Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T06:51:06.171Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Suicide attempts in eating disorder subtypes: a meta-analysis of the literature employing DSM-IV, DSM-5, or ICD-10 diagnostic criteria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2018

Laura Mandelli Open the ORCID record for Laura Mandelli [Opens in a new window] ,
Angelo Arminio ,
Anna-Rita Atti  and
Diana De Ronchi
Laura Mandelli*
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Angelo Arminio
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Anna-Rita Atti
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Diana De Ronchi
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
*
Author for correspondence: Laura Mandelli, E-mail: laura.mandelli@unibo.it
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Quantification of suicidal risk in specific populations is important for the adoption of targeted prevention and harm reduction measures. Though there remains little systematic evidence, risk of suicide attempts for bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-purging anorexia nervosa (AN-bp) appears higher than restrictive AN (AN-r); risk in binge eating disorder (BED) is still unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare proportions of suicide attempts in eating disorder (ED) subgroups.

Methods

A literature search using combinations of key-words for ED and suicide attempts was performed. Studies reporting proportions of suicide attempters in at least two ED groups, diagnosed according to DSM-IV or -5 and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria were considered. ED subgroups were analyzed in pairs using a binary random effect model for proportions. Publication bias, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results

In BN, attempted suicide was more frequent (21%) than in AN (12.5%), but the difference was statistically significant only when BN was compared with AN-r (9–10%). In BED, the proportion of suicide attempts was as high as in AN (10–12%).

Conclusions

Though limited by heterogeneity across the studies in terms of methodology and aims, inability to control for relevant confounding variables, exclusion of ED not otherwise specified, this study supports suicide attempts as a major issue in EDs, especially in binge-purging subtypes, i.e. BN and AN-bp. Similar suicidal proportions were observed in AN and BED. The reasons for a greater proportion of attempted suicide in binge/purging subtypes need to be explored in future studies.

Keywords

Anorexia nervosabinge eating disorderbinge-purgingbulimia nervosarestrictivesuicide attempt
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 49 , Issue 8 , June 2019 , pp. 1237 - 1249
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackard, DM, Neumark-Sztainer, D, Story, M and Perry, C (2003) Overeating among adolescents: prevalence and associations with weight-related characteristics and psychological health. Pediatrics 111, 67–74.Google Scholar
Ahrén-Moonga, J, Holmgren, S, von Knorring, L and af Klinteberg, B (2008) Personality traits and self-injurious behaviour in patients with eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review 16, 268–275.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edn. revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Arcelus, J, Mitchell, AJ, Wales, J and Nielsen, S (2011) Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 68, 724–731.Google Scholar
Azorin, JM, Kaladjian, A, Besnier, N, Adida, M, Hantouche, E, Lancrenon, S and Akiskal, H (2010) Suicidal behaviour in a French Cohort of major depressive patients: characteristics of attempters and nonattempters. Journal of Affective Disorders 123, 87–94.Google Scholar
Bodell, LP, Joiner, TE and Keel, PK (2013) Comorbidity-independent risk for suicidality increases with bulimia nervosa but not with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research 47, 617–621.Google Scholar
Bulik, CM, Thornton, L, Pinheiro, AP, Plotnicov, K, Klump, KL, Brandt, H, Crawford, S, Fichter, MM, Halmi, KA, Johnson, C, Kaplan, AS, Mitchell, J, Nutzinger, D, Strober, M, Treasure, J, Woodside, DB, Berrettini, WH and Kaye, WH (2008) Suicide attempts in anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine 70, 378–383.Google Scholar
Burnham, JF (2006) Scopus database: a review. Biomedical Digital Libraries 3, 1.Google Scholar
Call, C, Walsh, BT and Attia, E (2013) From DSM-IV to DSM-5: changes to eating disorder diagnoses. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 26, 532–536.Google Scholar
Carano, A, De Berardis, D, Campanella, D, Serroni, N, Ferri, F, Di Iorio, G, Acciavatti, T, Mancini, L, Mariani, G, Martinotti, G, Moschetta, FS and Di Giannantonio, M (2012) Alexithymia and suicide ideation in a sample of patients with binge eating disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 18, 5–11.Google Scholar
Chen, EY, Brown, MZ, Harned, MS and Linehan, MM (2009) A comparison of borderline personality disorder with and without eating disorders. Psychiatry Research 170, 86–90.Google Scholar
Conti, C, Lanzara, R, Scipioni, M, Iasenza, M, Guagnano, MT and Fulcheri, M (2017) The relationship between binge eating disorder and suicidality: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology 8, 2125.Google Scholar
Corcos, T, Taieb, O, Benoit-Lamy, S, Paterniti, S, Jeammet, P and Flament, MF (2002) Suicide attempts in women with bulimia nervosa: frequency and characteristics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 106, 381–386.Google Scholar
Crow, SJ, Swanson, SA, Le Grange, D, Feig, EH and Merikangas, KR (2014) Suicidal behavior in adolescents and adults with bulimia nervosa. Comprehensive Psychiatry 55, 1534–1539.Google Scholar
Cucchi, A, Ryan, D, Konstantakopoulos, G, Stroumpa, S, Kacar, AS, Renshaw, S, Landau, S and Kravariti, E (2016) Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 46, 1345–1358.Google Scholar
Cumella, EJ and Kally, Z (2008) Comparison of middle-age and young women inpatients with eating disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders 13, 183–190.Google Scholar
Doll, HA, Petersen, SE and Stewart-Brown, SL (2005) Eating disorders and emotional and physical well-being: associations between student self-reports of eating disorders and quality of life as measured by the SF-36. Quality of Life Research 14, 705–717.Google Scholar
Eddy, KT, Keel, PK, Dorer, DJ, Delinsky, SS, Franko, DL and Herzog, DB (2002) Longitudinal comparison of anorexia nervosa subtypes. International Journal of Eating Disorders 31, 191–201.Google Scholar
Egger, M, Smith, GD and Phillips, AN (1997) Meta-analysis: principles and procedures. BMJ 315, 1533–1537.Google Scholar
Evans, E, Hawton, K, Rodham, K and Deeks, J (2005) The prevalence of suicidal phenomena in adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviors 35, 239–250.Google Scholar
Fairweather-Schmidt, KA (2016) Eating disorders and suicidality. In Wade, TD (ed.), Encyclopedia of Feeding and Eating Disorders. Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 296–301.Google Scholar
Favaro, A and Santonastaso, P (1996) Purging behaviors, suicide attempts, and psychiatric symptoms in 398 eating disordered subjects. International Journal of Eating Disorders 20, 99–103.Google Scholar
Favaro, A and Santonastaso, P (1997) Suicidality in eating disorders: clinical and psychological correlates. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 95, 508–514.Google Scholar
Favaro, A, Dalle Grave, R and Santonastaso, P (1998) Impact of a history of physical and sexual abuse in eating disordered and asymptomatic subjects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 97, 358–363.Google Scholar
Favaro, A, Caregaro, L, Di Pascoli, L, Brambilla, F and Santonastaso, P (2004) Total serum cholesterol and suicidality in anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine 66, 548–552.Google Scholar
Favaro, A and Santonaso, P (1999) Different types of self-injurious behavior in bulimia nervosa. Comprehensive Psychiatry 40, 57–60.Google Scholar
Favaro, A, Santonastaso, P, Monteleone, P, Bellodi, L, Mauri, M, Rotondo, A, Erzegovesi, S and Maj, M (2008) Self-injurious behavior and attempted suicide in purging bulimia nervosa: associations with psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Affective Disorders 105, 285–289.Google Scholar
Fedorowicz, VJ, Falissard, B, Foulon, C, Dardennes, R, Divac, SM, Guelfi, JD and Rouillon, F (2007) Factors associated with suicidal behaviors in a large French sample of inpatients with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 40, 589–595.Google Scholar
Fennig, S and Hadas, A (2010) Suicidal behavior and depression in adolescents with eating disorders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 64, 32–39.Google Scholar
Fichter, MM and Quadflieg, N (2016) Mortality in eating disorders – results of a large prospective clinical longitudinal study. International Journal of Eating Disorders 49, 391–401.Google Scholar
Forcano, L, Fernández-Aranda, F, Álvarez-Moya, E, Bulik, C, Granero, R, Gratacòs, M, Jiménez-Murcia, S, Krug, I, Mercader, JM, Riesco, N, Saus, E, Santamaría, JJ and Estivill, X (2009) Suicide attempts in bulimia nervosa: personality and psychopathological correlates. European Psychiatry 24, 91–97.Google Scholar
Forcano, L, Álvarez, E, Santamaría, JJ, Jimenez-Murcia, S, Granero, R, Penelo, E, Alonso, P, Sánchez, I, Menchón, JM, Ulman, F, Bulik, CM and Fernández-Aranda, F (2011) Suicide attempts in anorexia nervosa subtypes. Comprehensive Psychiatry 52, 352–358.Google Scholar
Foulon, C, Guelfi, JD, Kipman, A, Adès, J, Romo, L, Houdeyer, K, Marquez, S, Mouren, MC, Rouillon, F and Gorwood, P (2007) Switching to the bingeing/purging subtype of anorexia nervosa is frequently associated with suicidal attempts. European Psychiatry 22, 513–519.Google Scholar
Franko, DL and Keel, PK (2006) Suicidality in eating disorders: occurrence, correlates, and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review 26, 769–782.Google Scholar
Franko, DL, Keel, PK, Dorer, DJ, Blais, MA, Delinsky, SS, Eddy, KT, Charat, V, Renn, R and Herzog, DB (2004) What predicts suicide attempts in women with eating disorders? Psychological Medicine 34, 843–853.Google Scholar
Franko, DL, Dorer, DJ, Keel, PK, Jackson, S, Manzo, MP and Herzog, DB (2008) Interactions between eating disorders and drug abuse. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 196, 556–561.Google Scholar
Grucza, RA, Przybeck, TR and Cloninger, CR (2007) Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry 48, 124–131.Google Scholar
Herzog, DB, Dorer, DJ, Keel, PK, Selwyn, SE, Ekeblad, ER, Flores, AT, Greenwood, DN, Burwell, RA and Keller, MB (1999) Recovery and relapse in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a 7.5-year follow-up study. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 829–837.Google Scholar
Hu, J, Dong, Y, Chen, X, Liu, Y, Ma, D, Liu, X, Zheng, R, Mao, X, Chen, T and He, W (2015) Prevalence of suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Comprehensive Psychiatry 61, 78–89.Google Scholar
Huas, C, Caille, A, Godart, N, Foulon, C, Pham-Scottez, A, Divac, S, Dechartres, A, Lavoisy, G, Guelfi, JD, Rouillon, F and Falissard, B (2011 a) Factors predictive of ten-year mortality in severe anorexia nervosa patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123, 62–70.Google Scholar
Huas, C, Godart, N, Foulon, C, Pham-Scottez, A, Divac, S, Fedorowicz, V, Peyracque, E, Dardennes, R, Falissard, B and Rouillon, F (2011 b) Predictors of dropout from inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa: data from a large French sample. Psychiatry Research 185, 421–426.Google Scholar
Huas, C, Godart, N, Caille, A, Pham-Scottez, A, Foulon, C, Divac, SM, Lavoisy, G, Guelfi, JD, Falissard, B and Rouillon, F (2013) Mortality and its predictors in severe bulimia nervosa patients. European Eating Disorders Review 21, 15–19.Google Scholar
Hudson, JI, Hiripi, E, Pope, HG Jr. and Kessler, RC (2007) The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry 61, 348–358.Google Scholar
Jin, ZC, Zhou, XH and He, J (2015) Statistical methods for dealing with publication bias in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 34, 343–360.Google Scholar
Joiner, TE (2005) Why People die by Suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kask, J, Ekselius, L, Brandt, L, Kollia, N, Ekbom, A and Papadopoulos, FC (2016) Mortality in women with anorexia nervosa: the role of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine 78, 910–919.Google Scholar
Keshaviah, A, Edkins, K, Hastings, ER, Krishna, M, Franko, DL, Herzog, DB, Thomas, JJ, Murray, HB and Eddy, KT (2014) Re-examining premature mortality in anorexia nervosa: a meta-analysis redux. Comprehensive Psychiatry 55, 1773–1784.Google Scholar
Keski-Rahkonen, A and Mustelin, L (2016) Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 29, 340–345.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Berglund, PA, Chiu, WT, Deitz, AC, Hudson, JI, Shahly, V, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Angermeyer, MC, Benjet, C, Bruffaerts, R, de Girolamo, G, de Graaf, R, Maria Haro, J, Kovess-Masfety, V, O'Neill, S, Posada-Villa, J, Sasu, C, Scott, K, Viana, MC and Xavier, M (2013) The prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biological Psychiatry 73, 904–914.Google Scholar
Kostro, K, Lerman, JB and Attia, E (2014) The current status of suicide and self-injury in eating disorders: a narrative review. Journal of Eating Disorders 2, 19.Google Scholar
Laget, J, Plancherel, B, Stéphan, P, Bolognini, M, Corcos, M, Jeammet, P and Halfon, O (2006) Personality and repeated suicide attempts in dependent adolescents and young adults. Crisis 27, 164–171.Google Scholar
Liang, KY and Meg Tseng, MC (2011) Impulsive behaviors in female patients with eating disorders in a university hospital in northern Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 110, 607–610.Google Scholar
Marzano, L, Fazel, S, Rivlin, A and Hawton, K (2010) Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: case-control study. British Journal of Psychiatry 197, 219–226.Google Scholar
Mayes, SD, Fernandez-Mendoza, J, Baweja, R, Calhoun, S, Mahr, F, Aggarwal, R and Arnold, M (2014) Correlates of suicide ideation and attempts in children and adolescents with eating disorders. Eating Disorders 22, 352–366.Google Scholar
Milos, G, Spindler, A, Hepp, U and Schnyder, U (2004) Suicide attempts and suicidal ideation: links with psychiatric comorbidity in eating disorder subjects. General Hospital Psychiatry 26, 129–135.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J and Altman, DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000097.Google Scholar
Monteleone, P and Brambilla, F (2015) Multiple comorbidities in people with eating disorders. Key Issues in Mental Health 179, 66–80.Google Scholar
Nagata, T, Kawarada, Y, Kiriike, N and Iketani, T (2000) Multi-impulsivity of Japanese patients with eating disorders: primary and secondary impulsivity. Psychiatry Research 94, 239–250.Google Scholar
Nock, MK, Borges, G, Bromet, EJ, Cha, CB, Kessler, RC and Lee, S (2008) Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiologic Reviews 30, 133–154.Google Scholar
Nock, MK, Hwang, I, Sampson, N, Kessler, RC, Angermeyer, M, Beautrais, A, Borges, G, Bromet, E, Bruffaerts, R, de Girolamo, G, de Graaf, R, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Hu, C, Huang, Y, Karam, EG, Kawakami, N, Kovess, V, Levinson, D, Posada-Villa, J, Sagar, R, Tomov, T, Viana, MC and Williams, DR (2009) Cross-national analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicidal behavior: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000123.Google Scholar
Oliosi, M and Dalle Grave, R (2003) A comparison of clinical and psychological features in subgroups of patients with anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review 11, 306–314.Google Scholar
Pisetsky, EM, Thornton, LM, Lichtenstein, P, Pedersen, NL and Bulik, CM (2013) Suicide attempts in women with eating disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 122, 1042–1056.Google Scholar
Pisetsky, EM, Wonderlich, SA, Crosby, RD, Peterson, CB, Mitchell, JE, Engel, SG, Joiner, TE, Bardone-Cone, A, Le Grange, D, Klein, MH and Crow, SJ (2015) Depression and personality traits associated with emotion dysregulation: correlates of suicide attempts in women with bulimia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review 23, 537–544.Google Scholar
Portzky, G, van Heeringen, K and Vervaet, M (2014) Attempted suicide in patients with eating disorders. Crisis 35, 378–387.Google Scholar
Preti, A, Girolamo, G, Vilagut, G, Alonso, J, Graaf, R, Bruffaerts, R, Demyttenaere, K, Pinto-Meza, A, Haro, JM and Morosini, P (2009) The epidemiology of eating disorders in six European countries: results of the ESEMeD-WMH project. Journal of Psychiatry Research 43, 1125–1132.Google Scholar
Preti, A, Rocchi, MB, Sisti, D, Camboni, MV and Miotto, P (2011) A comprehensive meta-analysis of the risk of suicide in eating disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 124, 6–17.Google Scholar
Pryor, T, Wiederman, MW and McGilley, B (1996) Clinical correlates of anorexia nervosa subtypes. International Journal of Eating Disorders 19, 371–379.Google Scholar
Rothstein, H, Sutton, AJ and Borenstein, M (2005) Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments. Chichester, England: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rucker, G, Schwarzer, G and Carpenter, J (2008) Arcsine test for publication bias in meta-analyses with binary outcomes. Statistics in Medicine 27, 746–763.Google Scholar
Runfola, CD, Thornton, LM, Pisetsky, EM, Bulik, CM and Birgegård, A (2014) Self-image and suicide in a Swedish national eating disorders clinical register. Comprehensive Psychiatry 55, 439–449.Google Scholar
Ruuska, J, Kaltiala-Heino, R, Rantanen, P and Koivisto, AM (2005) Psychopathological distress predicts suicidal ideation and self-harm in adolescent eating disorder outpatients. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 14, 276–281.Google Scholar
Sallet, PC, De Alvarenga, PG, Ferrão, Y, De Mathis, MA, Torres, AR, Marques, A, Hounie, AG, Fossaluza, V, Rosario, MCD, Fontenelle, LF, Petribu, K and Fleitlich-Bilyk, B (2010) Eating disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and clinical correlates. International Journal of Eating Disorders 43, 315–325.Google Scholar
Schwarzer, G (2007) Meta: an R package for meta-analysis. R News 7, 40–45.Google Scholar
Selby, EA, Smith, AR, Bulik, CM, Olmsted, MP, Thornton, L, McFarlane, TL, Berrettini, WH, Brandt, HA, Crawford, S, Fichter, MM, Halmi, KA, Jacoby, GE, Johnson, CL, Jones, I, Kaplan, AS, Mitchell, JE, Nutzinger, DO, Strober, M, Treasure, J, Woodside, DB, Kaye, WH and Joiner, TE (2010) Habitual starvation and provocative behaviors: two potential routes to extreme suicidal behavior in anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy 48, 634–645.Google Scholar
Smith, CE, Pisetsky, EM, Wonderlich, SA, Crosby, RD, Mitchell, JE, Joiner, TE, Bardone-Cone, A, Le Grange, D, Klein, MH, Crow, SJ and Peterson, CB (2016) Is childhood trauma associated with lifetime suicide attempts in women with bulimia nervosa? Eating and Weight Disorders 21, 199–204.Google Scholar
Smith, AR, Zuromski, KL and Dodd, DR (2017) Eating disorders and suicidality: what we know, what we don't know, and suggestions for future research. Current Opinion in Psychology 22, 63–67.Google Scholar
Smith, AR, Velkoff, EA, Ribeiro, JD and Franklin, J (in press) Are eating disorders and related symptoms risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors? A meta-analysis. Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviors.Google Scholar
Spindler, A and Milos, G (2004) Psychiatric comorbidity and inpatient treatment history in bulimic subjects. General Hospital Psychiatry 26, 18–23.Google Scholar
Stein, D, Zinman, D, Halevy, L, Yaroslavsky, A, Bachar, E, Kreitler, S and Orbach, I (2013) Attitudes toward life and death and suicidality among inpatient female adolescents with eating disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201, 1066–1071.Google Scholar
Sunday, SR, Peterson, CB, Andreyka, K, Crow, SJ, Mitchell, JE and Halmi, KA (2001) Differences in DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnoses in eating disorder patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry 42, 448–455.Google Scholar
Suokas, JT, Suvisaari, JM, Gissler, M, Löfman, R, Linna, MS, Raevuori, A and Haukka, J (2013) Mortality in eating disorders: a follow-up study of adult eating disorder patients treated in tertiary care, 1995–2010. Psychiatry Research 210, 1101–1106.Google Scholar
Suokas, JT, Suvisaari, JM, Grainger, M, Raevuori, A, Gissler, M and Haukka, J (2014) Suicide attempts and mortality in eating disorders: a follow-up study of eating disorder patients. General Hospital Psychiatry 36, 355–357.Google Scholar
Swanson, SA, Crow, SJ, Le Grange, D, Swendsen, J and Merikangas, KR (2011) Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents: results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry 68, 714–723.Google Scholar
The R Foundation for Statistical Computing (2017) R ver. 3.4.1.Google Scholar
Victor, SE and Klonsky, ED (2014) Correlates of suicide attempts among self-injurers: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Reviews 34, 282–297.Google Scholar
von Lojewski, A, Boyd, C, Abraham, S and Russell, J (2012) Lifetime and recent DSM and ICD psychiatric comorbidity of inpatients engaging in different eating disorder behaviours. Eating and Weight Disorders 17, e185–e193.Google Scholar
Wade, TD, Fairweather-Schmidt, AK, Zhu, G and Martin, NG (2015) Does shared genetic risk contribute to the co-occurrence of eating disorders and suicidality? International Journal of Eating Disorders 48, 684–691.Google Scholar
Welch, E, Jangmo, A, Thornton, LM, Norring, C, von Hausswolff-Juhlin, Y, Herman, BK, Pawaskar, M, Larsson, H and Bulik, CM (2016) Treatment-seeking patients with binge-eating disorder in the Swedish national registers: clinical course and psychiatric comorbidity. BMC Psychiatry 16, 163.Google Scholar
Wiederman, MW and Pryor, T (1996) Multi-impulsivity among women with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 20, 359–365.Google Scholar
Wildes, JE, Marcus, MD, Gaskill, JA and Ringham, R (2007) Depressive and manic-hypomanic spectrum psychopathology in patients with anorexia nervosa. Comprehensive Psychiatry 48, 413–418.Google Scholar
Wildman, P, Lilenfeld, LRR and Marcus, MD (2004) Axis I comorbidity onset and parasuicide in women with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 35, 190–197.Google Scholar
Witte, TK, Zuromski, KL, Gauthier, JM, Smith, AR, Bartlett, M, Siegfried, N, Bodell, L and Goodwin, N (2015) Restrictive eating: associated with suicide attempts, but not acquired capability in residential patients with eating disorders. Psychiatry Research 235, 90–96.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1990) International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, 10th Edn. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Yao, S, Kuja-Halkola, R, Thornton, LM, Runfola, CD, D'Onofrio, BM, Almqvist, C, Lichtenstein, P, Sjölander, A, Larsson, H and Bulik, CM (2016) Familial liability for eating disorders and suicide attempts evidence from a population registry in Sweden. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 284–291.Google Scholar
Zeng, X, Zhang, Y, Kwong, JS, Zhang, C, Li, S, Sun, F, Niu, Y and Du, L (2015) The methodological quality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta-analysis, and clinical practice guideline: a systematic review. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine 8, 2–10.Google Scholar
Zerwas, S, Larsen, JT, Petersen, L, Thornton, LM, Mortensen, PB and Bulik, CM (2015) The incidence of eating disorders in a Danish register study: associations with suicide risk and mortality. Journal of Psychiatric Research 65, 16–22.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Mandelli et al. supplementary material

Mandelli et al. supplementary material 1

Download Mandelli et al. supplementary material(File)
File 171.5 KB