Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2xdlg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-21T23:56:27.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Novel Respiratory Viruses in the Context of Mass-Gathering Events: A Systematic Review to Inform Event Planning from a Health Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2021

Jamie Ranse Open the ORCID record for Jamie Ranse [Opens in a new window] ,
Deborah Beckwith ,
Anas Khan Open the ORCID record for Anas Khan [Opens in a new window] ,
Saber Yezli ,
Attila J. Hertelendy Open the ORCID record for Attila J. Hertelendy [Opens in a new window] ,
Alison Hutton Open the ORCID record for Alison Hutton [Opens in a new window]  and
Peta-Anne Zimmerman Open the ORCID record for Peta-Anne Zimmerman [Opens in a new window]
Jamie Ranse*
Affiliation:
Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Deborah Beckwith
Affiliation:
Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Anas Khan
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Saber Yezli
Affiliation:
Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Attila J. Hertelendy
Affiliation:
Fellowship in Disaster Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA College of Business, Florida International University, Miami, Florida USA
Alison Hutton
Affiliation:
School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Peta-Anne Zimmerman
Affiliation:
Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Department of Infection Control, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
*
Correspondence: Jamie Ranse, RN, PhD, Griffith University, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan Queensland 4222 Australia, E-mail: jamie@jamieranse.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Mass-gathering events (MGEs) occur regularly throughout the world. As people congregate at MGEs, there is an increased risk of transmission of communicable diseases. Novel respiratory viruses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Influenza A Virus Subtype H1N1 Strain 2009 (H1N1pdm09), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), or Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), may require specific infection prevention and control strategies to minimize the risk of transmission when planning MGEs. This literature review aimed to identify and analyze papers relating to novel respiratory viruses with pandemic potential and to inform MGE planning.

Method:

This paper used a systematic literature review method. Various health care databases were searched using keywords relating to MGEs and novel respiratory viruses. Information was extracted from identified papers into various tables for analysis. The analysis identified infection prevention and control strategies used at MGEs to inform planning before, during, and following events.

Results:

In total, 27 papers met the criteria for inclusion. No papers were identified regarding SARS-CoV-1, while the remainder reported on H1N1pdm09 (n = 9), MERS-CoV (n = 15), and SARS-CoV-2 (n = 3). Various before, during, and after event mitigation strategies were identified that can be implemented for future events.

Conclusions:

This literature review provided an overview of the novel respiratory virus epidemiology at MGEs alongside related public health mitigation strategies that have been implemented at these events. This paper also discusses the health security of event participants and host communities in the context of cancelling, postponing, and modifying events due to a novel respiratory virus. In particular, ways to recommence events incorporating various mitigation strategies are outlined.

Keywords

COVID-19H1N1infectious diseasemass gatheringMERSnovelSARS
Type
Systematic Review
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 36 , Issue 5 , October 2021 , pp. 599 - 610
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

World Health Organization (WHO). International Health Regulations, 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005. ISBN 9789241580496.Google Scholar
Ranse, J, Hutton, A, Keene, T, et al. Health service impact from mass gatherings: a systematic literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(1):71–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, A, Turris, SA, Bowles, R, et al. Mass-gathering health research foundational theory: part 1-population models for mass gatherings. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):648–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranse, J, Hutton, A, Turris, SA, Lund, A. Enhancing the minimum data set for mass-gathering research and evaluation: an integrative literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):280–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, A, Ranse, J, Gray, KL, Turris, SA, Lund, A, Munn, MB. Environmental influences on patient presentations: considerations for research and evaluation at mass-gathering events. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(5):552–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutton, A, Ranse, J, Gray, KL, Turris, S, Lund, A, Munn, MB. Psychosocial influences on patient presentations: considerations for research and evaluation at mass-gathering events. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020;35(2):197–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmed, QA, Arabi, YM, Memish, ZA. Health risks at the Hajj. Lancet. 2006;367(9515):1008–1015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gautret, P, Steffen, R. Communicable diseases as health risks at mass gatherings other than Hajj: what is the evidence? Int J Infect Dis. 2016;47:46–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Tawfiq, JA, Benkouiten, S, Memish, ZA. A systematic review of emerging respiratory viruses at the Hajj and possible coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2018;23:6–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rota, PA, Oberste, MS, Monroe, SS, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science. 2003;300(5624):1394–1399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan-Yeung, M, Xu, RH. SARS: Epidemiology. Respirology. 2003;8:S9–S14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawood, FS, Iuliano, AD, Reed, C, et al. Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(9):687–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnelly, CA, Malik, MR, Elkholy, A, Cauchemez, S, Van Kerkhove, MD. Worldwide reduction in MERS cases and deaths since 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(9):1758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (WHO). MERS situation update, January 2020. http://www.emro.who.int/pandemic-epidemic-diseases/mers-cov/mers-situation-update-january-2020.html. Accessed November 25, 2020.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). Statement on the third meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/01-05-2020-statement-on-the-third-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19). Accessed November 25, 2020.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). Weekly Operational Update on COVID-19: November 24, 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---24-november-2020. Accessed November 25, 2020.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG, Prisma, Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutton, A, Savage, C, Ranse, J, Finnell, D, Kub, J. The use of Haddon’s matrix to plan for injury and illness prevention at outdoor music festivals. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(2):175–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (WHO). The 10 Essential Public Health Operations. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Health-systems/public-health-services/policy/the-10-essential-public-health-operations. Accessed November 25, 2020.Google Scholar
Blyth, CC, Foo, H, van Hal, SJ, et al. Influenza outbreaks during World Youth Day 2008 mass gathering. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(5):809–815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gutiérrez, I, Litzroth, A, Hammadi, S, et al. Community transmission of influenza A (H1N1) virus at a rock festival in Belgium, 2-5 July 2009. Eurosurveillance. 2009;14(31):19294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddad, N, Ammar, W, Khoury, A, Cox, A, Ghosn, N. Lebanon’s experience in surveillance of communicable diseases during a mass gathering: Sixth Francophone Games, 2009. East Mediterr Health J. 2017;23(2):118–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kousoulis, AA, Sergentanis, TN, Tsiodras, S. 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic among professional basketball players: data from 18 countries. Le Infezioni in Medicina. 2014;4:302–308.Google Scholar
Loncarevic, G, Payne, L, Kon, P, et al. Public health preparedness for two mass gathering events in the context of pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009-Serbia, July 2009. Eurosurveillance. 2009;14(31):19296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Memish, ZA, Assiri, AM, Alshehri, M, Hussain, R, Alomar, I. The prevalence of respiratory viruses among healthcare workers serving pilgrims in Makkah during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. Trav Med Infect Dis. 2012;10:18–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Memish, ZA, Assiri, AM, Hussain, R, Alomar, I, Stephens, G. Detection of respiratory viruses among pilgrims in Saudi Arabia during the time of a declared influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. J Trav Med. 2012;19(1):15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moattari, A, Emami, A, Moghadami, M, Honarvar, B. Influenza viral infections among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims returning to Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012;6(6):e77–e79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziyaeyan, M, Alborzi, A, Jamalidoust, M, et al. Pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection among 2009 Hajj Pilgrims from Southern Iran: a real-time RT-PCR-based study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012;6(6):e80–e84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gautret, P, Charrel, R, Belhouchat, K, et al. Lack of nasal carriage of novel corona virus (HCoV-EMC) in French Hajj pilgrims returning from the Hajj 2012, despite a high rate of respiratory symptoms. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(7):E315–E317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Annan, A, Owusu, M, Marfo, KS, et al. High prevalence of common respiratory viruses and no evidence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hajj pilgrims returning to Ghana, 2013. Trop Med Internat Health. 2015;20(6):807–812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atabani, SF, Wilson, S, Overton-Lewis, C, et al. Active screening and surveillance in the United Kingdom for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in returning travelers and pilgrims from the middle east: a prospective descriptive study for the period 2013–2015. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;47(C):10–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barasheed, O, Rashid, H, Alfelali, M, et al. Viral respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims in 2013. Virologica Sinica. 2014;29:364–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benkouiten, S, Charrel, R, Belhouchat, K, et al. Respiratory viruses and bacteria among pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(11):1821–1827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, X, Liu, F, Liu, L, et al. No MERS-CoV but positive influenza viruses in returning Hajj pilgrims, China, 2013–2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:715–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Memish, ZA, Almasri, M, Turkestani, A, Al-Shangiti, AM, Yezli, S. Etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia during the 2013 Hajj—part of the MERS-CoV surveillance program. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;25:186–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Memish, ZA, Assiri, A, Almasri, M, et al. Prevalence of MERS-CoV nasal carriage and compliance with the Saudi health recommendations among Pilgrims attending the 2013 Hajj. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:1067–1072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Memish, ZA, Assiri, A, Turkestani, A, et al. Mass gathering and globalization of respiratory pathogens during the 2013 Hajj. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(6):271e1–271e8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muraduzzaman, AKM, Khan, MH, Parveen, R, et al. Event based surveillance of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Bangladesh among pilgrims and travelers from the Middle East: an update for the period 2013–2016. PloS One. 2018;13(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yavarian, J, Jandaghi, NZS, Naseri, M, et al. Influenza virus but not MERS coronavirus circulation in Iran, 2013–2016: comparison between pilgrims and general population. Trav Med Infect Dis. 2018;21:51–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Abdallat, MM, Rha, B, Alqasrawi, S, et al. Acute respiratory infections among returning Hajj pilgrims—Jordan, 2014. J Clin Virol. 2017;89:34–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hashem, AM, Al-Subhi, TL, Badroon, NA, et al. MERS-CoV, influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 Hajj season. J Med Virol. 2018;91:911–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koul, P, Mir, H, Saha, S, et al. Respiratory viruses in returning hajj & umrah pilgrims with acute respiratory illness in 2014-2015. Indian J Med Res. 2018;148(3):329–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amin, M, Bakhtiar, A, Subarjo, M, et al. Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among febrile Indonesian Hajj pilgrims: a study on 28,197 returning pilgrims. J Infect Prev. 2018;19(5):236–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furuse, Y, Sando, E, Tsuchiya, N, et al. Clusters of coronavirus disease in communities, Japan, January-April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(9).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mat, NFC, Edinur, HA, Razab, MKAA, Safuan, S. A single mass gathering resulted in massive transmission of COVID-19 infections in Malaysia with further international spread. J Trav Med. 2020;27:1–4.Google Scholar
Pavli, A, Smeti, P, Papadima, K, et al. A cluster of COVID-19 in pilgrims to Israel. J Trav Med. 2020;27(5):taaa102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCloskey, B, Zumla, A, Ippolito, G, et al. Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: a political and public health dilemma. Lancet. 2020;395(10230):1096–1099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmed, QA, Memish, ZA. The cancellation of mass gatherings (MGs)? Decision making in the time of COVID-19. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34:101631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebrahim, SH, Memish, ZA. COVID-19–the role of mass gatherings. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34;101617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bieh, K, ElGanainy, A, Yezli, S, et al. Health risk assessment at mass gatherings: a report of the camel festival in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2019;25(9):647–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khorram-Manesh, A, Berner, A, Carlström, E. Facilitating multiagency collaboration before mass gatherings: the development of MAGRAT (Mass Gathering Risk Assessment Tool). Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2020;24(5):18607–18616.Google Scholar
Yezli, S, Khan, AA. The Jeddah tool: a health risk assessment framework for mass gatherings. Saudi Med J. 2020;41(2):121–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (WHO). Mass gathering COVID-19 risk assessment tool: generic events. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-333185. Accessed November 25, 2020.Google Scholar
Ranse, J, Hutton, A. Minimum data set for mass-gathering health research and evaluation: a discussion paper. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):543–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed