Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T03:27:33.981Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Provenance of the Various Grain-Size Fractions in the Negev Loess and Potential changes in Major dust Sources to the Eastern Mediterranean

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Michal Ben-Israel ,
Yehouda Enzel ,
Rivka Amit  and
Yigal Erel
Michal Ben-Israel*
Affiliation:
The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel
Yehouda Enzel
Affiliation:
The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Rivka Amit
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel Street, Jerusalem 95501, Israel
Yigal Erel
Affiliation:
The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address:michal.benisrael@mail.huji.ac.il (M. Ben-Israel).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The isotopic composition of Sr and Nd and elemental concentrations (e.g., Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al) of three primary Negev loess sequences trace the relative contributions of desert dust sources over the past ~180,000 yr to the southeastern Mediterranean. We focused on the geochemical signature of the fine (<20 μm) and coarse (>20 μm) grain-size modes of the loess to identify their respective provenances. The isotopic composition of the coarse fraction falls on a mixing line of sources feeding the Nile and its delta. The chemical compositions of the coarse fraction and the Sinai–Negev sand dunes are similar, indicating that this fraction is the product of aeolian abrasion of the adjacent Sinai–Negev sands. In turn, these sands are derived from the Nile delta and transported inland. The fine fraction has less negative εNd values and slightly deviates from the mixing line, indicating an additional end-member. The higher εNd values and Mg/Al ratios of the fine fraction are relatively well correlated (R2 = 0.64) and point to Arabian dust as an additional source. Temporal changes in the geochemical composition of loess over time reflect changes in climates of source areas and the Eastern Mediterranean. Shifts from Saharan to Arabian fine dust-dominated intervals indicate wetter conditions in the southern Sahara that weaken dust fluxes from this source relative to the Arabian fluxes.

Keywords

LoessEastern MediterraneanSr–NdIsotopesDustPaleoclimateQuaternarySaharaArabia
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 83 , Issue 1 , January 2015 , pp. 105 - 115
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almagor, G. (2005). Mediterranean Coast of Israel, Geological Survey of Israel Report.. Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Almogi-Labin, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Shriki, D., Kolosovsky, E., Paterne, M., Schilman, B., Ayalon, A., Aizenshtat, Z., and Matthews, A. (2009). Climatic variability during the last ∼ 90 ka of the southern and northern Levantine Basin as evident from marine records and speleothems.. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2882–2896.Google Scholar
Amit, R., Enzel, Y., and Sharon, D. (2006). Permanent Quaternary hyperaridity in the Negev, Israel, resulting from regional tectonics blocking Mediterranean frontal systems.. Geology 34, 509.Google Scholar
Amit, R., Enzel, Y., Crouvi, O., Simhai, O., Matmon, A., Porat, N., McDonald, E., and Gillespie, A.R. (2011). The role of the Nile in initiating a massive dust influx to the Negev late in the middle Pleistocene.. Geological Society of America Bulletin 123, 873.Google Scholar
An, C.-B., Zhao, J., Tao, S., Lv, Y., Dong, W., Li, H., Jin, M., and Wang, Z. (2011). Dust variation recorded by lacustrine sediments from arid Central Asia since ~ 15 cal ka BP and its implication for atmospheric circulation.. Quaternary Research 75, 566–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avni, Y., Porat, N., Plakht, J., and Avni, G. (2006). Geomorphic changes leading to natural desertification versus anthropogenic land conservation in an arid environment, the Negev Highlands, Israel.. Geomorphology 82, 177–200.Google Scholar
Bagnold, R.A. (1941). The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes.. Methuen and Co, London.265.Google Scholar
Bagnold, R.A. (1960). The re-entrainment of settled dusts.. International Journal of Air Pollution 2, 357.Google Scholar
Barrat, J., Fourcade, S., Jahn, B., Cheminée, J., and Capdevila, R. (1998). Isotope (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) and trace-element geochemistry of volcanics from the Erta'Ale range (Ethiopia).. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 80, 85–100.Google Scholar
Bartov, Y. (1990). Geological photomap of Israel & adjacent areas.. Geological Survey of Israel, .Google Scholar
Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., and Kaufman, A. (2000). Timing and hydrological conditions of Sapropel events in the Eastern Mediterranean, as evident from speleothems, Soreq cave, Israel.. Chemical Geology 169, 145–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Be'eri-Shlevin, Y., Avigad, D., Gerdes, A., and Zlatkin, O. (2014). Detrital zircon U–Pb–Hf systematics of Israeli coastal sands: new perspectives on the provenance of Nile sediments.. Journal of the Geological Society 171, 107–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben David, R. (2003). Changes in Desert Margin Environments During the Climate Changes of the Late Quaternary: Interaction Between Drainage Systems and the Accumulation of Dust (Loess) and the Invasion of Dunes at the North-West Negev Desert, The Institute of Earth Sciences.. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Blum, J.D., Erel, Y., and Brown, K. (1993). 87Sr/86Sr ratios of Sierra Nevada stream waters: implications for relative mineral weathering rates.. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 5019–5025.Google Scholar
Box, M.R., Krom, M.D., Cliff, R., Almogi-Labin, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Schillman, B., and Paterne, M. (2008). Changes in the flux of Saharan dust to the East Mediterranean Sea since the last glacial maximum as observed through Sr-isotope geochemistry.. Mineralogical Magazine 72, 307–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruins, H., and Yaalon, D. (1979). Stratigraphy of the Netivot section in the desert loess of the Negev (Israel).. Acta Geologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 22, 161–169.Google Scholar
Crouvi, O. (2009). Sources and Formation of Loess in the Negev Desert During the Late Quaternary, With Implications for Other Worldwide Deserts, the Institute of Earth Sciences.. The Hebrew Univesiry of Jerusalem, Jerusalem.100.Google Scholar
Crouvi, O., Amit, R., Enzel, Y., Porat, N., and Sandler, A. (2008). Sand dunes as a major proximal dust source for late Pleistocene loess in the Negev Desert, Israel.. Quaternary Research 70, 275–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouvi, O., Amit, R., Porat, N., Gillespie, A.R., McDonald, E.V., and Enzel, Y. (2009). Significance of primary hilltop loess in reconstructing dust chronology, accretion rates, and sources: an example from the Negev Desert, Israel.. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouvi, O., Amit, R., Enzel, Y., and Gillespie, A.R. (2010). Active sand seas and the formation of desert loess.. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 2087–2098.Google Scholar
Dan, J., and Raz, Z. (1970). The soil association map of Israel (scale 1: 250,000), Soil and Water Department, The Volcani Institute for Agricultural Research.. Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research, Bet Dagan.Google Scholar
Dan, J., and Yaalon, D. (1980). Origin and distribution of soils and landscapes in the Northern Negev,. Studies in the Geography of Israel11, 31–58.Google Scholar
Dasch, E.J. (1969). Strontium isotopes in weathering profiles, deep-sea sediments, and sedimentary rocks.. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33, 1521–1552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, J.P., and Wilson, I.R. (1989). Evolution of an alkali basalt–trachyte suite from Jebel Marra volcano, Sudan, through assimilation and fractional crystallization.. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 95, 141–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M., Matmon, A., Rood, D.H., and Avnaim-Katav, S. (2012). Constant cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in sand supplied from the Nile River over the past 2.5 my.. Geology 40, 359–362.Google Scholar
Dayan, U., Ziv, B., Shoob, T., and Enzel, Y. (2008). Suspended dust over South-Eastern Mediterranean and its relation to atmospheric circulations.. International Journal of Climatology 28, 915–925.Google Scholar
Ding, Z., Xiong, S., Sun, J., Yang, S., Gu, Z., and Liu, T. (1999). Pedostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a ~ 7.0 Ma eolian loess–red clay sequence at Lingtai, Loess Plateau, north-central China and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution.. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 152, 49–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrlich, S., Gavrieli, I., Dor, L.-B., and Halicz, L. (2001). Direct high-precision measurements of the 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio in natural water, carbonates and related materials by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS).. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 16, 1389–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emery, K.O., and Neev, D. (1960). Mediterranean beaches of Israel Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin.. 26, 1–23.Google Scholar
Enzel, Y., Amit, R., Dayan, U., Crouvi, O., Kahana, R., Ziv, B., and Sharon, D. (2008). The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts.. Global and Planetary Change 60, 165–192.Google Scholar
Enzel, Y., Amit, R., Crouvi, O., and Porat, N. (2010). Abrasion-derived sediments under intensified winds at the latest Pleistocene leading edge of the advancing Sinai–Negev erg.. Quaternary Research 74, 121–131.Google Scholar
Erel, Y., Blum, J., Roueff, E., and Ganor, J. (2004). Lead and strontium isotopes as monitors of experimental granitoid mineral dissolution.. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 4649–4663.Google Scholar
Faure, G. (1977). Principles of Isotope Geology.. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Feng, J.-L., Hu, Z.-G., Ju, J.-T., and Zhu, L.-P. (2011). Variations in trace element (including rare earth element) concentrations with grain sizes in loess and their implications for tracing the provenance of eolian deposits.. Quaternary International 236, 116–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontugne, M., and Calvert, S. (1992). Late Pleistocene variability of the carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in the eastern Mediterranean: monitor of changes in carbon sources and atmospheric CO2 concentrations.. Paleoceanography 7, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freydier, R., Michard, A., De Lange, G., and Thomson, J. (2001). Nd isotopic compositions of Eastern Mediterranean sediments: tracers of the Nile influence during sapropel S1 formation?.. Marine Geology 177, 45–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frumkin, A., and Stein, M. (2004). The Sahara–East Mediterranean dust and climate connection revealed by strontium and uranium isotopes in a Jerusalem speleothem.. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 217, 451–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furon, R. (1958). Esquisse structurale Provisoire de l'Afrique.. Association des Services Geologiques Africains (ASGA) Congrès Géologique International, Paris.Google Scholar
Ganor, E. (1975). Atmospheric Dust in Israel – Sedimentological and Meteorological Analysis of Dust Deposition. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 224.Google Scholar
Ganor, E. (1991). The composition of clay minerals transported to Israel as indicators of Saharan dust emission.. Atmospheric Environment, Part A: General Topics 25, 2657–2664.Google Scholar
Ganor, E., Foner, H., Brenner, S., Neeman, E., and Lavi, N. (1991). The chemical composition of aerosols settling in Israel following dust storms.. Atmospheric Environment, Part A: General Topics 25, 2665–2670.Google Scholar
Garrels, R.M., and Mackenzie, F.T. (1971). The Origin and Mass of Sedimentary Rocks, Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks.. W.W. Norton and Co. Inc., New York.223–251.Google Scholar
Garzanti, E., Andò, S., Vezzoli, G., Ali Abdel Megid, A., and El Kammar, A. (2006). Petrology of Nile River sands (Ethiopia and Sudan): sediment budgets and erosion patterns.. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 252, 327–341.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, D., and Yaalon, D.H. (1963). Petrography and origin of the loess in the Be'er Sheva Basin.. Israel Journal of Earth-Sciences 12, 68–70.Google Scholar
Goudie, A.S., and Middleton, N. (2006). Desert Dust in the Global System.. Springer, .Google Scholar
Grousset, F.E., and Biscaye, P.E. (2005). Tracing dust sources and transport patterns using Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes.. Chemical Geology 222, 149–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grousset, F., Rognon, P., Coudé-Gaussen, G., and Pedemay, P. (1992). Origins of peri-Saharan dust deposits traced by their Nd and Sr isotopic composition.. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 93, 203–212.Google Scholar
Haberlah, D., Williams, M.A.J., Halverson, G., McTainsh, G.H., Hill, S.M., Hrstka, T., Jaime, P., Butcher, A.R., and Glasby, P. (2010). Loess and floods: high-resolution multi-proxy data of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) slackwater deposition in the Flinders Ranges, semi-arid South Australia.. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 2673–2693.Google Scholar
Haliva-Cohen, A., Stein, M., Goldstein, S.L., Sandler, A., and Starinsky, A. (2012). Sources and transport routes of fine detritus material to the Late Quaternary Dead Sea basin.. Quaternary Science Reviews 50, 55–70.Google Scholar
Harms, U., Schandelmeier, H., and Darbyshire, D. (1990). Pan-African reworked early/middle Proterozoic crust in NE Africa west of the Nile: Sr and Nd isotope evidence.. Journal of the Geological Society 147, 859–872.Google Scholar
Harrison, S.P., Kohfeld, K.E., Roelandt, C., and Claquin, T. (2001). The role of dust in climate changes today, at the last glacial maximum and in the future.. Earth-Science Reviews 54, 43–80.Google Scholar
Hegner, E., and Pallister, J. (1989). Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic characteristics of Tertiary Red Sea Rift volcanics from the central Saudi Arabian coastal plain.. Journal of Geophysical Research 94, 7749–7755.Google Scholar
Herold, M., and Lohmann, G. (2009). Eemian tropical and subtropical African moisture transport: an isotope modelling study.. Climate dynamics 33, 1075–1088.Google Scholar
Hovan, S.A., Rea, D.K., Pisias, N.G., and Shackleton, N.J. (1989). A direct link between the China loess and marine δ18O records: aeolian flux to the north Pacific.. Nature 340, 296–298.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, S.B., and Wasserburg, G. (1980). Sm–Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites.. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 50, 139–155.Google Scholar
Kalderon-Asael, B., Erel, Y., Sandler, A., and Dayan, U. (2009). Mineralogical and chemical characterization of suspended atmospheric particles over the east Mediterranean based on synoptic-scale circulation patterns.. Atmospheric Environment 43, 3963–3970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuenen, P.H. (1960). Experimental abrasion 4: eolian action.. The Journal of Geology 427–449.Google Scholar
Kukla, G., Heller, F., Ming, L.X., Chun, X.T., Sheng, L.T., and Sheng, A.Z. (1988). Pleistocene climates in China dated by magnetic susceptibility.. Geology 16, 811.Google Scholar
Langmuir, C.H., Vocke jr., R.D., Hanson, G.N., and Hart, S.R. (1978). A general mixing equation with applications to Icelandic basalts.. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37, 380–392.Google Scholar
Lugmair, G., Scheinin, N., and Marti, K. (1975). Sm–Nd age and history of Apollo 17 basalt 75075–evidence for early differentiation of the lunar exterior.. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings 1419–1429.Google Scholar
Magaritz, M. (1986). Environmental changes recorded in the Upper Pleistocene along the desert boundary, southern Israel.. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 53, 213–229.Google Scholar
Mahowald, N., Kohfeld, K., Hansson, M., Balkanski, Y., Harrison, S.P., Prentice, I.C., Schulz, M., and Rodhe, H. (1999). Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: a comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments.. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, (15895–15815,15916).Google Scholar
Mahowald, N.M., Muhs, D.R., Levis, S., Rasch, P.J., Yoshioka, M., Zender, C.S., and Luo, C. (2006). Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates.. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D10202.Google Scholar
McGee, D., Broecker, W.S., and Winckler, G. (2010). Gustiness: the driver of glacial dustiness?.. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 2340–2350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, I., Davies, G.R., and Stuut, J.B.W. (2011). Grain size control on Sr–Nd isotope provenance studies and impact on paleoclimate reconstructions: an example from deep-sea sediments offshore NW Africa.. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12, 14.Google Scholar
Moulin, C., Lambert, C.E., Dulac, F., and Dayan, U. (1997). Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by the North Atlantic Oscillation.. Nature 387, 691.Google Scholar
Muhs, D. (2007). Loess deposits, origins and properties.. In: Elias, S.A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, pp. 1405–1418.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., and Bettis, E. (2003). Quaternary loess–paleosol sequences as examples of climate-driven sedimentary extremes.. Special Papers-Geological Society of America 53–74.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., Roskin, J., Tsoar, H., Skipp, G., Budahn, J.R., Sneh, A., Porat, N., Stanley, D.J., Katra, I., and Blumberg, D.G. (2013). Origin of the Sinai–Negev erg, Egypt and Israel: mineralogical and geochemical evidence for the importance of the Nile and sea level history.. Quaternary Science Reviews 69, 28–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obruchev, V.A. (1945). Loess types and their origin.. American Journal of Science 243, 256.Google Scholar
Palchan, D., Stein, M., Almogi-Labin, A., Erel, Y., and Goldstein, S. (2013). Dust transport and synoptic conditions over the Sahara–Arabia deserts during the MIS6/5 and 2/1 transitions from grain-size, chemical and isotopic properties of Red Sea cores.. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 382, 125–139.Google Scholar
Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., and McMahon, T.A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification.. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, 439–473.Google Scholar
Pik, R., Deniel, C., Coulon, C., Yirgu, G., Hofmann, C., and Ayalew, D. (1998). The northwestern Ethiopian Plateau flood basalts: classification and spatial distribution of magma types.. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 81, 91–111.Google Scholar
Pin, C., and Zalduegui, J.S. (1997). Sequential separation of light rare-earth elements, thorium and uranium by miniaturized extraction chromatography: application to isotopic analyses of silicate rocks.. Analytica Chimica Acta 339, 79–89.Google Scholar
Porter, S.C., and An, Z.S. (1995). Correlation between climate events in the North Atlantic and China during the last glaciation.. Nature 375, 305–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pye, K., and Tsoar, H. (2009). Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes.. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Rabi, R. (2004). Geochemical Characterization of Suspended Dust in Israel, The Institute of Earth Sciences.. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem.79.Google Scholar
Revel, M., Ducassou, E., Grousset, F.E., Bernasconi, S.M., Migeon, S., Revillon, S., Mascle, J., Murat, A., Zaragosi, S., and Bosch, D. (2010). 100,000 years of African monsoon variability recorded in sediments of the Nile margin.. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 1342–1362.Google Scholar
Rohling, E.J. (1994). Review and new aspects concerning the formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels.. Marine Geology 122, 1–28.Google Scholar
Roskin, J., Katra, I., and Blumberg, D.G. (2014). Particle-size fractionation of eolian sand along the Sinai–Negev erg of Egypt and Israel.. Geological Society of America Bulletin 126, 47–65.Google Scholar
Rossignol-Strick, M., Nesteroff, W., Olive, P., and Vergnaud-Grazzini, C. (1982). After the deluge: Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel formation.. Nature 295, 105–110.Google Scholar
Rousseau, D.D., Antoine, P., Kunesch, S., Hatté, C., Rossignol, J., Packman, S., Lang, A., and Gauthier, C. (2007). Evidence of cyclic dust deposition in the US Great plains during the last deglaciation from the high-resolution analysis of the Peoria Loess in the Eustis sequence (Nebraska, USA).. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 262, 159–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandler, A., and Herut, B. (2000). Composition of clays along the continental shelf off Israel: contribution of the Nile versus local sources.. Marine Geology 167, 339–354.Google Scholar
Stanley, D.J. (1989). Sediment transport on the coast and shelf between the Nile delta and Israeli margin as determined by heavy minerals.. Journal of Coastal Research 813–828.Google Scholar
Stern, R., Kröner, A., Bender, R., Reischmann, T., and Dawoud, A. (1994). Precambrian basement around Wadi Haifa, Sudan: a new perspective on the evolution of the East Saharan Craton.. Geologische Rundschau 83, 564–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoeser, D.B., and Frost, C.D. (2006). Nd, Pb, Sr, and O isotopic characterization of Saudi Arabian shield terranes.. Chemical Geology 226, 163–188.Google Scholar
Sultan, M., Tucker, R., El Alfy, Z., Attia, R., and Ragab, A.G. (1994). U–Pb (zircon) ages for the gneissic terrane west of the Nile, southern Egypt.. Geologische Rundschau 83, 514–522.Google Scholar
Tanaka, T., Togashi, S., Kamioka, H., Amakawa, H., Kagami, H., Hamamoto, T., Yuhara, M., Orihashi, Y., Yoneda, S., and Shimizu, H. (2000). JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium.. Chemical Geology 168, 279–281.Google Scholar
Teklay, M., Kröner, A., Mezger, K., and Oberhänsli, R. (1998). Geochemistry, Pb- Pb single zircon ages and Nd- Sr isotope composition of Precambrian rocks from southern and eastern Ethiopia: implications for crustal evolution in East Africa.. Journal of African Earth Sciences 26, 207–227.Google Scholar
Torfstein, A., Goldstein, S.L., Stein, M., and Enzel, Y. (2013). Impacts of abrupt climate changes in the Levant from Last Glacial Dead Sea levels.. Quaternary Science Reviews 69, 1–7.Google Scholar
Tsoar, H., and Pye, K. (1987). Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation.. Sedimentology 34, 139–153.Google Scholar
Tsoar, H., Blumberg, D., and Wenkart, R. (2008). Formation and geomorphology of the North-Western Negev sand dunes.. Arid Dune Ecosystems 25–48.Google Scholar
Yaalon, D.H. (1969). Origin of desert loess.. Etudes sur le Quaternaire dans le Monde (8th INQUA Congr. Paris) 2, 755.Google Scholar
Yaalon, D.H. (1987). Saharan dust and desert loess: effect on surrounding soils.. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983) 6, 569–571.Google Scholar
Yaalon, D., and Dan, J. (1974). Accumulation and distribution of loess-derived deposits in the semi-desert and desert fringe areas of Israel.. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie NF 20, 91–105.Google Scholar
Yaalon, D., and Ganor, E. (1973). The influence of dust on soils during the Quaternary.. Soil Science 116, 146.Google Scholar
Yaalon, D., and Ganor, E. (1979). East Mediterranean trajectories of dust-carrying storms from the Sahara and Sinai.. Saharan Dust: Mobilization, Transport, Deposition John Wiley, New York.187–193.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. (1991). Landscape evolution in the central, northern and northwestern Negev during the Neogene and the Quaternary.. Geol. Surv. Isr. Rep. GSI/45/90.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ben-Israel et al. supplementary material

Supplementary Data 1

Download Ben-Israel et al. supplementary material(File)
File 97.5 KB
Supplementary material: File

Ben-Israel et al. supplementary material

Supplementary Data 2

Download Ben-Israel et al. supplementary material(File)
File 44.1 KB