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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 April 2016
Observational astronomy extends, in terms of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum, from below 10-8eV to above 108eV. Studies of cosmic rays extend this range to the neighbourhood of 1019eV (about a Joule) and the aspects of high energy astrophysics discussed in the present paper are those concerned with cosmic rays of energy upwards of about 1015eV.