Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T16:29:05.370Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The influence of transmission season on parasitological cure rates and intensity of infection after praziquantel treatment of Schistosoma haematobium-infected schoolchildren in Mozambique

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2009

G. AUGUSTO ,
P. MAGNUSSEN ,
T. K. KRISTENSEN ,
C. C. APPLETON  and
B. J. VENNERVALD
G. AUGUSTO*
Affiliation:
Instituto Nacional de Saúde – Ministério da Saúde, Av. Eduardo MondlaneNo. 1008 Caixa Postal 264, Maputo, Moçambique
P. MAGNUSSEN
Affiliation:
Institute for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
T. K. KRISTENSEN
Affiliation:
Institute for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
C. C. APPLETON
Affiliation:
School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
B. J. VENNERVALD
Affiliation:
Institute for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
*
*Corresponding author: Gerito Augusto, Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS) Ministério da Saúde, Av. Eduardo MondlaneNo. 1008 Caixa Postal 264, Maputo, Moçambique. Tel.: +258 21431103, Fax: +258 21431103. E-mail: geritoaugusto@hotmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Schistosoma haematobium is refractory to praziquantel (PZQ) during the prepatent period of infection. A hypothesis based on this observation is that in areas where S. haematobium transmission is seasonal, the outcome of chemotherapy depends on the timing of the treatment relative to the annual transmission pattern. To examine this hypothesis, a study was carried out in southern Mozambique. Following demonstration of seasonal transmission, PZQ was administered separately to two cohorts of S. haematobium-infected schoolchildren in (1) the high and (2) the low transmission seasons and followed up after two months when levels of infection and intensities were measured. The prevalence of infection decreased from 54·2% and 51·7% in cohorts 1 and 2 to 30·3% and 1·8%, respectively. The geometric mean intensity of infection decreased from 23·3 eggs/10 ml of urine at baseline to 15·6 eggs/10 ml of urine in cohort 1 (treated during high transmission season), and from 23·5 eggs/10 ml urine to 7·3 eggs/10 ml of urine in cohort 2 (treated during low transmission season). The observed cure rates in cohorts 1 and 2 were 69·7% and 98·2%, respectively. Differences in infection between the cohorts in terms of cure rate and level of infection two months post-treatment were statistically significant and indicate that in areas with a seasonal transmission pattern, the effect of PZQ can be enhanced if treatment takes place during the low transmission season. We conclude that appropriately timed PZQ administration will increase the impact of schistosomiasis control programmes.

Keywords

SchistosomiasisSchistosoma haematobiumtransmission seasonpraziquanteltreatment outcomecure rateMozambique
Type
SECTION 3 PROGRAMMATIC OPTIMISATION OF DRUG DELIVERY
Information
Parasitology , Volume 136 , Special Issue 13: Control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa , November 2009 , pp. 1771 - 1779
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abu-Elyazeed, R. R., Mansour, N. S., Youssef, F. G., Boghdadi, A. M., el Khoby, T. A., Hassanein, Y. A. and el Gamal, R. R. (1998). Seasonality as a determinant of the efficacy of praziquantel in population-based chemotherapy. Lessons from the practice. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 28, 1–7.Google Scholar
Aragon, A. D., Imani, R. A., Blackburn, V. R., Cupit, P. M., Melman, S. D., Goronga, T., Webb, T., Loker, E. S. and Cunningham, C. (2008). Towards an understanding of the mechanism of action of praziquantel. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 164, 57–65.Google Scholar
Augusto, G. (2007) Effect of transmission season on the outcome of treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in Matola and Maputo, Mozambique. PhD thesis, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, 50–67.Google Scholar
Borrmann, S., Szlezak, N., Faucher, J. F., Matsiegui, P. B., Neubauer, R., Binder, R. K., Lell, B. and Kremsner, P. G. (2001). Artesunate and praziquantel for the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Journal of Infectious Diseases 184, 1363–1366.Google Scholar
Botros, S., Sayed, H., Amer, N., El-Ghannam, M., Bennett, J. L. and Day, T. A. (2005). Current status of sensitivity to praziquantel in a focus of potential drug resistance in Egypt. International Journal for Parasitology 35, 787–791.Google Scholar
Brown, D. S. and Kristensen, T. K. (1989). A Field Guide to African Freshwater Snails and Southern African Species. Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Campagne, G., Garba, A., Barkire, H., Vera, C., Sidiki, A. and Chippaux, J. P. (2001). Continued ultrasonic follow-up of children infected with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6, 24–30.Google Scholar
Christensen, N. O., Gotsche, G. and Frandsen, F. (1984). Parasitological Techniques for Use in Routine Laboratory Maintenance of Schistosomes and for Use in Studies on the Epidemiology of Human and Bovine Schistosomiasis. Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Cioli, D. (1998). Chemotherapy of schistosomiasis: an update. Parasitology Today 14, 418–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danso-Appiah, A., Utzinger, J., Liu, J. and Olliaro, P. (2008). Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. Cochrane Database Systematic Review 3, CD000053.Google Scholar
da Silva, I. M., Pereira Filho, E., Thiengo, R., Ribeiro, P. C., Conceicao, M. J., Panasco, M. and Lenzi, H. L. (2008). Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium): histopathological course determined by cystoscopy in a patient in whom praziquantel treatment failed. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 50, 343–346.Google Scholar
Doenhoff, M. J., Modha, J., Lambertucci, J. R. and McLaren, D. J. (1991). The immune dependence of chemotherapy. Parasitology Today 7, 16–18.Google Scholar
Doumenge, J. P., Mott, K. E., Cheung, C., Villenave, D., Chapuis, O., Perrin, M. F. and Reaud-Thomas, G. (1987). Atlas of the Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. Press Universitaires de Bordeaux, Bordeaux.Google Scholar
Frandsen, F. and Christensen, N. O. (1984). An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance. Acta Tropica 41, 181–202.Google Scholar
Ghandour, A. M. (1978). The development of Schistosoma haematobium in the hamster. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 72, 219–225.Google Scholar
Gryseels, B., Stelma, F. F, Talla, I., van Dam, G. J, Polman, K., Sow, S, Diaw, M., Sturrock, R. F., Doehring-Schwerdtfeger, E., Kardorff, R., Decam, C., Niang, M. and Deelder, A. M. (1994). Epidemiology, immunology and chemotherapy of Schistosoma mansoni infections in a recently exposed community in Senegal. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 56, 209–219.Google Scholar
Hatz, C., Mayombana, C., de Savigny, D., Macpherson, C. N. L., Koella, J. C., Degrémont, A. and Tanner, M. (1990). Ultrasound scanning for detecting morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium and its resolution following treatment with different doses of praziquantel. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 84–88.Google Scholar
Hatz, C. F., Vennervald, B. J., Nkulila, T., Vounatsou, P., Kombe, Y., Mayombana, C., Mshinda, H. and Tanner, M. (1998). Evolution of Schistosoma haematobium-related pathology over 24 months after treatment among school children in southeastern Tanzania. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 775–781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herwaldt, B. L., Tao, L. F., van Pelt, W., Tsang, V. C. and Bruce, J. I. (1995). Persistence of Schistosoma haematobium infection despite multiple courses of therapy with praziquantel. Clinical Infectious Diseases 20, 309–315.Google Scholar
Inyang-Etoh, P. C., Ejezie, G. C., Useh, M. F. and Inyang-Etoh, E. C. (2004). Efficacy on artesunate in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis, in an endemic community in Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 98, 491–499.Google Scholar
Kahama, A. I., Odek, A. E., Kihara, R. W., Vennervald, B. J., Kombe, Y., Nkulila, T., Hatz, C. F., Ouma, J. H. and Deelder, A. M. (1999 a). Urine circulating soluble egg antigen in relation to egg counts, haematuria, and urinary tract pathology before and after treatment in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium in Kenya. American Journal and Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, 215–219.Google Scholar
Kahama, A. I., Vennervald, B. J., Kombe, Y., Kihara, R. W., Ndzovu, M., Mungai, P. and Ouma, J. H. (1999 b). Parameters associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection before and after chemotherapy in school children from two villages in the Coast Province of Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health 4, 335–340.Google Scholar
King, C. H., Wiper, D. W. 3rd, De Stigter, K. V., Peters, P. A., Koech, D., Ouma, J. H., Arap Siongok, T. K. and Mahmoud, A. A. (1989). Dose-finding study for praziquantel therapy of Schistosoma haematobium in Coast Province, Kenya. American Journal and Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40, 507–513.Google Scholar
Kumar, V. and Gryseels, B. (1994). Use of praziquantel against schistosomiasis: a review of current status. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 4, 313–320.Google Scholar
Muchiri, E. M., Ouma, J. H. and King, C. H. (1996). Dynamics and control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya: an overview of the Msambweni project. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55, 127–134.Google Scholar
Mutapi, F., Hagan, P., Ndhlovu, P. and Woolhouse, M. E. J. (1997). Comparison of humoral responses to Schistosoma haematobium in areas with high and low levels of infection. Parasite Immunology 19, 255–263.Google Scholar
National Institute of Meteorology of Mozambique 2004 and 2005.Google Scholar
N'Goran, E. K., Gnaka, H. N., Tanner, M. and Utzinger, J. (2003). Efficacy and side-effects of two praziquantel treatments against Schistosoma haematobium infection, among schoolchildren from Côte d'Ivoire. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 97, 37–51.Google Scholar
N'Goran, E. K., Utzinger, J., N'Guessan, A. N., Müller, I., Zamble, K., Lohourignon, K. L., Traoré, M., Sosthene, B. A., Lengeler, C. and Tanner, M. (2001). Reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following school-based chemotherapy with praziquantel in four highly endemic villages in Côte d'Ivoire. Tropical Medicine and International Health 6, 817–825.Google Scholar
Raso, G., N'Goran, E. K., Toty, A., Luginbühl, A., Adjoua, C. A., Tian-Bi, N. T., Bogoch, I. I., Vounatsou, P., Tanner, M. and Utzinger, J. (2004). Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni in a community of western Côte d'Ivoire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, 18–27.Google Scholar
Saathoff, E., Olsen, A., Magnussen, P., Kvalsvig, J. D., Becker, W. and Appleton, C. C. (2004). Patterns of Schistosoma heamatobium infection, impact of praziquantel treatment and re-infection after treatment in a cohort of schoolchildren from rural Kwa-Zulu Natal/South Africa. BMC Infectious Diseases 4, 40.Google Scholar
Sabah, A. A., Fletcher, C., Jebe, G. and Doenhoff, M. J. (1986). Schistosoma mansoni: chemotherapy of infections of different ages. Experimental Parasitology 61, 294–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stelma, F. F., Sall, S., Daff, B., Sow, S., Niang, M. and Gryseels, B. (1997). Oxamniquine cures Schistosoma mansoni infection in a focus in which cure rates with praziquantel are unusually low. Journal of Infectious Diseases 176, 304–307.Google Scholar
Tchuem-Tchuenté, L. A., Shaw, D. J., Polla, L., Cioli, D. and Vercruysse, J. (2004). Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium infection in children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71, 778–782.Google Scholar
Touré, S., Zhang, Y., Bosqué-Oliva, E., Ky, C., Ouedraogo, A., Koukounari, A., Gabrielli, A. F., Sellin, B., Webster, J. P. and Fenwick, A. (2008). Two-year impact of single praziquantel treatment on infection in the national control programme on schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, 780–787.Google Scholar
UAAC (2004). Levantamento realizado nos bairros em 2003. Unidade de Apoio a Autoridade Comunitária, cidades da Matola e Maputo.Google Scholar
WHO (2002). Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis. Report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series 912, Geneva.Google Scholar
WHO (2007). Report on Schistosomiasis. Report of a WHO scientific working group, Geneva 2007, TDR/SWG/07.Google Scholar
Utzinger, J., N'Goran, E. K, N'Dri, A., Lengeler, C. and Tanner, M. (2000). Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni with particular consideration for intensity of infection. Tropical Medicine and International Health 5, 771–778.Google Scholar
Utzinger, J., Keiser, J., Xiao, S. H., Tanner, M. and Singer, B. H. (2003). Combination chemotherapy of schistosomiasis in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, 1487–1495.Google Scholar