Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T11:53:10.307Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Protocol to Strengthen the Btwc: An Integrated Regime

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Graham S. Pearson
Graham S. Pearson*
Affiliation:
University of Bradford, United Kingdom
Get access

Abstract

The Ad Hoc Group established in 1994 to draft proposals to strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention through a legally binding instrument has now met twelve times. Its negotiations successfully transitioned in July 1997 to consideration of a draft protocol, the sixth version of which has now been produced. Five meetings totalling sixteen weeks are agreed for 1999, and there is clear global political will to complete the negotiations. All the essential elements for the protocol are now in the rolling text—mandatory declarations, visits (both focused and random), and compliance concern investigations, together with measures to strengthen the implementation of Article X (cooperation for peaceful purposes) and other articles of the BTWC. This article examines how the integrated regime has a considerable synergistic effect that will, over time, build confidence in compliance with the convention; ensure that uncertainties, anomalies, and concerns are swiftly investigated; and improve the implementation of the convention.

Type
Prohibiting Biological Weapons
Information
Politics and the Life Sciences , Volume 17 , Issue 2 , September 1998 , pp. 189 - 201
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Austria and the United Kingdom (1998). “Industry and Declarations.” UK Presidency and the European Commission: The BWC and the Pharmaceutical Industry, May 13, Brussels.Google Scholar
Campbell, J.B. (1998). Address by the Permanent Representative of Australia to the Conference of Disarmament, His Excellency Mr. John B Campbell to the BWC Ad Hoc Group, March 9, Australian Permanent Mission, Geneva.Google Scholar
Dando, M.R. (1998). “The Strengthened BTWC Protocol: Implications for the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 17, October, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc.Google Scholar
EFTA Secretariat (1997). “Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products.” Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention---Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme (PIC---PIC/S), Document PH 1/97, February, Geneva.Google Scholar
European Community (1997). “Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products.” Reproduced in Medicines Control Agency, Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors 1997. London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Feakes, D. (1999). “The Future BTWC Organisation: Some Observations from the OPCW.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No. 19, January, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc.Google Scholar
Federation of American Scientists (1997). “Estimate of the Number of Declared Facilities.” Working Group on BW Verification, revised September.Google Scholar
Federation of American Scientists (1998). “The Structure and Costs of a BWC Organization.” Working Group on BW Verification, September.Google Scholar
Fidler, D.P. (1998). “Legal Measures for the Protection of Confidential Information in the January 1998 Rolling Text of the Proposed BWC Protocol.” Washington, DC: Federation of American Scientists, March.Google Scholar
G8 Foreign Ministers (1998). Conclusions of G8 Foreign Ministers, May 9, London. Available athttp://birmingham.g8summit.gov.uk.Google Scholar
Hunger, I. (1996). “Article V: Confidence Building Measures.” In Pearson, G.S. and Dando, M.R. (eds.), Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: Key Points for the Fourth Review Conference. University of Bradford, September 1996. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc.Google Scholar
Hunger, I. (1998). Private communication, Max Delbruck Center, Berlin, April.Google Scholar
Kenyon, I.R. (1998). “Non-Compliance Concern Investigations: Initiation Procedures.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 15, October, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc.Google Scholar
Leitenberg, M. (1996). “Biological Weapons Arms Control.” Contemporary Security Policy 17 (1):1–79.Google Scholar
Lloyd, T. (1998). “Time to Accept the Realities of the Control of Biological Weapons.” Address by Mr. Tony Lloyd, Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 11th Ad Hoc Group Session, June 22, Geneva.Google Scholar
MacEachin, D.J. (1998). “Routine and Challenge: Two Pillars of Verification.” CBW Conventions Bulletin 39 (March): 1–3.Google Scholar
Mision Permanente de Colombia (1998). Statement by the Non-Aligned Movement and other countries, March 13, Geneva.Google Scholar
Non-Aligned Movement (1998a). Communiqué. Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement, May 19--20, Cartagena de Indias, Columbia: para 107. Available athttp://www.nam.gov.Za/cartagena98.html.Google Scholar
Non-Aligned Movement (1998b). The Final Document of the XIIth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, September 2--3, Durban, South Africa: para 128. Available athttp://www.nam.gov.Za/finaldocument.html.Google Scholar
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (1997). “Report of the Organisation on the Implementation of the Convention (29 April - 28 October 1997).” Conference of States Parties C-II/2/Rev. 2, December 5.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1997a). “Discriminating Triggers for Mandatory Declarations.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 3, September, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk.acad.sbtwco.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1997b). “The Necessity for Non-Challenge Visits.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 2, September, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk.acad.sbtwco.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1997c). “Past Biological Weapons Facilities: An Opportunity for the Ad Hoc Group.” ASA Newsletter 97-6 (December 4):1, 16–17.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998a). “Article X: Further Building Blocks.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 7, March, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk.acad.sbtwco.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998b). “An Optimum Organization.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No. 4, January, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998c). “Article X: Some Building Blocks.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 6, March, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk.acad.sbtwco.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998d). “Article X: Specific Measures to Achieve Implementation.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 9, July, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk.acad.sbtwco.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998e). “Article III: Further Building Blocks.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 13, October, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk.acad.sbtwco.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998f). “Article III: Some Building Blocks.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 12, October, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk.acad.sbtwco.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998g). “A Lean Organization to Strengthen the Biological Weapons Convention.” CBW Conventions Bulletin 39 (March):5–12.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998h). “Article X: Pharmaceutical Building Blocks.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No 8, July, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk.acad.sbtwco.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. (1998i). “How to Make Microbes Safer.” Nature 394 (July 16):217–18.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. and Dando, M.R. (1999). “Visits: An Essential and Effective Pillar.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No. 18, January, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc.Google Scholar
Pearson, G.S. and Sims, N.A. (1998). “National Implementation Measures.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No. 4, January, Bradford; and “National Implementation Measures.” University of Bradford Briefing Paper No. 14, October, Bradford. Available athttp://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc.Google Scholar
United Nations (1992). The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, BWC/CONF.III/23, September 9--27, 1991, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1993). Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, United Nations 93-05070.Google Scholar
United Nations (1994). Special Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, Final Report, BWC/SPCONF/1, September 19--30, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1996). The Fourth Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, BWC/CONF. IV/9, November 25 - December 6, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998a). Working Paper submitted by Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States, BWC/AD HOC GROUP/WP. 296, July 10.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998b). Working Paper submitted by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on behalf of the European Union, BWC/AD HOC GROUP/WP. 272, March 9, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998c). United Kingdom Working Paper, “Report on a Visit to a Pharmaceutical Research Facility.” BWC/AD HOC GROUP/WP. 258, January 9, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998d). Working Paper submitted by Austria, “Report of an International Trial Random Visit, Conducted in Austria, August 10--11, 1998.” BWC/AD HOC GROUP/WP. 310, September 23, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998e). Working Paper submitted by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, “Report on a Trial Random Visit to a Pharmaceutical Production Facility.” BWC/AD HOC GROUP/WP. 298, August 21, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998f). Group of NAM and other countries Working Paper, “Investigations: Exclusion of All Natural Outbreaks of Disease.” BWC/AD HOC GROUP/WP. 262, January 23, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998g). Procedural Report of the Ad Hoc Group of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, BWC/AD HOC GROUP/43, October 15, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998h). Working Paper submitted by Australia, “Declaration of the Informal Ministerial Meeting on the Negotiation Towards Conclusion of the Protocol to Strengthen the Biological Weapons Convention.” BWC/AD HOC GROUP/WP. 324, October 9, Geneva.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998i). Procedural Report of the Ad Hoc Group of the States Parties to the Convention on the prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, BWC/AD HOC GROUP/41, July 16, Geneva.Google Scholar
United States Information Agency (1998a). “Text: Clinton/Yeltsin on Protocol to Convention on Bio Weapons.” September 2, Moscow. Available athttp://www.usia.gov/Google Scholar
United States Information Agency (1998b). “Text: US-China Joint Statement on Biological Weapons.” June 27, Beijing. Available athttp://www.usia.gov/regional/ea/uschina/bioweps.htm.Google Scholar
Wheelis, M. (1999). “Investigation of Suspicious Outbreaks of Disease: Implications for Biological Arms Control.” In Zilinskas, R.A. (ed), Biological Warfare. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
The White House (1998a). Fact Sheet, “The Biological Weapons Convention.” Office of the Press Secretary, January 27, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
The White House (1998b). “Press Briefing by National Security Advisor Sandy Berger.” Office of the Press Secretary, April 18, Santiago, Chile.Google Scholar
The White House (1998c). “Remarks by the President at the United States Naval Academy Commencement.” Office of the Press Secretary, May 22, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1992). Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Products, Annex 2 of WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, Thirty-second report, WHO Technical Report Series 823, Geneva.Google Scholar