, T.K., Parizek, B.R., Anandakrishnan, S., Bassis, J., (2008). A simple law for ice-shelf calving. Science 322, 1344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, T.W., Lewis, C.F.M., (2011). A new water-level history for Lake Ontario basin: evidence for a climate-driven early Holocene lowstand. Journal of Paleolimnology 1–18. 10.1007/s10933-011-9551-8.Google Scholar
Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V.J., Burns, S.J., (2010). Variable winter moisture in the southwestern United States linked to rapid glacial climate shifts. Nature Geoscience 3, 114–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacon, S.N., Burke, R.M., Pezzopane, S.K., Jayko, A.S., (2006). Last glacial maximum and Holocene lake levels of Owens Lake, eastern California, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 1264–1282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bajc, A.F., Schwert, D.P., Warner, B.G., Williams, N.E., (2000). A reconstruction of Moorhead and Emerson phase environments along the eastern margin of glacial Lake Agassiz, Rainy River basin, northwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, 1335–1353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benn, D.I., Warren, C.R., Mottram, R.H., (2007). Calving processes and the dynamics of calving glaciers. Earth-Science Reviews 82, 143–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, L.V., Lund, S.P., Smoot, J.P., Rhode, D.E., Spencer, R.J., Verosub, K.L., Louderback, L.A., Johnson, C.A., Rye, R.O., Negrini, R.M., (2011). The rise and fall of Lake Bonneville between 45 and 10.5 ka. Quaternary International 235, 57–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, A., Loutre, M.F., (1991). Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 297–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevington, P., Robinson, D.K., (2003). Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill, .Google Scholar
Birks, S.J., Edwards, T.W.D., Remenda, V.H., (2007). Isotopic evolution of glacial Lake Agassiz: new insights from cellulose and porewater isotopic archives. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 246, 8–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braithwaite, R.J., (1995). Positive degree-day factors for ablation on the Greenland Ice-Sheet studied by energy-balance modeling. Journal of Glaciology 41, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braithwaite, R.J., Zhang, Y., (2000). Sensitivity of mass balance of five Swiss glaciers to temperature changes assessed by tuning a degree-day model. Journal of Glaciology 46, 7–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, R.W., Wesnousky, S.G., Adams, K.D., (2005). Late Pleistocene and late Holocene lake highstands in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA. Quaternary Research 64, 257–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broecker, W.S., Kennett, J., Flower, B., Teller, J., Trumbore, S., Bonani, G., Wolfli, W., (1989). Routing of meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas cold episode. Nature 341, 318–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, C.S., Meier, M.F., Post, A., (1982). Calving speed of the Alaska tidewater glaciers, with application to Columbia Glacier. USGS Professional Paper 1258-C. (13 pp.).Google Scholar
Calov, R., Greve, R., (2005). A semi-analytical solution for the positive degree-day model with stochastic temperature variations. Journal of Glaciology 51, 173–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, M.C., Fisher, T.G., Goble, R.J., (2011). Terrestrial sensitivity to abrupt cooling recorded by aeolian activity in northwest Ohio, USA. Quaternary Research 75, 411–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, A.E., Clark, P.U., Hostetler, S.W., (2009). Comment: Radiocarbon deglaciation chronology of the Thunder Bay, Ontario area and implications for ice sheet retreat patterns. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2546–2547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J.M., Cleveland, W.S., Kleiner, B., Tukey, J.W., (1983). Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. Wadsworth, .Google Scholar
Chiang, J.C.H., Bitz, C.M., (2005). Influence of high latitude ice cover on the marine Intertropical Convergence Zone. Climate Dynamics 25, 477–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CNCIHD—Canadian National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade, 1978. Hydrological Atlas of Canada. Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Ottawa.(34 maps).Google Scholar
Crowley, T.E., Lewis, C.F.M., (2008). Warmer and drier climates that make Lake Huron into a terminal lake. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 11, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N.S., Hammer, C.U., Hvidberg, C.S., Steffensen, J.P., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A.E., Jouzel, J., Bond, G., (1993). Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice core record. Nature 364, 218–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorale, J.A., Wozniak, L.A., Bettis, E.A., Carpenter, S.J., Mandel, R.D., Hajic, E.R., Lopinot, N.H., Ray, J.H., (2010). Isotopic evidence for Younger Dryas aridity in the North American midcontinent. Geology 38, 519–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doran, P.T., (2002). Valley floor climate observations from the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica, 1986–2000. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, 10.1029/2001JD002045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elson, J.A., (1967). Geology of Glacial Lake Agassiz. Mayer-Oakes, W.J. Life, Land and Water. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg.37–96.Google Scholar
Enfield, D.B., Mestas-Nunez, A.M., Trimble, P.J., (2001). The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental US. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 2077–2080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fausto, R.S., Ahlstrom, A.P., van As, D., Boggild, C.E., Johnsen, S.J., (2009). A new present-day temperature parameterization for Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 55, 95–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenton, M.M., Moran, S.R., Teller, J.T., Clayton, L., (1983). Quaternary stratigraphy and history in the southern part of the Lake Agassiz Basin. Teller, J.T., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, 49–74.Google Scholar
Fisher, T.G., Lowell, T.V., (2006). Questioning the age of the Moorhead Phase in the glacial Lake Agassiz basin. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 2688–2691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T.G., Lowell, T.V., (2012). Testing northwest drainage from Lake Agassiz using extant ice margin and strandline data. Quaternary International 260, 106–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T.G., Smith, D.G., (1994). Glacial Lake Agassiz: its northwest maximum extent and outlet in Saskatchewan (Emerson phase). Quaternary Science Reviews 13, 845–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T.G., Waterson, N., Lowell, T.V., Hajdas, I., (2009). Deglaciation ages and meltwater routing in the Fort McMurray region, northeastern Alberta and northwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 1608–1624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T.G., Yansa, C.H., Lowell, T.V., Lepper, K., Hajdas, I., Ashworth, A., (2008). The chronology, climate, and confusion of the Moorhead Phase of glacial Lake Agassiz: new results from the Ojata Beach, North Dakota, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1124–1135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Badertscher, S., Edwards, R.L., Mudelsee, M., Gokturk, O.M., Fankhauser, A., Pickering, R., Raible, C.C., Matter, A., Kramers, J., Tuysuz, O., (2009). Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey. Geophysical Research Letters 36, L19707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flower, B.P., Hastings, D.W., Hill, H.W., Quinn, T.M., (2004). Phasing of deglacial warming and Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater in the Gulf of Mexico. Geology 32, 597–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flower, B.P., Williams, C., Hill, H.W., Hastings, D.W., (2011). Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial cycle: a view from the Gulf of Mexico. Rashid, H., Polyak, L., Mosley-Thompson, E. Abrupt Climate Change: Mechanisms, Patterns, and Impacts. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. vol. 193, AGU, Washington, D. C..39–56. 10.1029/2010GM001016.Google Scholar
Gary, J.L., Colman, S.M., Wattrus, N.J., Lewis, C.F.M., (2012). Post-Marquette discharge from glacial Lake Agassiz into the Superior basin. Journal of Paleolimnology 47, 299–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzales, L.M., Grimm, E.C., (2009). Synchronization of late-glacial vegetation changes at Crystal Lake, Illinois, USA with the North Atlantic Event Stratigraphy. Quaternary Research 72, 234–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, E.C., Donovan, J.J., Brown, K.J., (2011). A high-resolution record of climate variability and landscape response from Kettle Lake, northern Great Plains, North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 2626–2650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, B.L., Denton, G.H., Fountain, A.G., Hendy, C.H., Henderson, G.M., (2010). Antarctic lakes suggest millennial reorganizations of Southern Hemisphere atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 21355–21359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haresign, E., (2004). Glacio-limnological Interactions at Lake-calving Glaciers. School of Geography and Geosciences. University of St Andrews, 290.Google Scholar
Haug, G.H., Hughen, K.A., Sigman, D.M., Peterson, L.C., Röhl, U., (2001). Southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone through the Holocene. Science 293, 1304–1308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hostetler, S.W., Bartlein, P.J., Clark, P.U., Small, E.E., Solomon, A.M., (2000). Simulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago. Nature 405, 334–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huybers, P., (2006). Early Pleistocene glacial cycles and the integrated summer insolation forcing. Science 313, 508–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huybers, P., Tziperman, E., (2008). Integrated summer insolation forcing and 40,000-year glacial cycles: the perspective from an ice-sheet/energy-balance model. Paleoceanography 23, PA1208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, W.A., (1946). Glacial Lake Agassiz, with special reference to the mode of deformation of the beaches. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 7, 20.Google Scholar
Kilibarda, Z., Blockland, J., (2011). Morphology and origin of the Fair Oaks Dunes in NW Indiana, USA. Geomorphology 125, 305–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutzbach, J., Gallimore, R., Harrison, S., Behling, P., Selin, R., Laarif, F., (1998). Climate and biome simulations for the past 21,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 473–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepper, K., Buell, A.W., Fisher, T.G., Lowell, T.V., (2013). A chronology for glacial Lake Agassiz shorelines along Upham's namesake transect. Quaternary Research 80, 88–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepper, K., Fisher, T.G., Hajdas, I., Lowell, T.V., (2007). Ages for the Big Stone Moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: Implications for deglaciation chronology. Geology 35, 667–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepper, K., Gorz, K.L., Fisher, T.G., Lowell, T.V., (2011). Age Determination for glacial Lake Agassiz shorelines west of Fargo, North Dakota, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 48, 1199–1207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, C.F.M., Blasco, S.M., Gareau, P.L., (2005). Glacial isostatic adjustment of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin: using the empirical record of strandline deformation for reconstruction of early Holocene paleo-lakes and discovery of a hydrologically closed phase. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire 59, 187–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, C.F.M., Forbes, D.L., Todd, B.J., Nielsen, E., Thorleifson, L.H., Henderson, P.J., McMartin, I., Anderson, T.W., Betcher, R.N., Buhay, W.M., Burbidge, S.M., Schroder-Adams, C.J., King, J.W., Moran, K., Gibson, C., Jarrett, C.A., Kling, H.J., Lockhart, W.L., Last, W.M., Matile, G.L.D., Risberg, J., Rodrigues, C.G., Telka, A.M., Vance, R.E., (2001). Uplift-driven expansion delayed by middle Holocene desiccation in Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Geology 29, 743–746.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, C.F.M., Heil, C.W., Hubeny, J.B., King, J.W., Moore, T.C., Rea, D.K., (2007). The Stanley unconformity in Lake Huron basin: evidence for a climate-driven closed lowstand about 7900 C-14 BP, with similar implications for the Chippewa lowstand in Lake Michigan basin. Journal of Paleolimnology 37, 435–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, C.F.M., King, J.W., Blasco, S.M., Brooks, G.R., Coakley, J.P., Croley Ii, T.E., Dettman, D.L., Edwards, T.W.D., Heil jr., C.W., Hubeny, J.B., Laird, K.R., McAndrews, J.H., McCarthy, F.M.G., Medioli, B.E., Moore jr., T.C., Rea, D.K., Smith, A.J., (2008). Dry climate disconnected the Laurentian Great Lakes. Eos 89, 541–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Licciardi, J.M., Clark, P.U., Jenson, J.W., Macayeal, D.R., (1998). Deglaciation of a soft-bedded Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 427–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Licciardi, J.M., Teller, J.T., Clark, P.U., (1999). Freshwater routing by the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. Clark, P., Webb, R.S., Keigwin, L.D. Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales. American Geophysical Union, 177–201.Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Carlson, A.E., He, F., Brady, E.C., Otto-Bliesner, B.L., Briegleb, B.P., Wehrenberg, M., Clark, P.U., Wu, S., Cheng, J., Zhang, J., Noone, D., Zhu, J., (2012). Younger Dryas cooling and the Greenland climate response to CO 2 . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 11101–11104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B.L., He, F., Brady, E.C., Tomas, R., Clark, P.U., Carlson, A.E., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Curry, W., Brook, E., Erickson, D., Jacob, R., Kutzbach, J., Cheng, J., (2009). Transient simulation of last deglaciation with a new mechanism for Bolling–Allerod warming. Science 325, 310–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowell, T.V., (1991). Late Wisconsin iceberg-calving rates and ice-sheet mass balance reconstructed from paleo-sea levels, Mount Desert Island, Maine. Geology 19, 155–158.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, T.V., Fisher, T.G., Comer, G.C., Hajdas, I., Waterson, N., Glover, K., Loope, H.M., Schaefer, J.M., Rinterknecht, V., Broecker, W.S., Denton, G.H., Teller, J.T., (2005). Testing the Lake Agassiz meltwater trigger for the Younger Dryas. EOS Transactions 86, 365–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, T.V., Fisher, T.G., Hajdas, I., Glover, K., Loope, H., Henry, T., (2009). Radiocarbon deglaciation chronology of the Thunder Bay, Ontario area and implications for ice sheet retreat patterns. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 1597–1607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchitto, T.M., Wei, K.Y., (1995). History of Laurentide meltwater flow to the Gulf of Mexico during the last deglaciation, as revealed by reworked calcareous nannofossils. Geology 23, 779–782.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, J.A., Miao, X.D., Hanson, P.R., Johnson, W.C., Jacobs, P.M., Goble, R.J., (2008). Loess record of the Pleistocene–Holocene transition on the northern and central Great Plains, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1772–1783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokhov, I.I., Akperov, M.G., (2006). Tropospheric lapse rate and its relation to surface temperature from reanalysis data. Izvestiya Atmospheric and Ocean Physics 42, 430–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murton, J.B., Bateman, M.D., Dallimore, S.R., Teller, J.T., Yang, Z., (2010). Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean. Nature 464, 740–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oviatt, C.G., Miller, D.M., McGeehin, J.P., Zachary, C., Mahan, S., (2005). The Younger Dryas phase of Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 219, 263–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polyak, V.J., Rasmussen, J.B.T., Asmerom, Y., (2004). Prolonged wet period in the southwestern United States through the Younger Dryas. Geology 32, 5–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, S.O., Andersen, K.K., Svensson, A.M., Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.L., Johnsen, S.J., Larsen, L.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Bigler, M., Röthlisberger, R., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M.E., Ruth, U., (2006). A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D06102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawling, J.E., Hanson, P.R., Young, A.R., Attig, J.W., (2008). Late Pleistocene dune construction in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin, USA. Geomorphology 100, 494–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Natural Resources Canada GeoGratis, http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/geogratis/en/index.html accessed 12 Sept 2011. The file canadamrb_1m-v6-0 was employed.Google Scholar
Roe, G.H., Lindzen, R.S., (2001). A one-dimensional model for the interaction between continental-scale ice sheets and atmospheric stationary waves. Climate Dynamics 17, 479–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saltelli, A., Ratto, M., Andres, T., Campolongo, F., Cariboni, J., Gatelli, D., Saisana, M., Tarantola, S., (2008). Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer. Wiley, .Google Scholar
Sionneau, T., Bout-Roumazeilles, V., Flower, B.P., Bory, A., Tribovillard, N., Kissel, C., Van Vliet-Lanoë, B., Serrano, J.C.M., (2010). Provenance of freshwater pulses in the Gulf of Mexico during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Research 74, 235–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.G., Fisher, T.G., (1993). Glacial Lake Agassiz: the northwestern outlet and paleoflood. Geology 21, 9–12.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St. George, S., (2006). Hydrological dynamics in the Winnipeg River basin, Manitoba. Report of Activities 2006. Manitoba Science, Technology, Energy and Mines, 226–230.Google Scholar
Steffensen, J.P., Andersen, K.K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M., Johnsen, S.J., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Popp, T., Rasmussen, S.O., Röthlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Stauffer, B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Á.E., Svensson, A., White, J.W.C., (2008). High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years. Science 321, 680–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarasov, L., Dyke, A.S., Neal, R.M., Peltier, W.R., (2011). A data-calibrated distribution of deglacial chronologies for the North American ice complex from glaciological modeling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 315–316, 30–40.Google Scholar
Tarasov, L., Peltier, W.R., (2006). A calibrated deglacial drainage chronology for the North American continent: evidence of an Arctic trigger for the Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 659–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J.T., Thorleifson, L.H., (1983). The Lake Agassiz–Lake Superior connection. Teller, J.T., Clayton, L. Glacial Lake Agassiz. The Geological Association of Canada, 261–290.Google Scholar
Upham, W., (1895). The glacial Lake Agassiz. United States Geological Survey Monograph 25, 685.Google Scholar
Voytek, E.B., Colman, S.M., Wattrus, N.J., Gary, J.L., Lewis, C.F.M., (2012). Thunder Bay, Ontario, was not a pathway for catastrophic floods from glacial Lake Agassiz. Quaternary International 260, 98–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X., Auler, A.S., Edwards, R.L., Cheng, H., Ito, E., Wang, Y., Kong, X., Solheid, M., (2007). Millennial-scale precipitation changes in southern Brazil over the past 90,000 years. Geophysical Research Letters 34, 10.1029/2007GL031149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Kong, X.G., Shao, X.H., Chen, S.T., Wu, J.Y., Jiang, X.Y., Wang, X.F., An, Z.S., (2008). Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years. Nature 451, 1090–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, C.R., Kirkbride, M.P., (2003). Calving speed and climatic sensitivity of New Zealand lake-calving glaciers. Annals of Glaciology 36, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, C., Flower, B.P., Hastings, D.W., (2012). Seasonal Laurentide Ice Sheet melting during the “Mystery Interval” (17.5–14.5 ka). Geology 40, 955–958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, C., Flower, B.P., Hastings, D.W., Guilderson, T.P., Quinn, K.A., Goddard, E.A., (2010). Deglacial abrupt climate change in the Atlantic Warm Pool: a Gulf of Mexico perspective. Paleoceanography 115, PA4221.Google Scholar
Yansa, C.H., Ashworth, A.C., (2005). Late Pleistocene palaeoenvironment of the southern Lake Agassiz Basin, USA. Journal of Quaternary Science 20, 255–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yansa, C.H., Fisher, T.G., (2007). Absence of a Younger Dryas signal along the southern shoreline of glacial Lake Agassiz in North Dakota during the Moorhead Phase (12,600–11,200 CALYBP). Current Research in the Pleistocene 24, 24–28.Google Scholar
Yao, H., (2009). Long-term study of lake evaporation and evaluation of seven estimation methods: results from Dickie Lake, South-Central Ontario, Canada. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 1, 59–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lowell et al. supplementary material

Supplementary Material

Download Lowell et al. supplementary material(File)
File 7.3 MB