Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T06:38:32.765Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Clandon Barrow Finery: a Synopsis of Success in an Early Bronze Age World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Stuart Needham  and
Ann Woodward
Stuart Needham
Affiliation:
Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Archaeology & Numismatics, National Museums and Galleries of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3NP
Ann Woodward
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The famous assemblage of finery excavated by Edward Cunnington from Clandon Barrow, Dorset, in 1882 is usually held to be archetypal of the ‘Wessex culture’ and rich graves. Meticulous examination of the six artefacts and re-appraisal of comparative material casts a new light on the significance of the group. It does not represent a definable cultural package and instead points to a complex set of inter-relationships with ‘foreign’ lands achieved, above all, by plying varied maritime networks. Connections are shown to have run up the east coast of Britain, west towards the Irish Sea, and across the Channel to both Armorica and the Frisian coast. By contrast, links with inland Wessex were rather insubstantial. Questions are raised about the utility of the ‘Wessex’ label.

Although uncertain whether it was a grave group or some other ritual deposit, the assemblage can be seen in a positive light as a record of great exploits in distant travel. The material assembled came to stand for the success of the south Dorset community and its key personages as judged against the prime concerns of Early Bronze Age society. Its paramount importance is emphasised by the choice of site – a focally positioned, yet relatively isolated barrow within a dense monumental landscape and, moreover, a barrow that saw recurrent rejuvenation as part of a cycle of remembrance.

Résumé

Le célèbre assemblage de parures mis au jour par Edward Cunnington à Clandon Barrow, dans le Comté de Dorset en 1882, est généralement considéré comme étant l'archétype de la ‘culture Wessex’ et des tombeaux à riche mobilier. Un examen méticuleux des six objets façonnés et la ré-évaluation de matériaux comparables ont jeté une nouvelle lumière sur la signification de ce groupe. Il ne représente pas un tout culturel définissable mais, au contraire, renvoie à un ensemble complexe de relations multiples avec des terres ‘étrangères’ auquel on est arrivé, avant tout, en exploitant des réseaux maritimes variés. On démontre que des liaisons s'étaient développées le long de la côte est de la Grande-Bretagne, à l'ouest vers la mer d'Irlande et, à travers la Manche, vers l'Armorique et la côte frisonne. Par contraste les liens avec l'intérieur du Wessex étaient plutôt ténus. On soulève la question de l'utilité de l'étiquette ‘Wessex’.

Bien qu'un doute subsiste sur si c'était un mobilier de tombe ou quelque autre dépôt rituel, on peut considérer cet assemblage sous un angle positif comme étant le témoignage de grands exploits au cours de voyages lointains. Les matériaux rassemblés en sont venus à représenter le succès de la communauté du sud du Dorset et de ses personnages clés, jugés selon les préoccupations primordiales de la société de l'âge du bronze ancien. Son extrème importance est renforcée par le choix du site – un tumulus occupant une position centrale, et pourtant relativement isolé dans un paysage riche en monuments et, de plus, un tumulus qui a connu un rajeunissement récurrent dans le cadre d'un cycle de la mémoire.

Zusammenfassung

Das berühmte Schmuckinventar aus dem Clandon Hügelgrab in Dorset, das von Edward Cunnington 1882 ausgegraben wurde, wird gewöhnlich als archetypisch für die ‘Wessex Kultur’ und reiche Gräber angesehen. Eine sorgfältige Untersuchung von sechs Artefakten und eine Neubewertung von Vergleichsmaterial bringt neues Licht in die Diskussion zur Bedeutung der Gruppe. Obwohl sie kein definierbares kulturelles Paket darstellt, deutet sie auf ein komplexes Set von Beziehungen mit ‘fremden’ Ländern, das sich auf regelmäßig benutzte maritime Netzwerke gründete. Es werden Verbindungen aufgezeigt, die sich entlang der Ostküste Britanniens, westlich der Irischen See und über den Kanal in die Bretagne und zur Friesischen Küste erstreckten. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die Verbindungen zum Landeinwärts gelegenen Wessex eher substanzlos. Weiterhin wird die Frage gestellt, ob die Bezeichnung ‘Wessex’ überhaupt nützlich ist. Obwohl es unsicher ist, ob es sich um eine Gräbergruppe oder eine andere Art ritueller Deponierung handelt, kann sie dennoch als ein Nachweis großer Heldentaten in ferne Ländern Reisen gesehen werden. Vor dem Hintergrund der Hauptinteressen der frühbronzezeitlichen Gemeinschaft kann das gesammelte Material als Erfolg der Gemeinschaft im südlichen Dorset und deren Hauptpersönlichkeiten angesehen werden. Seine überragende Bedeutung wird durch die Platzwahl betont – ein fokal positionierter, jedoch relativ isolierter Grabhügel innerhalb einer Landschaft mit sehr hoher Dichte an Baudenkmälern – und wichtiger noch, durch die Tatsache, dass der Grabhügel und das damit verbundene Gedenken zyklisch immer wieder benutzt wurde.

Résumen

El famoso conjunto de adornos excavado por Edward Cunnington en Clandon Barrow, Dorset, en 1882 es habitualmente considerado como arquetípico de la ‘Cultura Wessex’ y de enterramientos ricos. Un examen meticuloso de los seis artefactos y una reconsideración del material comparativo arroja nueva luz sobre la significación del grupo. No representa un paquete cultural definible sino que más bien apunta al establecimiento de un complejo conjunto de interrelaciones con tierras “extranjeras”, sobre todo a través de la utilización de variadas conexiones marítimas. Se demuestra que estas conexiones iban hacia el norte por la costa este británica, al oeste hacia el Mar de Irlanda, y cruzaban el Canal hasta Armorica y la costa Frisia. En contraste, los vínculos con Wessex eran bastante insustanciales. Se plantean dudas acerca de la utilidad de la clasificación ‘Wessex’.

Aunque es incierto si se trataba de un grupo funerario u otro tipo de depósito ritual, el alijo puede ser interpretado en una luz positiva como evidencia de grandes hazañas en viaje a distancia. El material recogido vino a representar el éxito de la comunidad del sur de Dorset y sus principales personajes, si se juzga por las preocupaciones principales de la sociedad de la Primera Edad del Bronce. Su absoluta importancia queda resaltada por la elección del lugar – un túmulo focalmente localizado, aunque relativamente aislado dentro de un denso paisaje monumental y, más aún, un túmulo que vio continuo rejuvenecimiento como parte de un ciclo de recuerdo.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 74 , 2008 , pp. 1 - 52
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abercromby, J. 1912. A Study of the Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain & Ireland and its Associated Grave-Goods. Oxford: Clarendon (2 vols)Google Scholar
Acland, J.E. 1916. List of Dorset barrows opened by Mr. E. Cunnington or described by him. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society 37, 40–7Google Scholar
Allen, C. & Hopkins, D. 2000. Bronze Age accessory cups from Lincolnshire: Early Bronze Age Pot? Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66, 297–317 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, M. 1997. Landscape, land-use, and farming. In Smith, et al. 1997, 277–83Google Scholar
Allies, J. 1844. Letter … describing a remarkable sepulchral vase, and other antiquities, discovered near Scarborough, and preserved in the Scarborough Museum. Archaeologia 30, 458–62Google Scholar
Anderson, J. 1882–1883. Notice of urns in the Museum that have been found with articles of use or ornament. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 17, 446–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. 1886. Scotland in Pagan Times: the Bronze and Stone Ages. Edinburgh: David Douglas Google Scholar
Annable, F.K. & Simpson, D.D.A. 1964. Guide Catalogue of the Neolithic and Bronze Age Collections in Devizes Museum. Devizes: Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Society Google Scholar
Ashbee, P. 1960. The Bronze Age Round Barrow in Britain. London: Phoenix Google Scholar
Ashbee, P. 1967. The Wessex grave. In Corney, A., A prehistoric and Anglo-Saxon burial ground, Ports Down, Portsmouth. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeology Society 24, 20–41 Google Scholar
Ashbee, P. & ApSimon, A.M. 1956. Barnby Howes, Barnby, East Cleveland, Yorkshire. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 39, 9–31 Google Scholar
Atkinson, R.J.C. 1975. Introduction. In Cunnington, R.H., From Antiquary to Archaeologist. A Biography of William Cunnington 1754–1810, ix–xviii. Princes Risborough: Shire Google Scholar
Barker, H., Burleigh, R. & Meeks, N. 1971. British Museum radiocarbon measurements VII. Radiocarbon 13, 157–88Google Scholar
Barrett, J. 1988. The living the dead and the ancestors; Neolithic and Early Bronze Age mortuary practices. In Barrett, J. & Kinnes, I. (eds), The Archaeology of Context in the Neolithic and Bronze Age: recent trends, 30–41. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, Department of Archaeology Google Scholar
Barrett, J. 1991. Bronze Age pottery and the problem of classification. In Barrett, J., Bradley, R. & Hall, M. (eds), Papers on the Prehistoric Archaeology of Cranborne Chase, 201–30. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 11Google Scholar
Barrett, J., Bradley, R. & Green, M. 1991 Landscape, Monuments and Society: the prehistory of Cranborne Chase. Cambridge: University Press Google Scholar
Beck, C. & Shennan, S. 1991. Amber in Prehistoric Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 8Google Scholar
Bell, M. 1977. Excavations at Bishopstone, Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Collections 115 Google Scholar
Bellamy, P. 1991. The excavation of Fordington Farm round barrow. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society 113, 107–32Google Scholar
Borlase, W.C. 1872. Naenia Cornubiae Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2007. The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: University Press Google Scholar
Bradley, R. & Edmonds, M. 1993. Interpreting the Axe Trade. Cambridge: University Press Google Scholar
Briard, J. 1984. Les Tumulus d'Armorique. L'Age du Bronze en France - 3. Paris: Picard Google Scholar
Brindley, A. 2007. The Dating of Food Vessels and Urns in Ireland. Galway: National University of Ireland, Department of Archaeology; Bronze Age Studies 7Google Scholar
Britton, D. 1961. A study of the composition of Wessex culture bronzes. Archaeometry 4, 39–52 Google Scholar
Burgess, C.B. 1974. The Bronze Age. In Renfrew, C. (ed.) British Prehistory: a new outline, 165–232. London: Duckworth Google Scholar
Burgess, C.B. 1986. ‘Urnes of no small variety’: Collared Urns reviewed. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 339–51Google Scholar
Burleigh, R., Hewson, A. & Meeks, N. 1976. British Museum radiocarbon measurements VIII. Radiocarbon 18, 16–42 Google Scholar
Bussell, G.D., Pollard, A.M. & Baird, D.C. 1981. The characterisation of Early Bronze Age jet and jet-like material by X-ray fluorescence. Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Magazine 76, 27–32 Google Scholar
Butterworth, C.A. 1992. Excavations at Norton Bavant Borrow Pit, Wiltshire, 1987. Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Magazine 85, 1–26 Google Scholar
Calder, C.S.T. 1955–1996. Report of the discovery of numerous Stone Age house-sites in Shetland. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 89, 340–97Google Scholar
Clarke, D.V., Cowie, T. & Foxon, A. 1985. Symbols of Power at the Time of Stonehenge. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office Google Scholar
Cleal, R. 1991. The finds. In Bellamy, P. 1991, 119 Google Scholar
Clough, T.H.McK. & Cummins, W.A. (eds) 1979. Stone Axe Studies: archaeological, petrological, experimental and ethnographic. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 23Google Scholar
Coles, J. & Taylor, J.J. 1971. The Wessex culture: a minimal view. Antiquity 45, 6–14 Google Scholar
Cruse, J. 2007. Dating the cremation in a Biconical Urn at the Early Bronze Age barrow, Hill Road, Wouldham. Archaeologia Cantiana 127, 163–73Google Scholar
Demakopoulu, K., Eluère, C., Jensen, J., Jockenhövel, A. & Mohen, J-P. (eds) 1998. Gods and Heroes of the Bronze Age: Europe at the time of Ulysses. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark Google Scholar
Drew, C.D. & Piggott, S. 1936. Two Bronze Age barrows, excavated by Mr Edward Cunnington. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society 58, 18–25 Google Scholar
Evans, J. 1897. The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments, of Great Britain (2 edn). London: Longmans, Green & Co Google Scholar
Fenton, M.B. 1988. The petrological identification of stone battle-axes and axe-hammers from Scotland. In Clough, T.H.McK. & Cummins, W.A. (eds), Stone Axe Studies, Volume 2, 92–132. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 67Google Scholar
Fokkens, H. 2001. The periodisation of the Dutch Bronze Age: a critical review. In Metz, W.H., van Beek, B.L. & Steegstra, H. (eds), Patina: Essays presented to Jay Jordan Butler on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, 241–62. Groningen: privately published Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1959. Life and Death in the Bronze Age. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Google Scholar
Gardiner, J., Allen, M.J., Powell, A., Harding, P., Lawson, A.J., Loader, E., McKinley, J.I., Sheridan, A. & Stevens, C. 2007. A matter of life and death: Late Neolithic, Beaker and Early Bronze Age settlement and cemeteries at Thomas Hardye School, Dorchester. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society 128, 17–52 Google Scholar
Gerloff, S. 1975. The Early Bronze Age Daggers in Great Britain. Munich: Prähistorische Bronzefunde, 6(2)Google Scholar
Gibson, A. 2004. Small, but perfectly formed? Some observations on the Bronze Age cups of Scotland. In Gibson, A. & Sheridan, A. (eds), From Sickles to Circles: Britain and Ireland at the Time of Stonehenge, 270–88. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Gibson, A. & Stern, B. 2006. Report on the University of Bradford pilot project into the absorbed residue analysis of Bronze Age pigmy cups from Scotland, England and Wales. In Gibson, A. (ed.), Prehistoric Pottery: some recent research, 69–78. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S1509Google Scholar
Gray, H.StG. & Prideaux, C.S. 1905. Barrow-digging at Martinstown, near Dorchester, 1903. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society 26, 6–39 Google Scholar
Greenwell, W. 1890. Recent researches in barrows in Yorkshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire, etc. Archaeologia 52, 1–72 Google Scholar
Grimes, W.F. 1938. A barrow on Breach Farm, Llanbleddian, Glamorgan. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 4, 107–21Google Scholar
Grinsell, L.V. 1959. Dorset Barrows. Dorchester: Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society Google Scholar
Harbison, P. 1969. The Daggers and Halberds of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland. Münich: Prähistorische Bronzefunde 6(1)Google Scholar
Hartmann, A. 1982. Prähistorische Goldfunde aus Europa, II. Stuttgart: Württembergisches Landesmuseum; Studien zu den Anfängen der Metallurgie 5Google Scholar
Healy, F. 1988. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham, Part VI: Occupation during the Seventh to Second Millennia BC. Gressenhall: East Anglian Archaeology 39Google Scholar
Healy, F. 1997. Communal monuments and burials. In Smith, et al. 1997, 283–94Google Scholar
Healy, F. & Harding, J. (eds). forthcoming. Prehistoric Raunds. London: English Heritage Google Scholar
Henshall, A.S. 1955–1956. Pottery and stone implements. In Calder, 1955–6, 381–97Google Scholar
Henshall, A.S. 1968. Scottish dagger graves. In Coles, J.M. & Simpson, D.D.A. (eds), Studies in Ancient Europe: essays presented to Stuart Piggott, 173–95. Leicester: University Press Google Scholar
Hoare, R.C. 1812. The Ancient History of South Wiltshire. vol.1. London Google Scholar
Hughes, G. 2000. The Lockington Gold Hoard: an Early Bronze Age barrow cemetery at Lockington, Leicestershire. Oxford: Oxbow Google Scholar
Jope, 1966. Archaeological Survey of the County of Down. Belfast: HMSO Google Scholar
Kavanagh, R. 1976. Collared and Cordoned cinerary urns in Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 76(C), 293–403 Google Scholar
Kinnes, I.A., Longworth, I.A., McIntyre, I.M., Needham, S.P. & Oddy, W.A. 1988. Bush Barrow gold. Antiquity 62, 24–39 Google Scholar
Longworth, I.H. 1983. The Whinny Liggate perforated wall cup and its affinities. In O'Connor, A. & Clarke, D.V. (eds), From the Stone Age to the 'Forty-Five: studies presented to R.B.K. Stevenson, 65–86. Edinburgh: John Donald Google Scholar
Longworth, I.H. 1984. Collared Urns of the Bronze Age in Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: University Press Google Scholar
Lukis, W.C. 1867. Notes on barrow-diggings in the Parish of Collingbourne Ducis. Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Magazine 10, 85–103 Google Scholar
Mann, L.M'L. 1922–1923. Discoveries in north-western Wigtownshire: cinerary urn and incense cup and perforated axe-hammer; mould for bronze-winged chisel; whetstone for stone axes; cup-marked rocks and boulder; apron of moss fibres. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 57, 98–107 Google Scholar
Mortimer, J.R. 1905. Forty Years' Researches in British and Saxon Burial Mounds of East Yorkshire. London: Brown Google Scholar
Moutsiou, T. & Salguero Palma, J.L. 2004. Fabrics from Bronze Age Pots: replicas vs. originals. Unpublished MA dissertation, University of Southampton Google Scholar
Munro, R. 1911. On a Bronze Age cemetery and other antiquities at Largs, Ayrshire. Archaeologia 62, 239–50Google Scholar
Needham, S.P. 1988. Selective deposition in the British Early Bronze Age. World Archaeology 20, 229–48Google Scholar
Needham, S.P. 1996. Chronology and periodisation in the British Bronze Age. In Randsborg, K. (ed.), Absolute Chronology: archaeological Europe 2500–500 BC, 121–40. Copenhagen: Acta Archaeologica 67Google Scholar
Needham, 2000a. The gold and copper metalwork. In Hughes, 2000, 23–46 Google Scholar
Needham, 2000b. Power pulses across a cultural divide: cosmologically driven exchange between Armorica and Wessex. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66, 151–207 Google Scholar
Needham, 2000c. The development of embossed goldwork in Bronze Age Europe. Antiquaries Journal 80, 27–65 Google Scholar
Needham, S.P. 2008. Exchange, object biographies and the shaping of identities, 10,000–1000 B.C. In Pollard, J. (ed.), Prehistoric Britain, 310–29. Oxford: Blackwell Google Scholar
Needham, S.P. forthcoming. Encompassing the sea: ‘Maritories’ and Bronze Age maritime interactions. In Clark, P. (ed.), Bronze Age Connections, Proceedings of the Dover 2006 conference Google Scholar
Needham, S.P., Parfitt, K. & Varndell, G. (eds) 2006. The Ringlemere Cup: precious cups and the beginning of the Channel Bronze Age. London: British Museum Research Publication 163Google Scholar
Newall, R.S. 1927–1929. Two shale cups of the Early Bronze Age and other similar cups. Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Magazine 44, 111–7Google Scholar
O'Ríordáin, B. 1997. A Bronze Age cemeterymound atGrange, Co. Roscommon. Journal of Irish Archaeology 8, 43–72 Google Scholar
O'Ríordáin, B. & Waddell, J. 1993. The Funerary Bowls and Vases of the Irish Bronze Age. Galway: University Press Google Scholar
O'Ríordáin, S.P. 1954. Lough Gur excavations: Neolithic and Bronze Age houses of Knockadoon. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 56, 297–459 Google Scholar
O'Sullivan, M. 2005. Tara, the Mound of the Hostages. Bray (Co Wicklow): Wordwell Google Scholar
Piggott, S. 1938. The Early Bronze Age in Wessex. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 4, 52–106 Google Scholar
Piggott, S. & Stewart, M. 1958. Early and Middle Bronze Age Grave-Groups and Hoards from Scotland. Inventaria Archaeologica GB25–34. London: International Union of Prehistoric & Protohistoric Sciences Google Scholar
Randsborg, K. & Christensen, K. 2006. Bronze Age Oak- Coffin Graves. Copenhagen: Acta Archaeologia 77Google Scholar
RCHM 1970. Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. Dorset Volume II. South-East. Part 3. London: HMSO Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1973. Monuments, mobilisation and social organisation in later Neolithic Wessex. In Renfrew, C. (ed.), The Explanation of Culture Change, 539–58. London: Duckworth Google Scholar
Roe, F. 1967. The battle-axes, mace-heads and axe-hammers from south-west Scotland. Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History & Antiquarian Society (3rd series) 44, 57–80 Google Scholar
Roe, F. 1968. Stone mace-heads and the latest Neolithic cultures in the British Isles. In Coles, J.M. & Simpson, D.D.A. (eds), Studies in Ancient Europe: essays presented to Stuart Piggott, 145–72. Leicester: Leicester University Press Google Scholar
Roe, F. 1979. Typlogy of stone implements with shaftholes. In Clough, T.H.McK. & Cummins, W.A. (eds) 1979, 23–48 Google Scholar
Roe, F. & Radley, J. 1967–1970. Pebble mace-heads with hour-glass perforations from Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 42, 169–77Google Scholar
Shell, C.A. & Robinson, P. 1988. The recent reconstruction of the Bush Barrow lozenge plate. Antiquity 62, 248–60Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. 2007a. Unique decorated jet lozenge from Suffolk matches Stonehenge gold. British Archaeology (May/June 2007), 6 Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. 2007b. Dating the Scottish Bronze Age: ‘There is clearly much that the material can still tell us’. In Burgess, C., Topping, P. & Lynch, F. (eds), Beyond Stonehenge: essays on the Bronze Age in honour of Colin Burgess, 162–85. Oxford: Oxbow Google Scholar
Sheridan, A., Kochman, W. & Aranauskis, R. 2003. The grave goods from the Knowes of Trotty, Orkney: reconsideration and replication. In Downes, J. & Ritchie, A. (eds), Sea Change: Orkney and northern Europe in the later Iron Age AD 300–800, 177–87. Angus: Pinkfoot Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. & Shortland, A. 2004 ‘… beads which have given rise to so much dogmatism, controversy and rash speculation’: faience in Early Bronze Age Britain and Ireland. In Shepherd, I.A.G. & Barclay, G.J. (eds), Scotland in Ancient Europe: the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Scotland in their European Context, 263–79. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Google Scholar
Simpson, D.D.A. 1988. The stone maceheads of Ireland. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 118, 27–52 Google Scholar
Simpson, D.D.A. 1989. The stone maceheads of Ireland: part II. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 119, 113–26Google Scholar
Simpson, D.D.A & Coles, J. 1990. Excavations at Grandtully, Perthshire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 120, 33–44 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, I.F. 1979. The chronology of British stone implements. In Clough, & Cummins, (eds) 1979, 13–22 Google Scholar
Smith, M.J.B. 1994. Excavated Bronze Age Burial Mounds of North-east Yorkshire. Durham: Architectural & Archaeological Society of Durham & Northumberland, Research Report 3Google Scholar
Smith, R.A. 1925. The perforated axe-hammers of Britain. Archaeologia 75, 77–108 Google Scholar
Smith, R.J.C. 2000. Excavation of Neolithic and Bronze Age features at the Thomas Hardye (formerly Castlefield) School, Coburg Road, Dorchester, 1994. Proceedings of the Dorset Archaeological & Natural History Society 122, 73–82 Google Scholar
Smith, R.J.C., Healy, F., Allen, M.J., Morris, E.L., Barnes, I. & Woodward, P.J. 1997. Excavations along the Route of the Dorchester By-pass, Dorset 1986–8. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology Report 11Google Scholar
Sparey-Green, C. 1994. Observations on the site of the ‘Two Barrows’, Fordington Farm, Dorchester; with a note on the ‘Conquer Barrow’. Proceedings of the Dorset Archaeological & Natural History Society 116, 45–54 Google Scholar
Taylor, J.J. 1970. The recent discovery of gold pins in the Ridgeway gold pommel. Antiquaries Journal 50, 216–21Google Scholar
Taylor, J.J. 1980. Bronze Age Goldwork of the British Isles. Cambridge: University Press Google Scholar
Thurnam, J. 1871. On ancient British barrows, especially those of Wiltshire and the adjoining counties (part II, round barrows). Archaeologia 43, 285–552 Google Scholar
Van de Noort, R. 2006. Argonauts of the North Sea –a social maritime archaeology for the 2nd millennium BC. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 72, 267–87Google Scholar
Waddell, J. 1990. The Bronze Age Burials of Ireland. Galway: University Press Google Scholar
Whittle, A., Pollard, J. & Grigson, C. 1999. The Harmony of Symbols: the Windmill Hill causewayed enclosure, Wiltshire. Oxford: Oxbow Google Scholar
Woodward, A. 2000. British Barrows, a matter of life and death. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Woodward, A. 2002. Beads and beakers: heirlooms and relics in the British Early Bronze Age. Antiquity 76, 1040–47Google Scholar
Woodward, P. 1991. The South Dorset Ridgeway: survey and excavation 1977–84. Dorchester: Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society Monograph 8Google Scholar
Wootten, L. 1998. Dorset County Museum: Clandon Barrow Assemblage. Conservation Survey for Touring Exhibition Request. Wiltshire County Council (unpublished report)Google Scholar