Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-cjp7w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-19T23:24:04.517Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

DSM-III criteria for affective disorders and schizophrenia : A preliminary appraisal using family interview findings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

H.G. Pope Jr.
Affiliation:
Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA , USA
B.M. Cohen
Affiliation:
Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA , USA
J.F. Lipinski
Affiliation:
Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA , USA
D. Yurgelun-Todd
Affiliation:
Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA , USA
Get access

Summary

We performed a blind family interview study of 226 first-degree relatives of 63 probands meeting DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder, as diagnosed by the National Institute ot Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). A small test-retest reliability study demonstrated good agreement between the proband interviewer and the principal family interviewer for the major diagnostic categories of psychotic disorders. Excellent compliance was obtained, with 85% of living relatives interviewed personally.

Three principal findings emerged front the study. First, as expected, bipolar disorder, as defined by DSM-III, displayed a strong familial comportent, comparable to that found by many studies using criteria other than those of DSM-III. Second, patients meeting DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder displayed a low familial prevalence of schizophrenia. Although initially suprising, this finding is in agreement with the results of several other recent lantily studies of schizophrenia. Upon comparing our results with those of other recent family studies of schizophrenia, it appears that the familial component in schizophrenia tnay be less than was estimated by earlier studies using older and “broader” definitions of schizophrenia.

Third, we found that patients meeting DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia appeared genetically heterogeneous. Those who had displayed a superimposed full affective syndrome at some tinte in the course of their illness, together with those probands meeting DSM-III criteria for schizoaffective disorder, displayed a high familial prevalence of major affective disorder, similar to that found in the families of the bipolar probands. On the other hand, “pure” DSM-III schizophrenie probands, who had never experienced a superimposed full affective syndrome, displayed a low familial prevalence of major affective disorder, similar to that found in the general population. These findings favor the possibility that probands meeting DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia, but displaying a superimposed full affective syndrome, may in sonie cases have a disorder genetically relatcd to major affective disorder.

Further prospective family interview studies, using DSM-III criteria and larger samples, will be necessary to test these preliminary impressions.

Résumé

Résumé

Une enquête familiale menee en aveugle a concerné 226 parents au premier degré de 63 sujets pour lesquels avaient étée portés selon le DSM-III les diagnostics de schizophrénie, de trouble schizoaffectif et de trouble bipolaire. Les diagnostics ont été faits à l’aide du guide d'entretien diagnostique du NIH (DIS). Une bréve étude de fidélité test-retest conclue à un bon accord entre l’interviewer des patients et l’interviewer principal des familles en ce qui concerne les grandes categories diagnostiques de troubles psychotiques. L“observance a été excellente puisque 85% des parents vivants ont été interviewés personnellement.

Trois résultats principaux se dégagent de cette étude. En premier lieu comme il était prévu, une charge familiale importante a été mise en évidence pour le trouble bipolaire tel qu’il est defini par le DSM-III, résultat comparable à ceux des études utilisant d’autres critéres que ceux du DSM-III, En second lieu, les patients ayant les critéres du DSM-III de schizophrenie et de trouble schizoaffectif ont une prévalance familiale faible pour la schizophrénie. Bien que surprenant à premiére vue, ce résultat est concordant avec plusieurs études familiales recentes dans le domain de la schizophrénie. Lorsque les résultats de cette étude sont mis en relation avec les autres études familiales récentes la composante familiale de la schizophrénie semble alors moins importante que lors d’estimations antérieures qui utile soient des définitions plus anciennes et plus «larges» du trouble.

En troisiéme lieu, les patients ayant les critéres de schizophrénie du DSM-III se révèlent être génétiquement hétérogénes. Ceux qui ont présenté à un moment ou à un autre de l’évolution de leur maladie un syndrome affectif surajout au complet ont une prévalance familiale élevée de trouble affectif majeur, tout comme les sujets ayant les critéres de trouble schizoaffectif du DSM-III. Cette prévalance est la même que celle retrouvée dans les familles des sujets bipolatres. Réciproquement les sujets ayant une schizophrénie «pure» selon te DSM-III et qui n’ont jamais présenté un syndrom affectif au complet surajouté ont une prévalance familiale basse de trouble affectif majeur, équivalente à celle retrouvée dans la population générale. Ces résultats sont en faveur de la possibilité que les sujets ayant les critéres de scltzophrenie du DSM-III, mais ayant présenté un syndrome affectif surajouté au complet puissent dans certains cas êtr porteurs d’un trouble lié génétiquement au trouble affectif majeur.

Des études prospectives familiales ultérieures utilisant les critéres du DSM-III et des échantillons plus larges son nécessaires pour tester ces impressions préliminaires.

Type
Original article
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, R. & Taylor, M.A. (1980) Importance of schizophrenie symptoms in the diagnosis of mania. Am. J. Psychiatry 138, 658661Google Scholar
Abrams, R. & Taylor, M.A. (1980) Importance of schizophrenie symptoms in the diagnosis of mania. Am. J. Psychiatry 138, 658661Google Scholar
Abrams, R. & Taylor, M.A. (1983) The genetics of schizophrenia: A reassesment using modern criteria. Am. J. Psychiatry 140, 171175Google Scholar
Abrams, R. & Taylor, M.A. (1983) The genetics of schizophrenia: A reassesment using modern criteria. Am. J. Psychiatry 140, 171175Google Scholar
Baron, M.Gruen, R.Asnis, L. & Kane, J. (1983) Familial relatedness of schizophrenia and schizotypal States. Am. J. Psychiatry 140, 14361442Google ScholarPubMed
Baron, M.Gruen, R.Rainer, J.D.Kane, J.Asnis, L. & Lord, S. (1985) A family study of schizophrenie and normal control probands: Implications for the spectrum concept of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 142 447–445Google Scholar
Baron, M.Kotz, J.Mendlewicz, J. & Rainer, J. (1981) Multiple-threshold transmission of affective disorders Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 38, 7984CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, W.T.Strauss, J.S. & Bartko, J.J. (1973) Flexible System for the diagnosis of schizophrenia report from the World Health Organization International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Science 185 12751278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coryell, W. & Zimmerman, M. (1988) The heritability of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a family study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 45, 323327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fajans, S.S.Cloutier, M.C. & Crowther, R.L. (1978) The Banting Memorial Lecture 1978. Clinical antietiological heterogeneity of idiopathic diabetes mellitus Diabetes 27, 11121125CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feighner, J.P.Robins, E.Guze, S.B.Woodruff, R.A Winokur G. & Munoz, R. (1972) Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatrie research. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26, 3657CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frangos, E.Althanassenas, G.Tsitourides, S.Katsano, N. & Alexandrakou, P. (1985) Prevalence of DSM-II schizophrenia among the first-degree relatives ot schizophrenie probands. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 72, 382386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gershon, E.S. & Rieder, R.O. (1980) Are mania and schizophrenia genetically distinct?In: Mania: A Evolving Concept (Belmaker, R.H. and Van Praa, H.M. eds.), Spectrum Publications, Jamaica, N.Y, pp. 97109Google Scholar
Gershon, E.S.Hamovit, J.Guroff, J.J.Dibble, ELeckntan, J.F.Sceery, W.Targum, S.D.Nurnberge, J.I.Goldin, L.R. & Bunney, W.E. (1982) A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar 11, unipolar and normal control probands. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr 39, 11571167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gershon, E.S.Delisi, L.E.Hamovit, J.Nurnberger, J I. Maxwell M.E.Schreiber, J.Dauphinais, D.Dingma, C.W., II & Guroff, J.J. (1988) A controlled family study of chronic psychoses: schizophrenia and schizc affective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 45, 328–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guze, S.B.Cloninger, C.R.Martin, R.L. & Clayton, P.J (1983) A follow-up and family study of schizophrenia Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 40, 12731276CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helzer, J.E.Clayton, P.J.Pambakian, R.Reich, T. Woodruff R.A.& Reveley M.A. (1977) Reliability of psychiatrie diagnosis. II: The test/retest reliability of diagnostic classification. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34 136141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helzer, J.E.Robins, L.N.Taibleson, M.Woodrul, R.A.Reich, T. & Wish, E.D. (1977) Reliability of psychiatrie diagnosis. I : A methodological review Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34, 129133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, K.S. & Gruenberg, A.M. (1984) An independer analysis of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia. VI : The relationship between psychiatrie disorder as defined by DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 555564CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, K.S.Gruenberg, A.M. & Tsuang, M.T. (1985) Psychiatrie illness in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic and control patients: A family study using DSM-III criteria. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42, 770779CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, S. (1980) The genetics of schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bull. 6, 404416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, R.D. (1951) Types of human diabetes. Br. Med. J. i, 373375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kety, S.S.Rosenthal, D.Wender, P.H.Schulsinger, F. & Jacosen, B. (1975) Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenie: A preliminary report, In: Genetic Research in Psychiatry (Fieve, R., Rosenthal, D. & Brill, H., eds.), Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, PP. 147165Google Scholar
McGuffin, P.Farmer, A.E.Gottesman, I.I.Murray, R.M. & Reveley, A.M. (1984) Twin concordance for operationally defined schizophrenia: Confirmation of familiality and heritability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 541545CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendlewicz, J. & Rainer, J. (1977) Adoption study supporting genetic transmission in manic-depressive illness. Nature 268, 327329CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Diabetes Data Group (1979) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 28, 10391057CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pope, H.G. Jr., & Lipinski, J.F. (1978) Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness: A reassesment of the specificity of “ schizophrenie” symptoms in the light of current research. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35, 811828CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pope, H.G. Jr.Jonas, J.M.Cohen, B.M. & Lipinski, J.F. (1982) Failure tofind evidence of schizophrenia in the first degree relatives of schizophrenie probands. Am. J. Psychiatry 139, 826828Google Scholar
Pope, H.G. Jr.Lipinski, J .F.Cohen, B.M. & Axelrod, D. (1980) “ Schizoaffective disorder” : an invalid diagnosis? A comparison of schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, and affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 137, 921927Google ScholarPubMed
Robins, L.Helzer, J.E.Croughan, J.Williams, J. & Spitzer, R.L. (1980) NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Version II. NIMH, Rockville, MDGoogle Scholar
Robins, L.N.Helzer, J.E.Croughan, J. & Ratcliff, K.S. (1981) National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 38, 381389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, L.N.Helzer, J.E.Weissman, M.M.Orvaschel, H.Gruenberg, E.Burke, J.D. & Regier, D.S. (1984) Lifetime prevelance of specifie psychiatrie disorders in three sites. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 949958CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, N.E.Rosenthal, N.L.Stallone, F.Dunner, D.L. & Fieve, R.R. (1980) Toward validation of RDC schizoaffective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37, 804810CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slater, E. & Cowie, V. (1971) The Genetics of Mental Disorders. Oxford University Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Spitzer, R.L.Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1978) Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders. 3rd edn. Biometries Research, New York State Psychiatrie Institute, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Tattersal, R.B. & Fajans, S.S. (1975) A difference between the inheritance of classical juvenile-onset and maturityonset type diabetes of young people. Diabetes 24, 4453CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M.A. & Abrams, R. (1978) The prevalence of schizophrenia: a reassesment using modern diagnostic criteria. Am. J. Psychiatry 135, 945948Google Scholar
Tsuang, M.T.Winokur, G. & Crowe, R.P. (1980) Morbidity risks of schizophrenia and affective disorders among the first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression, and surgical conditions. Br. J. Psychiatry 137, 497504CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuang, M.T.Bucher, K.D. & Fleming, J.A. (1983) A search for “ schizophrenia spectrum disorders” : An application of the multiple threshold model to blind family data. Br. J. Psychiatry 143, 572577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, M.M.Gershon, E.S.Kidd, K.K.Prusoff, B.A.Leckman, J.F.Dibble, E.Hamovit, J.Thompson, D.Pauls, D.L. & Guroff, J.J. (1984) Psychiatrie disorders in the relatives of probands with affective disorders: The Yale University-National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 1321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wegner, J.T.Catalano, F. & Kane, J.M. (1985) Schizophrenies with tardive dyskinesia: Neuropsychological deficit and family psychopathology. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42, 860865CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.