Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T06:02:24.660Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Note on the Determinants of the Regulation of Religion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2016

Elina Schleutker*
Affiliation:
University of Freiburg, Germany
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Elina Schleutker, Seminar für Wissenschaftliche Politik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 12, 79085 Freiburg, Germany. E-mail: elina.schleutker@politik.uni-freiburg.de

Abstract

The existing studies on the determinants of the regulation of religion are based on the theories of modernization, clash of civilizations, and economics of religion, which do not properly take into account the potential impact of the political environment. The current study aims to address this gap in the research. It discusses some of the ways in which the differences in the political environment in autocratic and democratic countries might influence the regulation of religion. The results of the descriptive analysis for ca. 150 countries show that there is more variation in regulation of religion among the autocratic countries than among the democratic ones, and that in the autocratic countries there is a clear association between patterns of legitimation and regulation. The results on the association between the constitutional structure of the democratic countries and regulation of religion are ambiguous.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to thank the editors and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the earlier drafts of the paper. I would also like to thank Steffen Kailitz for the access to his data, and Catherine Sommer for her help with language editing.

References

REFERENCES

Association of Religion Data Archives. 2014. “International Religious Freedom Data for 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2008.” www.thearda.com (Accessed on November 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J., and McCleary, Rachel M.. 2005. “Which Countries have State Religions?Quarterly Journal of Economics 120:13311370.Google Scholar
Ben-Nun Bloom, Pazit. 2015. “State-Level Restriction of Religious Freedom and Women's Rights: A Global Analysis.” Political Studies doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12212.Google Scholar
Brathwaite, Robert, and Bramsen, Andrew. 2011. “Reconceptualizing Church and State: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Separation of Religion and State on Democracy.” Politics and Religion 4:229263.10.1017/S1755048311000137Google Scholar
Brathwaite, Robert Thuan. 2015. “Social Distortion: Democracy and Social Aspects of Religion-State Separation.” Journal of Church and State 57:310332.Google Scholar
Brooker, Paul. 2014. “Authoritarian Regimes.” In Comparative Politics, ed. Caramani, Daniele. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 96109.Google Scholar
Buckley, David T., and Mantilla, Luis Felipe. 2013. “God and Governance: Development, State Capacity, and the Regulation of Religion.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52:328348.Google Scholar
Carol, Sarah, and Koopmans, Ruud. 2013. “Dynamics of Contestation over Islamic Religious Rights in Western Europe.” Ethnicities 13:165190.10.1177/1468796812470893Google Scholar
Cheibub, José Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143:67101.10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2004. “The Promise of Democratic Pacification: An Empirical Assessment.” International Studies Quarterly 48:539560.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2007. “State Repression and the Tyrannical PeaceJournal of Peace Research 44:485504.Google Scholar
Driessen, Michael D. 2010. “Religion, State, and Democracy: Analyzing Two Dimensions of Church-State Arrangements.” Politics and Religion 3:5580.Google Scholar
Finke, Roger. 2013. “Origins and Consequences of Religious Freedoms: A Global Overview.” Sociology of Religion 74:297313.Google Scholar
Finke, Roger, and Martin, Robert R.. 2014. “Ensuring Liberties: Understanding State Restrictions on Religious Freedoms.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 53:687705.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2006. “World Separation of Religion and State into the 21st Century.” Comparative Political Studies 39:537569.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2007. “Do Democracies have Separation of Religion and State?Canadian Journal of Political Science 40:125.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2008. A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511993039Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2012a. “Religion and State Codebook: Round 2 (version 5).” www.thearda.com (Accessed on November 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2012b. “Conclusion”. In: Religion, Politics, Society, and the State, ed. Jonathan, Fox. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 2013. An Introduction to Religion and Politics Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Frantz, Erica, and Kendall-Taylor, Andrea. (2014. “A Dictator's Toolkit: Understanding how Co-Optation Affects-Repression in Autocracies.” Journal of Peace Research 51:332346.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40:12791301.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?Annual Review of Political Science 2:115144.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12:313331.Google Scholar
Gerring, John, and Thacker, Strom C.. 2004. “Political Institutions and Corruption: The Role of Unitarism and Parliamentarism.” British Journal of Political Science 34:295330.Google Scholar
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2013. “The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-Optation in Autocratic Regimes.” Democratization 20:1338.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 2001. “Religion and Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 4:117138.10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.117Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. 2008. The Political Origins of Religious Liberty. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gorski, Philip S., and Altinordu, Ates. 2008. “After Secularization?Annual Review of Sociology 34:5585.Google Scholar
Grim, Brian J., and Finke, Roger. 2006. “International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism, and Social Regulation of Religion.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 2:140.Google Scholar
Grim, Brian J., and Finke, Roger. 2007. “Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?American Sociological Review 72:633658.Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2012. “Why Comparative Politics Should Take Religion (More) Seriously?The Annual Review of Political Science 15:421442.10.1146/annurev-polisci-033110-130442Google Scholar
Gustafsson, Göran. 2003. “Church-State Separation Swedish-Style.” West European Politics 26:5172.10.1080/01402380412331300197Google Scholar
Hadenius, Axel, and Teorell, Jan. 2007. “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18:143157.Google Scholar
Henne, Peter S. 2013. “The Domestic Politics of International Religious Defamation.” Politics and Religion 6:512537.10.1017/S1755048312000594Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?Foreign Affairs 72:2249.10.2307/20045621Google Scholar
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. 1997. The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.Google Scholar
Kailitz, Steffen. 2013. “Classifying Political Regimes Revisited: Legitimation and Durability.” Democratization 20:3960.Google Scholar
Kailitz, Steffen. 2015. Political Regimes Code Book. Version 1.3Google Scholar
Kettell, Steven. 2013. “State Religion and Freedom: A Comparative Analysis.” Politics and Religion 6:538569.Google Scholar
Kim, Wonik, and Gandhi, Jennifer. 2010. “Coopting Workers under Dictatorship.” The Journal of Politics 72:646658.10.1017/S0022381610000071Google Scholar
Kolbe, Melanie, and Henne, Peter S.. 2014. “The Effect of Religious Restrictions on Forced Migration.” Politics and Religion 7:665683.10.1017/S1755048314000522Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 2012. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein. 1967. “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments, eds. Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., and Cole, Benjamin R.. 2014. Global Report 2014 Conflict, Governance, and State Fragility. Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace.Google Scholar
Manow, Philip. 2009. “Electoral Rules, Class Coalitions and Welfare State Regimes, or How to Explain Esping-Andersen with Stein Rokkan.” Socio-Economic Review 7:101121.10.1093/ser/mwn022Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., and Gurr, Ted Robert. 2014. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2013. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm (Accessed on November 11, 2014).Google Scholar
Minkenberg, Michael. 2012. “Church-State Regimes and Democracy in the West: Convergence vs. Divergence.” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 4:76106.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald. 2004. Sacred and Secular Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2009. Global Restrictions on Religion. Washington DC: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2007. “Explaining the Political Ambivalence of Religion.” American Political Science Review 101:505525.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2009. “Has the Study of Global Politics Found Religion?Annual Review of Political Science 12:183202.10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.053006.125448Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 1996. “The New Politics of the Welfare State.” World Politics 48:143179.10.1353/wp.1996.0004Google Scholar
Rose, Richard. 1990. “Inheritance Before Choice in Public Policy.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 2:263291.Google Scholar
SAP Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti. 1897. Program för Sverges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti. Antaget på 4:de partikongressen i Stockholm den, 4 juli.Google Scholar
Sarkissian, Ani. 2012. “Religious Regulation and the Muslim Democracy Gap.” Politics and Religion 5:501527.10.1017/S1755048312000284Google Scholar
Schmidt, Manfred G. 2010. “Parties.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State, eds. Castles, Francis G., Leibfried, Stefan, Lewis, Jane, Obinger, Herbert, and Pierson, Christopher. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Soper, J. Christopher, and Fetzer, Joel S.. 2007. “Religious Institutions, Church-State History and Muslim Mobilisation in Britain, France and Germany.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33:933944.Google Scholar
Stark, Rodney, and Iannaccone, Laurence R.. 1994. “A Supply-Side Reinterpretation of the ‘Secularization’ of Europe.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33:230252.Google Scholar
Taagepera, Rein. 2003. “Arend Lijphart's Dimensions of Democracy: Logical Connections and Institutional Design.” Political Studies 51:119.Google Scholar
Traunmüller, Richard. 2012. “Zur Messung von Staat-Kirche-Beziehungen: Eine vergleichende Analyse neuer Indizes (Measuring church-state-relations: a comparative analysis of new indices).” Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 6:207231.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2014. “World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.” http://esa.un.org/wpp (Accessed on November 11, 2014).Google Scholar
Wald, Kenneth D., and Wilcox, Clyde. 2006. “Getting Religion: Has Political Science Rediscovered the Faith Factor?American Political Science Review 100:523529.10.1017/S0003055406062381Google Scholar
Wenzelburger, Georg, and Neumann, Frieder. 2015. “Vergleichende Staatstätigkeitsforschung: Entwicklungslinien – Heidelberger Schule – integrative Erklärungsansätze(Comparative public policy research: Trends – Heidelberg school – integrative theories).” In Einführung in die Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft Institutionen - Akteure -Policies, eds. Wagschal, Uwe, Jäckle, Sebastian, and Wenzelburger, Georg. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag.Google Scholar