Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T15:50:02.531Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Correlates of placebo reaction in an outpatient population

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Arthur K. Shapiro ,
Elmer L. Struening ,
Harvey Barten  and
Elaine Shapiro
Arthur K. Shapiro
Affiliation:
Special Studies Laboratory, Payne Whitney Clinic, New York Hospital—Cornell University Medical College, New York, Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Research Unit, New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, New York, U.S.A.
Elmer L. Struening
Affiliation:
Special Studies Laboratory, Payne Whitney Clinic, New York Hospital—Cornell University Medical College, New York, Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Research Unit, New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, New York, U.S.A.
Harvey Barten
Affiliation:
Special Studies Laboratory, Payne Whitney Clinic, New York Hospital—Cornell University Medical College, New York, Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Research Unit, New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, New York, U.S.A.
Elaine Shapiro
Affiliation:
Special Studies Laboratory, Payne Whitney Clinic, New York Hospital—Cornell University Medical College, New York, Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Research Unit, New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, New York, U.S.A.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

Variable s describing 113 outpatients of a mental health clinic were derived from a Placebo Test, the MMPI, a Symptom Check List, measures of response style, and a questionnaire containing historical and demographic information. Two highly reliable scales, the Placebo Effect Scale (PES) and the Side Effect Scale (SES) were derived from the Placebo Test and served as dependent variables. PES scores were inversely related to reporting symptoms and unrelated to measures of response style. SES scores were directly related to reporting symptoms and with several measures of response style. There was a curvilinear relationship between placebo response and reporting side-effects. Implications of results for further research are presented.

Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 5 , Issue 4 , November 1975 , pp. 389 - 396
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bentler, P. M., O'Hara, J. W., and Krasner, L. (1963). Hypnosis and placebo. Psychological Reports, 12, 153–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, M. P., and Gallant, D. M. (1966). Observations of placebo response in chronic schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 14, 497–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Couch, A., and Keniston, K. (1960). Yeasayers and naysayers: agreeing response set as a personality variable. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 60, 151–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahlstrom, W. G., Welsh, G. S., and Dahlstrom, L. E. (1972). An MMPI Handbook. Vol. 1, Clinical Interpretation, 2nd edn.University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Duke, J. D. (1962). A Study of Relationships between Primary Suggestibility, Secondary Suggestibility, and Placebo Reactivity. Thesis: University of North Carolina.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. L., Gocka, E. F., and Holloway, H. (1964). The development of an MMPI acquiescence scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 148–150.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, F. J. (1967). Suggestibility in the normal waking state. Psychological Bulletin, 67, 114–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, S. (1967). The placebo reactor: thesis, antithesis, synthesis, and hypothesis. Diseases of the Nervous System, 28, 510–515.Google ScholarPubMed
Frank, J. D., Gliedman, L. H., Imber, S. D., Nash, E. H. Jr, and Stone, A. R. (1957). Why patients leave psychotherapy. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 77, 283–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimes, F. V. (1948). An experimental analysis of the nature of suggestibility and of its relation to other psychological factors. Studies of Psychology and Psychiatry at the Catholic University of America, 7, no. 4.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H. E. (1964). The placebo response and the double-blind study. In The Evaluation of Psychiatric Treatment, Pp. 75–93, Edited by Hoch, P. H. and Zubin, J.. Grune and Stratton: New York.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H. E., and Knight, D. A. (1960). Placebo-prone-ness and placebo-resistance of different psychological functions. Psychiatric Quarterly, 34, 505–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehmann, H. E., and Knight, M. A. (1961). Measurement changes in human behaviour under the effects of psychotropic drugs. In Neuro-psychopharmacology, vol. 2, pp. 291–303. Edited by Rothlin, E.. Elsevier: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Levinson, D. J., and Gallagher, E. B. (1961). Patienthood in the Mental Hospital. Houghton Mifflin: Boston.Google Scholar
Rashkis, H. A., and Smarr, E. R. (1957). Psychopharmaco- therapeutic research: a triadistic approach. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 77, 202–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorer, L. G., and Goldberg, L. R. (1965). Acquiescence and the vanishing variance component. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 422–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, A. K. (1960). A contribution to the history of the placebo effect. Behavioral Science, 5, 109–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, A. K. (1964a). A historic and heuristic definition of the placebo. Psychiatry, 27, 52–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, A. K. (1964b). A Rejoinder. Psychiatry, 27, 178–181.Google Scholar
Shapiro, A. K. (1968a). The placebo response. In Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry, pp. 596–619. Edited by Howells, J. G.. Oliver and Boyd: Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Shapiro, A. K. (1968b). Semantics of the placebo. Psychiatric Quarterly, 42, 653–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, A. K. (1971). Placebo effects in medicine, psychotherapy, and psychoanalysis. In Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, pp. 439–473. Edited by Bergin, A. E. and Garfield, S. L.. Wiley: New York.Google Scholar
Shapiro, A. K., Mike, V., Barten, H., and Shapiro, E. (1973). Study of the placebo effect with a self-administered placebo test. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 14, 535–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, A. K., Wilensky, H., and Struening, E. L. (1968). Study of the placebo effect with a placebo test. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 9, 118–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stukát, K. (1958). Suggestibility: a factorial and experimental analysis. Acta Psychologica Gothoburgensia, 2.Google Scholar
Thorn, W. F. (1962). The placebo reactor. Australasian Journal of Pharmacology, 43, 1035–1037.Google Scholar
Whitman, J. R. (1961). Suggestibility in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 17, 203–205.3.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, H. V., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Covi, L., Uhlenhuth, E. H., and Mattsson, N. B. (1968). Replication of symptom distress factors in anxious neurotic outpatients. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 3, 199–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed