Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T07:00:27.893Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part IV: Framework for Societal Structures: the Societal Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2015

Marvin L. Birnbaum ,
Elaine K. Daily  and
Ann P. O’Rourke
Marvin L. Birnbaum*
Affiliation:
Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Physiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin USA; Emeritus Editor-in-Chief, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
Elaine K. Daily
Affiliation:
Nursing Section Editor, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine; Executive Secretary, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin USA
Ann P. O’Rourke
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin USA
*
Correspondence: Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhD Suite 407 610 N. Whitney Way Madison, WI 53705 USA E-mail: mbirnbaum@wadem.org
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

For the purposes of research and/or evaluation, a community/society is organized into 13 Societal Systems under the umbrella of an overall Coordination and Control System. This organization facilitates descriptions of a community/society or a component of a community for assessment at any designated time across the Temporal Phases of a disaster. Such assessments provide a picture of the functional status of one or more Systems that comprise a community. Since no system operates in isolation from the other systems, information of the concomitant status of several Societal Systems is crucial to gaining a complete understanding of compromised functions, as well as the effects and side effects of any intervention directed at restoring the functional state of the affected community or risk-reduction interventions of a community-at-risk. The 13 Societal Systems include: (1) Public Health; (2) Medical Care; (3) Water and Sanitation; (4) Shelter and Clothing; (5) Food and Nutrition; (6) Energy Supply; (7) Public Works and Engineering; (8) Social Structures; (9) Logistics and Transportation; (10) Security; (11) Communications; (12) Economy; and (13) Education. Many functions and sub-functions of the Systems overlap, or share some common sub-functions with other systems. For the purposes of research/evaluation, it is necessary to assign functions and sub-functions to only one of the Societal Systems.

Birnbaum ML, Daily EK, O’Rourke AP. Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part IV: Framework for Societal Structures: the Societal Systems. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(6):633–647.

Keywords

assessmentscontrolcoordinationdependenciesdisastereventframeworksocietal systems
Type
Special Reports
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 30 , Issue 6 , December 2015 , pp. 633 - 647
Copyright
© World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

a

Task Force for Quality Control of Disaster Medicine, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Nordic Society for Disaster Medicine. Health Disaster Management Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style. Sundnes KO, Birnbaum ML (eds). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003;17(Supplement 3).

References

1. Task Force for Quality Control of Disaster Medicine, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Nordic Society for Disaster Medicine. Health Disaster Management Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style. Sundnes KO, Birnbaum ML (eds). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003;17(Supplement 3):149.Google Scholar
2. Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of “function.” http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/function?q=function. Accessed February 24, 2013.Google Scholar
3. Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP, Daily, EK. Research and evaluation on the health aspects of disasters, part III: framework for the temporal phases of disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med. In Press.Google Scholar
4. The United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The State of the World’s Children, 2008. http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/. Accessed April 20, 2011.Google Scholar
5. The United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Progress for Children: A Report Card on Maternal Mortality, Number 7; September 2008. http://www.unicef.org/childsurvival/files/Progress_for_Children-No._7_Lo-Res_082008.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2011.Google Scholar
6. Sleight, K. Five Basic Survival Needs of Human Beings. http://www.brighthub.com/environment/science-environmental/articles/123273.aspx. Accessed January 15, 2014.Google Scholar
7. von Schreeb, J, Karlsson, N, Rosling, H. Clinic entrance interviews: a new method to assess after a sudden impact disaster. Open Medicine. 2007;1(3). http://www.openmedicine.ca/article/viewArticle/66/82. Accessed April 17, 2011.Google Scholar
8. The Sphere Project. The Sphere Handbook 2004: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. New York USA: The Sphere Project; 2004.Google Scholar
9. Gunn, SWA. Multilingual Dictionary of Disaster Medicine and International Relief. Boston, Massachusetts USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990.Google Scholar
10. Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of “economy.” http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/economy. Accessed February 24, 2013.Google Scholar
11. Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of “depend.” http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/depend?q=depend. Accessed February 24, 2013.Google Scholar
12. Thompson, D (ed). Definition of “depend.” The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 9th ed. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1995: 361.Google Scholar
13. Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of “dependent.” http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/interdependent. Accessed February 24, 1013.Google Scholar
14. Oyegbite, K. What have we learned? Coordination. (Phuket Papers). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2005;20(6):471-474.Google Scholar
15. Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of “coordination.” http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coordination?q=coordination. Accessed February 24, 2013.Google Scholar
16. Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of “control.” http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/control?q=control. Accessed February 24, 2013.Google Scholar
17. Pan American Health Organization/WHO. SUMA: The WHO/PAHO Supply Management System. http://www.paho.org/english/dd/ped/suma.htm. Accessed February 12, 2013.Google Scholar
18. Foreign Medical Team Working Group, Global Health Cluster/WHO. Improving the Quality of Surgical Trauma Care after Sudden-Onset Disasters, http://who.int/hac/global_health_cluster/fmt/en. Accessed January 15, 2014.Google Scholar
19. Adamson, S. First Aid Response to the Kobe Earthquake, January 17, 1995. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr102.html. Accessed June 15, 2011.Google Scholar
20. World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine. Social Media in Disasters. http://www.wadem.org. In development. September 2015.Google Scholar
21. ABC News. What Is Social Media’s Role in Disasters. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-01/what-is-social-medias-role-in-disasters/4496892. Accessed February 24, 2013.Google Scholar
22. Yeomans, M. Social Media’s Crucial Role in Disaster Relief Efforts. Guardian Professional. November 6, 2012. www.guardian.co.uk/sustainable-business/social-media-hurricane-sandy-emergency-planners. Accessed February 24, 2013.Google Scholar
23. Rubin, M, Heuvelmans, JH, Tomic-Cica, A, Birnbaum, ML. Health-related relief in the former Yugoslavia: needs, demands, and supplies. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2000;15(1):1-11.Google Scholar
24. McGarry, N, Emerson, E, Fink, S, et al. Health aspects of the tsunami disaster in Asia. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2005;20(6):368-377.Google Scholar
25. Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of “authority.” http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/authority?q=authority. Accessed February 24, 2013.Google Scholar
26. Thompson, D (ed). Definition of “resources.” The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 9th ed. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1995: 1172.Google Scholar
27. Emergency and Humanitarian Action, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Tsunami 2004: A Comprehensive Analysis. Au: Birnbaum ML, Kohl PA, Ofrin R, Daily EK. New Delhi, India: SEARO; 2013.Google Scholar
28. Pan-American Health Organization (American Regional Office of WHO (PAHO/WHO)). Evaluation of preparedness and response to Hurricanes Georges and Mitch: conclusions and recommendations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1999;14(2):53-65.Google Scholar
29. Aga Khan, Sadruddin. Improving the Disaster Management Capabilities of the United Nations. New York, USA: UNA-USA; 1988.Google Scholar
30. Pant, AT, Kirsch, TD, Subbarao, IR, et al. Faith-based organizations and sustainable sheltering operations in Mississippi after Hurricane Katrina: implications for informal network utilization. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2008;23(1):48-54.Google Scholar
31. Tsunami Evaluation Coalition. Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report; July 2006. Tsunami Evaluation Coalition: London, UK; 2006.Google Scholar
32. UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA): Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa. Accessed February 17, 2013.Google Scholar
33. World Health Organization, Health Actions in Crises, Global Health Cluster, Inter-Agency Standing Committee of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Health Cluster Guide: A Practical Guide for Country-Level Implementation of the Health Cluster. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2009. http://www.who.int/hac/global_health_cluster/guide/en/index.html. Accessed June 21, 2011.Google Scholar
34. Global Humanitarian Reform. A Brief Overview of the Humanitarian Reforms. http://www.globalhumanitarianplatform.org/doc00001833.html. Accessed February 13, 2013.Google Scholar
35. SCHR, InterAction, ICVA. The IASC Transformative Agenda. Information Note for NGOs. http://www.icva.ch/doc00005268.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2013.Google Scholar
36. Western Pacific Regional Office of WHO. First Regional Health Cluster Forum on Humanitarian Emergencies. http://www.wpro.who.int/emergencies_disaster/documents/first_regional_health_cluster_forum_report.pdf. Accessed February 21, 2013.Google Scholar
37. Western Pacific Regional Office of WHO. Informal Consultation on Information and Preliminary Assessments for Immediate Response to Humanitarian Emergencies and Disasters; August 02-03, 2012. http://wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/meetings_ESR./Meeting_Risk_Assessment_Tools_2012/en/index.html. Accessed February 21, 2013.Google Scholar
38. South East Asia Regional Offices of WHO (SEARO/WHO). Health aspects of disaster preparedness and response: report from a regional meeting of countries of South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand; November 21-23, 2005. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2006;21(S3):s62-s78.Google Scholar
39. South East Asia Regional Offices of WHO. Benchmarking Emergency Preparedness. http://203.90.70.117/PDS.docs/B2074.pdf. Accessed June 26, 2013.Google Scholar
40. Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Resilient People, Resilient Planet. Chair’s Summary, Fourth Session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland; May 21-23, 2013. http://www.ifrc.org/docs/IDRL/33306_finalchairssummaryoffourthsessionof.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2013.Google Scholar
41. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai-framework. Accessed August 31, 2015.Google Scholar
42. Steets, J, Grünewald, F, Binder, A, et al. Cluster Approach Evaluation 2: Synthesis Report. http://www.gppi.net/consulting/Cluster_approach/. Accessed November 21, 2012.Google Scholar
43. Global Health Cluster. 18th Global Health Cluster Partner Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland; December 10-11, 2014. Note for the record. http://www.who.int/hac/global_health_cluster/about/ghc_meeting_11december2014.pdf?ua=1. Accessed August 31, 2015.Google Scholar
44. Global Health Cluster, World Health Organization, Humanitarian Health Action. Foreign Medical Team Working Group. Improving the Quality of Surgical Trauma Care after Sudden Onset Disasters. http://www.who.int/hac/global_health_cluster/fmt/en/. Accessed February 7, 2015.Google Scholar
45. Norton, I, von Schreeb, J, Aitken, P, Herard, P, Lajolo, C. Foreign Medical Teams Working Group, Global Health Cluster. Classification and Minimum Standards for Foreign Medical Teams in Sudden Onset Disasters. http://www.who.int/hac/global_health_cluster/fmt_guidelines_september2013.pd. Accessed February 7, 2015.Google Scholar
46. Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP, Daily, EK. Research and evaluation on the health aspects of disasters, part IX: risk-reduction interventions and framework. Prehosp Disaster Med. In Press.Google Scholar
47. National Kidney Foundation. Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Diabetes in Chronic Kidney Disease. 2006. http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guideline_diabetes/pdf/guidelineRevDiabetesFull.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2011.Google Scholar
48. Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP, Daily, EK. Research and evaluation in the health aspects of disasters, part VII: interventional research and the Disaster Logic Model. Prehosp Disaster Med. In Press.Google Scholar