Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T09:11:51.786Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2016

JOEL BARRATT ,
DOUGLAS CHAN ,
INDY SANDARADURA ,
RICHARD MALIK ,
DEREK SPIELMAN ,
ROGAN LEE ,
DEBORAH MARRIOTT ,
JOHN HARKNESS ,
JOHN ELLIS  and
DAMIEN STARK
JOEL BARRATT*
Affiliation:
i3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia School of Life Sciences, University of TechnologySydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
DOUGLAS CHAN
Affiliation:
i3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia School of Life Sciences, University of TechnologySydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
INDY SANDARADURA
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
RICHARD MALIK
Affiliation:
Centre for Veterinary Education, B22, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
DEREK SPIELMAN
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
ROGAN LEE
Affiliation:
ICPMR, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2065, Australia
DEBORAH MARRIOTT
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
JOHN HARKNESS
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
JOHN ELLIS
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, University of TechnologySydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
DAMIEN STARK
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences/iThree Institute, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. E-mail: joel.barratt-1@uts.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongyloid nematode found widely in the Asia-Pacific region, and the aetiological agent of angiostrongyliasis; a disease characterized by eosinophilic meningitis. Rattus rats are definitive hosts of A. cantonensis, while intermediate hosts include terrestrial and aquatic molluscs. Humans are dead-end hosts that usually become infected upon ingestion of infected molluscs. A presumptive diagnosis is often made based on clinical features, a history of mollusc consumption, eosinophilic pleocytosis in cerebral spinal fluid, and advanced imaging such as computed tomography. Serological tests are available for angiostrongyliasis, though many tests are still under development. While there is no treatment consensus, therapy often includes a combination of anthelmintics and corticosteroids. Angiostrongyliasis is relatively rare, but is often associated with morbidity and sometimes mortality. Recent reports suggest the parasites’ range is increasing, leading to fatalities in regions previously considered Angiostrongylus-free, and sometimes, delayed diagnosis in newly invaded regions. Increased awareness of angiostrongyliasis would facilitate rapid diagnosis and improved clinical outcomes. This paper summarizes knowledge on the parasites’ life cycle, clinical aspects and epidemiology. The molecular biology of Angiostrongylus spp. is also discussed. Attention is paid to the significance of angiostrongyliasis in Australia, given the recent severe cases reported from the Sydney region.

Keywords

AngiostrongyliasisAngiostrongylusDiagnosisEosinophilic meningitisMolluscsRatLungwormClinical significanceEpidemiologyMolecular biology
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 143 , Issue 9 , August 2016 , pp. 1087 - 1118
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

These authors contributed equally to this manuscript.

References

REFERENCES

Abo-Madyan, A. A., Morsy, T. A., Motawea, S. M., El Garhy, M. F. and Massoud, A. M. (2005). Spot light survey on fresh-water snails of medical importance in Al Fayoum Governorate. Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 35, 49–58.Google Scholar
Adisakwattana, P., Nuamtanong, S., Yenchitsomanus, P. T., Komalamisra, C. and Meesuk, L. (2012). Degradation of human matrix metalloprotease-9 by secretory metalloproteases of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infective stage. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 43, 1105–1113.Google ScholarPubMed
Aghazadeh, M., Jones, M. K., Aland, K. V., Reid, S. A., Traub, R. J., McCarthy, J. S. and Lee, R. (2015 a). Emergence of neural angiostrongyliasis in eastern Australia. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 15, 184–190.Google Scholar
Aghazadeh, M., Reid, S. A., Aland, K. V., Restrepo, A. C., Traub, R. J., McCarthy, J. S. and Jones, M. K. (2015 b). A survey of Angiostrongylus species in definitive hosts in Queensland. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 4, 323–328.Google Scholar
Aghazadeh, M., Traub, R. J., Mohandas, N., Aland, K. V., Reid, S. A., McCarthy, J. S. and Jones, M. K. (2015 c). The mitochondrial genome of Angiostrongylus mackerrasae as a basis for molecular, epidemiological and population genetic studies. Parasites and Vectors 8, 473.Google Scholar
Ali, A. B., Van den Enden, E., Van Gompel, A. and Van Esbroeck, M. (2008). Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a Belgian traveller. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, 41–44.Google Scholar
Alicata, J. (1965 a). Biology and distribution of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and its relationship to eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and other neurological disorders of man and animals. Advances in Parasitology 3, 223–248.Google Scholar
Alicata, J. E. (1965 b). Occurrence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, and Sarawak. Journal of Parasitology 51, 937.Google Scholar
Andersen, E., Gubler, D. J., Sorensen, K., Beddard, J. and Ash, L. R. (1986). First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Puerto Rico. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygeine 35, 319–322.Google Scholar
Ansell, B. R., Schnyder, M., Deplazes, P., Korhonen, P. K., Young, N. D., Hall, R. S., Mangiola, S., Boag, P. R., Hofmann, A., Sternberg, P. W., Jex, A. R. and Gasser, R. B. (2013). Insights into the immuno-molecular biology of Angiostrongylus vasorum through transcriptomics–prospects for new interventions. Biotechnology Advances 31, 1486–1500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archer, C. E., Appleton, C. C., Mukaratirwa, S. and Hope, K. J. (2011). The rat lung-worm Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a first report in South Africa. South African Medical Journal 101, 174–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asato, R., Taira, K., Nakamura, M., Kudaka, J., Itokazu, K. and Kawanaka, M. (2004). Changing epidemiology of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis in Okinawa prefecture, Japan. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 57, 184–186.Google Scholar
Baheti, N. N., Sreedharan, M., Krishnamoorthy, T., Nair, M. D. and Radhakrishnan, K. (2008). Neurological picture. Eosinophilic meningitis and an ocular worm in a patient from Kerala, south India. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 79, 271.Google Scholar
Baig, S., Damian, R. T. and Peterson, D. S. (2002). A novel cathepsin B active site motif is shared by helminth bloodfeeders. Experimental Parasitology 101, 83–89.Google Scholar
Baird, J. K., Neafie, R. C., Lanoie, L. and Connor, D. H. (1987). Abdominal angiostrongylosis in an African man: case study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 37, 353–356.Google Scholar
Barrett, J. L., Carlisle, M. S. and Prociv, P. (2002). Neuro-angiostrongylosis in wild Black and Grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus spp). Australian Veterinary Journal 80, 554–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrow, K. O., Rose, A. and Lindo, J. F. (1996). Eosinophilic meningitis. Is Angiostrongylus cantonensis endemic in Jamaica? West Indian Medical Journal 45, 70–71.Google Scholar
Bartschi, E., Bordmann, G., Blum, J. and Rothen, M. (2004). Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Switzerland. Infection 32, 116–118.Google Scholar
Batmanian, J. J. and O'Neill, J. H. (2004). Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis with permanent neurological sequelae. Internal Medicine Journal 34, 217–218.Google Scholar
Beaver, P. C. and Rosen, L. (1964). Memorandum on the first report of Angiostrongylus in man, by Nomura and Lin, 1945. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 13, 589–590.Google Scholar
Beckham, S. A., Law, R. H., Smooker, P. M., Quinsey, N. S., Caffrey, C. R., McKerrow, J. H., Pike, R. N. and Spithill, T. W. (2006). Production and processing of a recombinant Fasciola hepatica cathepsin B-like enzyme (FhcatB1) reveals potential processing mechanisms in the parasite. Biological Chemistry 387, 1053–1061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhaibulaya, M. (1975). Comparative studies on the life history of Angiostrongylus mackerrasae Bhaibulaya, 1968 and Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935). International Journal for Parasitology 5, 7–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, N. F., Orr, C. F., Delaney, A. P. and Herkes, G. K. (2013). Angiostrongylus meningoencephalitis: survival from minimally conscious state to rehabilitation. Medical Journal of Australia 198, 440–442.Google Scholar
Brindley, P. J., Kalinna, B. H., Wong, J. Y. M., Bogitsh, B. J., King, L. T., Smyth, D. J., Verity, C. K., Abbenante, G., Brinkworth, R. I., Fairlie, D. P., Smythe, M. L., Milburn, P. J., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., Zheng, Y. and McManus, D. P. (2001). Proteolysis of human hemoglobin by schistosome cathepsin D. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 112, 103–112.Google Scholar
Britton, C., Winter, A. D., Gillan, V. and Devaney, E. (2014). microRNAs of parasitic helminths – Identification, characterization and potential as drug targets. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 4, 85–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Brumpt, V., Audebaud, G., Klein, J. M., Jolly, M., Mazaud, R. and Goube, P. (1968). Incidence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen) in Cambodia. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales 61, 444–462.Google Scholar
Burns, R. E., Bicknese, E. J., Qvarnstrom, Y., DeLeon-Carnes, M., Drew, C. P., Gardiner, C. H. and Rideout, B. A. (2014). Cerebral Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in a captive African pygmy falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus) in southern California. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 26, 695–698.Google Scholar
Caldeira, R. L., Carvalho, O. S., Mendonca, C. L., Graeff-Teixeira, C., Silva, M. C., Ben, R., Maurer, R., Lima, W. S. and Lenzi, H. L. (2003). Molecular differentiation of Angiostrongylus costaricensis, A. cantonensis, and A. vasorum by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98, 1039–1043.Google Scholar
Caldeira, R. L., Mendonca, C. L., Goveia, C. O., Lenzi, H. L., Graeff-Teixeira, C., Lima, W. S., Mota, E. M., Pecora, I. L., Medeiros, A. M. and Carvalho Odos, S. (2007). First record of molluscs naturally infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 102, 887–889.Google Scholar
Carlisle, M. S., Prociv, P., Grennan, J., Pass, M. A., Campbell, G. L. and Mudie, A. (1998). Cerebrospinal angiostrongyliasis in five captive tamarins (Sanguinus spp). Australian Veterinary Journal 76, 167–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, D., Barratt, J., Roberts, T., Lee, R., Shea, M., Marriott, D., Harkness, J., Malik, R., Jones, M., Aghazadeh, M., Ellis, J. and Stark, D. (2015). The prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis/mackerrasae complex in molluscs from the Sydney Region. PLoS ONE 10, e0128128.Google ScholarPubMed
Chancellor, A. (2007). A souvenir from the Pacific Islands. Practical Neurology 7, 205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, E. E. and Yen, C. M. (2004). Eosinophil chemoattracted by eotaxin from cerebrospinal fluid of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis assayed in a microchamber. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 20, 209–215.Google Scholar
Chang, E. E., Chung, L. Y. and Yen, C. M. (2004). Kinetics of change in the eotaxin concentration in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 92, 137–141.Google Scholar
Chang, S. H., Tang, P. and Wang, L. C. (2011). A transcriptomic study on the pepsin-activated infective larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 179, 47–50.Google Scholar
Chang, S. H., Tang, P., Lai, C. H., Kuo, M. L. and Wang, L. C. (2013). Identification and characterisation of microRNAs in young adults of Angiostrongylus cantonensis via a deep-sequencing approach. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 108, 699–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, S.-H., Tang, P., Yen, C.-M., Chow, K.-P. N. and Wang, L.-C. (2014 a). A transcriptomic analysis on gene expressions in the infective third and pathogenic fifth larval stages of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology International 63, 42–48.Google Scholar
Chang, S. H., Chen, K. Y. and Wang, L. C. (2014 b). Identification and characterization of an asparaginyl endopeptidase from Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 113, 2143–2152.Google Scholar
Chau, T. T., Thwaites, G. E., Chuong, L. V., Sinh, D. X. and Farrar, J. J. (2003). Headache and confusion: the dangers of a raw snail supper. Lancet 361, 1866.Google Scholar
Chen, C. X., He, H. F., Yin, Z., Zhou, J. H., Li, S. Q., Li, F. H., Chen, J. M., Zhu, W. J., Zhong, X. M., Yang, K. Y., Liu, G. P., Jia, X., Chen, W. T., Li, X. M., Chen, Y. C., Luo, X. D., Chen, D. X. and Shen, H. X. (2012 a). Investigation on snails Achatina fulica and Pomacea canaliculata infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Panyu region of Guangzhou City. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 24, 336–338.Google ScholarPubMed
Chen, H. T. (1935). Un nouveau nématode pulmonaire, Pulmonema cantonensis n.g., n.sp., des rats de Canton. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 13, 312–317.Google Scholar
Chen, J., Liu, Q., Yang, X., Wu, X., Zhang, D., He, A. and Zhan, X. (2013). Characterization and immunolocalization of mutated ornithine decarboxylase antizyme from Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 190, 76–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, J. X., Chen, M. X., Ai, L., Chen, J. H., Chen, S. H., Zhang, Y. N., Cai, Y. C., Zhu, X. Q. and Zhou, X. N. (2012 b). A protein microarray for the rapid screening of patients suspected of infection with various food-borne helminthiases. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, e1899.Google Scholar
Chen, K. M. and Lai, S. C. (2007). Biochemical and pathological evaluation of albendazole/thalidomide co-therapy against eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 59, 264–276.Google Scholar
Chen, K. M., Liu, J. Y., Lai, S. C., Hsu, L. S. and Lee, H. H. (2006). Association of plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteolytic cascade with blood-CNS barrier damage of angiostrongyliasis. International Journal of Experimental Pathology 87, 113–119.Google Scholar
Chen, K. M., Lee, H. H., Lai, S. C., Hsu, L. S., Wang, C. J. and Liu, J. Y. (2008). Apoptosis in meningoencephalitis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mice. Experimental Parasitology 119, 385–390.Google Scholar
Chen, K. Y., Cheng, C. J., Yen, C. M., Tang, P. and Wang, L. C. (2014 a). Comparative studies on the proteomic expression patterns in the third- and fifth-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 113, 3591–3600.Google Scholar
Chen, M. X., Ai, L., Xu, M. J., Zhang, R. L., Chen, S. H., Zhang, Y. N., Guo, J., Cai, Y. C., Tian, L. G., Zhang, L. L., Zhu, X. Q. and Chen, J. X. (2011 a). Angiostrongylus cantonensis: identification and characterization of microRNAs in male and female adults. Experimental Parasitology 128, 116–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, M. X., Wang, K., Ai, L., Yan, W. H., Peng, L. and Zhang, R. L. (2011 b). Development of a double antibody sandwich ELISA assay for the diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis. Journal of Parasitology 97, 721–724.Google Scholar
Chen, M. X., Zhang, R. L., Ai, L., Chen, J. X., Chen, S. H., Huang, D. N., Gao, S. T., Geng, Y. J., Li, X. H. and Zhu, X. Q. (2011 c). Seroprevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in humans in China. Journal of Parasitology 97, 144–145.Google Scholar
Chen, R., Tong, Q., Zhang, Y., Lou, D., Kong, Q., Lv, S., Zhuo, M., Wen, L. and Lu, S. (2011 d). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: rapid detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Pomacea canaliculata . Parasites and Vectors 4, 204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, X., Li, Z. Y., Maleewong, W., Maleewong, P., Liang, J., Zeng, X., Zheng, H., Wu, Z. D. and Sun, X. (2014 b). Serum aca-mir-146a is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Parasitology Research 113, 3221–3227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, X. G., Li, H. and Lun, Z. R. (2005). Angiostrongyliasis, Mainland China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, 1645–1647.Google Scholar
Cheng, M., Yang, X., Li, Z., He, H., Qu, Z., He, A., Wu, Z. and Zhan, X. (2012). Cloning and characterization of a novel cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase from Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 110, 2413–2422.Google Scholar
Cheng, T. and Alicata, J. (1964). Possible role of water in the transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). Journal of Parasitology 50, 39–40.Google Scholar
Chi, M., Kim, H. J., Haug, S., Vagefi, R. and Kersten, R. C. (2014). Acute eosinophilic meningitis and orbital inflammation from presumed angiostrongyliasis. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 49, e65–e67.Google Scholar
Chikweto, A., Bhaiyat, M. I., Macpherson, C. N., Deallie, C., Pinckney, R. D., Richards, C. and Sharma, R. N. (2009). Existence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Grenada, West Indies. Veterinary Parasitology 162, 160–162.Google Scholar
Chiu, P. S. and Lai, S. C. (2013). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 leads to claudin-5 degradation via the NF-kappaB pathway in BALB/c mice with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . PLoS ONE 8, e53370.Google Scholar
Chiu, P. S. and Lai, S. C. (2014). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 leads to blood-brain barrier leakage in mice with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Acta Tropica 140, 141–150.Google Scholar
Chotmongkol, V., Sawanyawisuth, K. and Thavornpitak, Y. (2000). Corticosteroid treatment of eosinophilic meningitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 31, 660–662.Google Scholar
Chotmongkol, V., Sawadpanitch, K., Sawanyawisuth, K., Louhawilai, S. and Limpawattana, P. (2006). Treatment of eosinophilic meningitis with a combination of prednisolone and mebendazole. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74, 1122–1124.Google Scholar
Chotmongkol, V., Kittimongkolma, S., Niwattayakul, K., Intapan, P. M. and Thavornpitak, Y. (2009). Comparison of prednisolone plus albendazole with prednisolone alone for treatment of patients with eosinophilic meningitis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 443–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chuang, C. C., Chen, C. W., Huang, Y. T. and Du, W. Y. (2016). Anti-ST2 monoclonal antibody inhibits eosinophil infiltration in Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mice. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection 49, 91–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chuan-Min, Y. and Eng-Rin, C. (1991). Detection of antibodies to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with eosinophilic meningitis. International Journal for Parasitology 21, 17–21.Google Scholar
Chye, S. M., Chang, J. H. and Yen, C. M. (2000). Immunodiagnosis of human eosinophilic meningitis using an antigen of Angiostrongylus cantonensis L5 with molecular weight 204 kD. Acta Tropica 75, 9–17.Google Scholar
Chye, S. M., Lin, S. R., Chen, Y. L., Chung, L. Y. and Yen, C. M. (2004). Immuno-PCR for detection of antigen to Angiostrongylus cantonensis circulating fifth-stage worms. Clinical Chemistry 50, 51–57.Google Scholar
Civeyrel, L. and Simberloff, D. (1996). A tale of two snails: is the cure worse than the disease? Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 1231–1252.Google Scholar
Constantino-Santos, M. A., Basiao, Z. U., Wade, C. M., Santos, B. S. and Fontanilla, I. K. (2014). Identification of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and other nematodes using the SSU rDNA in Achatina fulica populations of Metro Manila. Tropical Biomedicine 31, 327–335.Google Scholar
Cowie, R. H. (2013 a). Biology, systematics, life cycle, and distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the cause of rat lungworm disease. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 6–9.Google Scholar
Cowie, R. H. (2013 b). Pathways for transmission of angiostrongyliasis and the risk of disease associated with them. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 70–74.Google Scholar
Crane, A. M., Weiss, M. and Galor, A. (2013). Anterior chamber angiostrongyliasis. JAMA Ophthalmology 131, 951–952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
da Silva, A. C., Graeff-Teixeira, C. and Zaha, A. (2003). Diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongyliasis by PCR from sera of patients. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 45, 295–297.Google Scholar
Deng, Z. H., Zhang, Q. M., Huang, S. Y. and Jones, J. L. (2012). First provincial survey of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Guangdong Province, China. Tropical Medicine and International Health 17, 119–122.Google Scholar
Deo, S. S., Mistry, K. J., Kakade, A. M. and Niphadkar, P. V. (2010). Role played by Th2 type cytokines in IgE mediated allergy and asthma. Lung India 27, 66–71.Google Scholar
Diao, Z., Chen, X., Yin, C., Wang, J., Qi, H. and Ji, A. (2009). Angiostrongylus cantonensis: effect of combination therapy with albendazole and dexamethasone on Th cytokine gene expression in PBMC from patients with eosinophilic meningitis. Experimental Parasitology 123, 1–5.Google Scholar
Diao, Z., Jin, E. and Yin, C. (2010). Angiostrongylus cantonensis: lesions in brain and spinal cord. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, 519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diao, Z., Wang, J., Qi, H., Li, X., Zheng, X. and Yin, C. (2011). Treatment of angiostrongyliasis using a combination of albendazole and dexamethasone: the results of a retrospective and comparative study. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 105, 65–69.Google Scholar
Diaz, J. H. (2009). Recognizing and reducing the risks of helminthic eosinophilic meningitis in travelers: differential diagnosis, disease management, prevention, and control. Journal of Travel Medicine 16, 267–275.Google Scholar
Dorta-Contreras, A. J., Noris-Garcia, E., Escobar-Perez, X. and Padilla Docal, B. (2005). IgG1, IgG2 and IgE intrathecal synthesis in Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningoencephalitis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 238, 65–70.Google Scholar
Dorta-Contreras, A. J., Magraner-Tarrau, M. E. and Sanchez-Zulueta, E. (2009). Angiostrongyliasis in the Americas. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, 991.Google Scholar
Dorta-Contreras, A. J., Padilla-Docal, B., Moreira, J. M., Robles, L. M., Aroca, J. M., Alarcon, F. and Bu-Coifiu-Fanego, R. (2011). Neuroimmunological findings of Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis in Ecuadorian patients. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 69, 466–469.Google Scholar
Dougherty, E. C. (1946). The genus Aelurostrongylus Cameron, 1927 (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae), and its relatives; with descriptions of Parafilaroides, gen. nov., and Angiostrongylus gubernaculatus, sp. nov. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 13, 16–26.Google Scholar
Du, W. Y., Liao, J. W., Fan, C. K. and Su, K. E. (2003). Combined treatment with interleukin-12 and mebendazole lessens the severity of experimental eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in ICR mice. Infection and Immunity 71, 3947–3953.Google Scholar
Du, W. Y., Chen, C. W., Lin, F. K. and Chuang, C. C. (2013). IL-33 mediates the expressions of IL-5 and IL-13 in Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mice. Experimental Parasitology 135, 587–594.Google Scholar
Duffy, M. S., Miller, C. L., Kinsella, J. M. and de Lahunta, A. (2004). Parastrongylus cantonensis in a nonhuman primate, Florida. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, 2207–2210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dusitsittipon, S., Thaenkham, U., Watthanakulpanich, D., Adisakwattana, P. and Komalamisra, C. (2015). Genetic differences in the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae), in Thailand. Journal of Helminthology 89, 545–551.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P. (2013). Angiostrongyliasis in Thailand: epidemiology and laboratory investigations. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 28–32.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P. (2014). Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis – a neglected disease with escalating importance. Tropical Biomedicine 31, 569–578.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P. and Yong, H. S. (2009). Immunological diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae). International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13, 425–431.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P., Yoolek, A. and Kreethapon, N. (2003). Blinded multi-laboratory evaluation of an in-house dot-blot ELISA kit for diagnosis of human parastrongyliasis. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 34, 1–6.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P., Yoolek, A., Punthuprapasa, P. and Suvouttho, S. (2004). A dot-blot ELISA comparable to immunoblot for the specific diagnosis of human parastrongyliasis. Journal of Helminthology 78, 287–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eamsobhana, P., Ongrotchanakun, J., Yoolek, A., Punthuprapasa, P., Monkong, N. and Dekumyoy, P. (2006). Multi-immunodot for rapid differential diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to parasitic infections. Journal of Helminthology 80, 249–254.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P., Yoolek, A. and Yong, H. S. (2009). Meiotic chromosomes and sex determination mechanism in Thailand and Hawaii isolates of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae). Tropical Biomedicine 26, 346–351.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P., Yoolek, A. and Yong, H. S. (2010). Effect of Thai ‘koi-hoi’ food flavoring on the viability and infectivity of the third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae). Acta Tropica 113, 245–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eamsobhana, P., Lim, P. E. and Yong, H. S. (2013 a). Genetic diversity of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the major cause of eosinophilic meningitis. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 15–17.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P., Wanachiwanawin, D., Dechkum, N., Parsartvit, A. and Yong, H. S. (2013 b). Molecular diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) by polymerase chain reaction-DNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluids of patients. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 108, 116–118.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P., Gan, X. X., Ma, A., Wang, Y., Wanachiwanawin, D. and Yong, H. S. (2014). Dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) for the rapid detection of specific antibodies against the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) using purified 31-kDa antigen. Journal of Helminthology 88, 396–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eamsobhana, P., Lim, P. E. and Yong, H. S. (2015 a). Phylogenetics and systematics of Angiostrongylus lungworms and related taxa (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) inferred from the nuclear small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA sequences. Journal of Helminthology 89, 317–325.Google Scholar
Eamsobhana, P., Prasartvit, A., Gan, X. X. and Yong, H. S. (2015 b). Evaluation of dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) for rapid serodiagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea). Tropical Biomedicine 32, 121–125.Google Scholar
Emerson, J. A., Walden, H. S., Peters, R. K., Farina, L. L., Fredholm, D. V., Qvarnstrom, Y., Xayavong, M., Bishop, H., Slapcinsky, J., McIntosh, A. and Wellehan, J. F. Jr. (2013). Eosinophilic meningoencephalomyelitis in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Veterinary Quarterly 33, 191–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans-Gilbert, T., Lindo, J. F., Henry, S., Brown, P. and Christie, C. D. (2014). Severe eosinophilic meningitis owing to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in young Jamaican children: case report and literature review. Paediatrics and International Child Health 34, 148–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fang, W., Wang, J., Liu, J., Xu, C., Cai, W. and Luo, D. (2012). PCR assay for the cell-free copro-DNA detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rat faeces. Veterinary Parasitology 183, 299–304.Google Scholar
Feng, F., Feng, Y., Liu, Z., Li, W. H., Wang, W. C., Wu, Z. D. and Lv, Z. (2015). Effects of albendazole combined with TSII-A (a Chinese herb compound) on optic neuritis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in BALB/c mice. Parasites and Vectors 8, 606.Google Scholar
Feng, Y., Nawa, Y., Sawanyavisuth, K., Lv, Z. and Wu, Z. D. (2013). Comprehensive review of ocular angiostrongyliasis with special reference to optic neuritis. Korean Journal of Parasitology 51, 613–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, Y., Zeng, X., Li, W. H., Wang, W. C., Chen, W., Ou-Yang, L. S., Sun, X., Feng, F. and Wu, Z. D. (2014). The pathogenesis of optic neuritis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in BALB/c mice. Parasites and Vectors 7, 339.Google Scholar
Ferri, E., Bain, O., Barbuto, M., Martin, C., Lo, N., Uni, S., Landmann, F., Baccei, S. G., Guerrero, R., de Souza Lima, S., Bandi, C., Wanji, S., Diagne, M. and Casiraghi, M. (2011). New insights into the evolution of Wolbachia infections in filarial nematodes inferred from a large range of screened species. PLoS ONE 6, e20843.Google Scholar
Fontanilla, I. K. and Wade, C. M. (2012). First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the giant African land snail Achatina fulica in French Polynesia detected using the SSU rRNA gene. Tropical Biomedicine 29, 642–645.Google Scholar
Foronda, P., Lopez-Gonzalez, M., Miquel, J., Torres, J., Segovia, M., Abreu-Acosta, N., Casanova, J. C., Valladares, B., Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M. D. and Feliu, C. (2010). Finding of Parastrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) in Rattus rattus in Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain). Acta Tropica 114, 123–127.Google Scholar
Foster, J., Ganatra, M., Kamal, I., Ware, J., Makarova, K., Ivanova, N., Bhattacharyya, A., Kapatral, V., Kumar, S., Posfai, J., Vincze, T., Ingram, J., Moran, L., Lapidus, A., Omelchenko, M., Kyrpides, N., Ghedin, E., Wang, S., Goltsman, E., Joukov, V., Ostrovskaya, O., Tsukerman, K., Mazur, M., Comb, D., Koonin, E. and Slatko, B. (2005). The Wolbachia genome of Brugia malayi: endosymbiont evolution within a human pathogenic nematode. PLoS Biology 3, e121.Google Scholar
Foster, J. M., Kumar, S., Ford, L., Johnston, K. L., Ben, R., Graeff-Teixeira, C. and Taylor, M. J. (2008). Absence of Wolbachia endobacteria in the non-filariid nematodes Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. costaricensis . Parasites and Vectors 1, 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furugen, M., Yamashiro, S., Tamayose, M., Naha, Y., Miyagi, K., Nakasone, C., Uchihara, T., Haranaga, S., Azuma, M., Yara, S., Shinzato, T., Higa, F., Toma, H., Tateyama, M. and Fujita, J. (2006). Elsberg syndrome with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Internal Medicine 45, 1333–1336.Google Scholar
Galor, A. and Eberhard, M. L. (2014). Follow-up on anterior chamber angiostrongyliasis. JAMA Ophthalmology 132, 1029–1030.Google Scholar
Gasser, R. B., Jabbar, A., Mohandas, N., Schnyder, M., Deplazes, P., Littlewood, D. T. and Jex, A. R. (2012). Mitochondrial genome of Angiostrongylus vasorum: comparison with congeners and implications for studying the population genetics and epidemiology of this parasite. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 12, 1884–1891.Google Scholar
Gebreselassie, N. G., Moorhead, A. R., Fabre, V., Gagliardo, L. F., Lee, N. A., Lee, J. J. and Appleton, J. A. (2012). Eosinophils preserve parasitic nematode larvae by regulating local immunity. Journal of Immunology 188, 417–425.Google Scholar
Giannelli, A., Colella, V., Abramo, F., do Nascimento Ramos, R. A., Falsone, L., Brianti, E., Varcasia, A., Dantas-Torres, F., Knaus, M., Fox, M. T. and Otranto, D. (2015). Release of lungworm larvae from snails in the environment: potential for alternative transmission pathways. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, e0003722.Google Scholar
Gosnell, W. L. and Kramer, K. J. (2013). The role of eosinophils in angiostrongyliasis: multiple roles for a versatile cell? Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 49–51.Google Scholar
Graeff-Teixeira, C., de Avila-Pires, F. D., Machado Rde, C., Camillo-Coura, L. and Lenzi, H. L. (1990). Identification of wild rodents as hosts of Angiostrongylus costaricencis in southern Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 32, 147–150.Google Scholar
Graeff-Teixeira, C., da Silva, A. C. and Yoshimura, K. (2009). Update on eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and its clinical relevance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22, 322–348.Google Scholar
Gutteridge, B., Bhaibulaya, M. and Findlater, C. (1972). Human larval meningitis possibly following lettuce ingestion in Brisbane. Pathology 4, 63–64.Google Scholar
Han, Y. P., Li, Z. Y., Li, B. C., Sun, X., Zhu, C. C., Ling, X. T., Zheng, H. Q., Wu, Z. D. and Lv, Z. Y. (2011). Molecular cloning and characterization of a cathepsin B from Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 109, 369–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harinasuta, C. (1983). Parasitic diseases in the South (Developing World). In Parasitology: A Global Perspective (ed. Warren, K. S. and Bowers, J. Z.), pp. 19–44. Springer–Verlag New York Inc., New York, USA.Google Scholar
Hata, T. Y., Hara, A. H. and Hu, B. K.-S. (1997). Molluscicides and mechanical barriers against slugs, Vaginula plebeia Fischer and Veronicella cubensis (Pfeiffer) (Stylommatophora: Veronicellidae). Crop Protection 16, 501–506.Google Scholar
He, H., Cheng, M., Yang, X., Meng, J., He, A., Zheng, X., Li, Z., Guo, P., Pan, Z. and Zhan, X. (2009). Preliminary molecular characterization of the human pathogen Angiostrongylus cantonensis . BMC Molecular Biology 10, 97.Google Scholar
Hidelaratchi, M. D., Riffsy, M. T. and Wijesekera, J. C. (2005). A case of eosinophilic meningitis following monitor lizard meat consumption, exacerbated by anthelminthics. Ceylon Medical Journal 50, 84–86.Google Scholar
Higgins, D. P., Carlisle-Nowak, M. S. and Mackie, J. (1997). Neural angiostrongylosis in three captive rufous bettongs (Aepyprymnus rufescens). Australian Veterinary Journal 75, 564–566.Google Scholar
Hochberg, N. S., Park, S. Y., Blackburn, B. G., Sejvar, J. J., Gaynor, K., Chung, H., Leniek, K., Herwaldt, B. L. and Effler, P. V. (2007). Distribution of eosinophilic meningitis cases attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Hawaii. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, 1675–1680.Google Scholar
Hochberg, N. S., Blackburn, B. G., Park, S. Y., Sejvar, J. J., Effler, P. V. and Herwaldt, B. L. (2011). Eosinophilic meningitis attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Hawaii: clinical characteristics and potential exposures. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85, 685–690.Google Scholar
Hollingsworth, R. G., Howe, K. and Jarvi, S. I. (2013). Control measures for slug and snail hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, with special reference to the semi-slug Parmarion martensi . Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 75–80.Google Scholar
Hou, R. F., Tu, W. C., Lee, H. H., Chen, K. M., Chou, H. L. and Lai, S. C. (2004). Elevation of plasminogen activators in cerebrospinal fluid of mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . International Journal for Parasitology 34, 1355–1364.Google Scholar
Howe, K. (2013). A severe case of rat lungworm disease in Hawa'i. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 46–48.Google Scholar
Hsu, C. C. and Lai, S. C. (2007). Matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9 and -13 are involved in fibronectin degradation of rat lung granulomatous fibrosis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . International Journal of Experimental Pathology 88, 437–443.Google Scholar
Hsu, J. J., Chuang, S. H., Chen, C. H. and Huang, M. H. (2009). Sacral myeloradiculitis (Elsberg syndrome) secondary to eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . BMJ Case Reports 2009. doi:10.1136/bcr.10.2008.1075. Google Scholar
Hu, X., Du, J., Tong, C., Wang, S., Liu, J., Li, Y. and He, C. (2011). Epidemic status of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Hainan Island, China. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 4, 275–277.Google Scholar
Huang, D. N., Chen, M. X., Geng, Y. J., Li, X. H., Gao, S. T. and Zhang, R. L. (2010). Detection of circulating antigen of Angiostrongylus cantonensis by 12D5 and 21B7 monoclonal antibodies. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 31, 79–82.Google Scholar
Huang, H. C., Yao, L. L., Song, Z. M., Li, X. P., Hua, Q. Q., Li, Q., Pan, C. W. and Xia, C. M. (2013). Development-specific differences in the proteomics of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . PLoS ONE 8, e76982.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. P. and Chen, E. R. (1991). Clinical studies on angiostrongyliasis cantonensis among children in Taiwan. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 22(Suppl.), 194–199.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. P., Chang, S. H. and Wang, L. C. (2010). Alterations in the expression level of a putative aspartic protease in the development of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Acta Tropica 113, 289–294.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, M. M. (2007). Prevalence and intensity of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in freshwater snails in relation to some ecological and biological factors. Parasite 14, 61–70.Google Scholar
Incani, R. N., Caleiras, E., Martin, M. and Gonzalez, C. (2007). Human infection by Angiostrongylus costaricensis in Venezuela: first report of a confirmed case. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 49, 197–200.Google Scholar
Intapan, P. M., Maleewong, W., Polsan, Y., Sawanyawisuth, K. and Chotmongkol, V. (2002). Specific IgG antibody subclasses to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in patients with angiostrongyliasis. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology 20, 235–240.Google Scholar
Intapan, P. M., Maleewong, W., Sawanyawisuth, K. and Chotmongkol, V. (2003). Evaluation of human IgG subclass antibodies in the serodiagnosis of angiostrongyliasis. Parasitology Research 89, 425–429.Google Scholar
Intapan, P. M., Niwattayakul, K., Sawanyawisuth, K., Chotmongkol, V. and Maleewong, W. (2007). Cerebrospinal fluid eotaxin and eotaxin-2 levels in human eosinophilic meningitis associated with angiostrongyliasis. Cytokine 39, 138–141.Google Scholar
Intapan, P. M., Kittimongkolma, S., Niwattayakul, K., Sawanyawisuth, K. and Maleewong, W. (2008). Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine responses in human eosinophilic meningitis associated with angiostrongyliasis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 267, 17–21.Google Scholar
Iwanowicz, D. D., Sanders, L. R., Schill, W. B., Xayavong, M. V., da Silva, A. J., Qvarnstrom, Y. and Smith, T. (2015). Spread of the rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in giant African land snails (Lissachatina fulica) in Florida, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51, 749–753.Google Scholar
Jarvi, S. I., Farias, M. E., Howe, K., Jacquier, S., Hollingsworth, R. and Pitt, W. (2012). Quantitative PCR estimates Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) infection levels in semi-slugs (Parmarion martensi). Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 185, 174–176.Google Scholar
Jarvi, S. I., Pitt, W. C., Farias, M. E., Shiels, L., Severino, M. G., Howe, K. M., Jacquier, S. H., Shiels, A. B., Amano, K. K., Luiz, B. C., Maher, D. E., Allison, M. L., Holtquist, Z. C. and Scheibelhut, N. T. (2015). Detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the blood and peripheral tissues of wild hawaiian rats (Rattus rattus) by a quantitative PCR (qPCR) Assay. PLoS ONE 10, e0123064.Google Scholar
Ji, P., Hu, H., Yang, X., Wei, X., Zhu, C., Liu, J., Feng, Y., Yang, F., Okanurak, K., Li, N., Zeng, X., Zheng, H., Wu, Z. and Lv, Z. (2015). AcCystatin, an immunoregulatory molecule from Angiostrongylus cantonensis, ameliorates the asthmatic response in an aluminium hydroxide/ovalbumin-induced rat model of asthma. Parasitology Research 114, 613–624.Google Scholar
Jilkova, A., Rezacova, P., Lepsik, M., Horn, M., Vachova, J., Fanfrlik, J., Brynda, J., McKerrow, J. H., Caffrey, C. R. and Mares, M. (2011). Structural basis for inhibition of cathepsin B drug target from the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni . Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, 35770–35781.Google Scholar
Jin, E., Ma, D., Liang, Y., Ji, A. and Gan, S. (2005). MRI findings of eosinophilic myelomeningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Clinical Radiology 60, 242–250.Google Scholar
Jin, E. H., Ma, Q., Ma, D. Q., He, W., Ji, A. P. and Yin, C. H. (2008). Magnetic resonance imaging of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis following eating freshwater snails. Chinese Medical Journal 121, 67–72.Google Scholar
Jitpimolmard, S., Sawanyawisuth, K., Morakote, N., Vejjajiva, A., Puntumetakul, M., Sanchaisuriya, K., Tassaneeyakul, W., Tassaneeyakul, W. and Korwanich, N. (2007). Albendazole therapy for eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 100, 1293–1296.Google Scholar
Kampkotter, A., Volkmann, T. E., de Castro, S. H., Leiers, B., Klotz, L. O., Johnson, T. E., Link, C. D. and Henkle-Duhrsen, K. (2003). Functional analysis of the glutathione S-transferase 3 from Onchocerca volvulus (Ov-GST-3): a parasite GST confers increased resistance to oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans . Journal of Molecular Biology 325, 25–37.Google Scholar
Kanpittaya, J., Sawanyawisuth, K., Intapan, P. M., Khotsri, P., Chotmongkol, V. and Maleewong, W. (2012). A comparative study of neuroimaging features between human neuro-gnathostomiasis and angiostrongyliasis. Neurological Sciences 33, 893–898.Google Scholar
Ke, Y. K., Huang, Y., Ge, X. Q., Peng, M. X., Wang, Q., Huang, L. R., Luo, G. Q., Zhong, L. X., Kan, S. F., Zhang, Y. X. and Zhai, J. X. (2014). Detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae with a high resolution melt PCR assay. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 32, 452–454.Google Scholar
Kim, J. R., Hayes, K. A., Yeung, N. W. and Cowie, R. H. (2014). Diverse gastropod hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, globally and with a focus on the Hawaiian Islands. PLoS ONE 9, e94969.Google Scholar
Kittimongkolma, S., Intapan, P. M., Laemviteevanich, K., Kanpittaya, J., Sawanyawisuth, K. and Maleewong, W. (2007). Eosinophilic meningitis associated with angiostrongyliasis: clinical features, laboratory investigations and specific diagnostic IgG and IgG subclass antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 38, 24–31.Google Scholar
Kliks, M. M. and Palumbo, N. E. (1992). Eosinophilic meningitis beyond the Pacific Basin: the global dispersal of a peridomestic zoonosis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the nematode lungworm of rats. Social Science and Medicine 34, 199–212.Google Scholar
Klion, A. D. and Nutman, T. B. (2004). The role of eosinophils in host defense against helminth parasites. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 113, 30–37.Google Scholar
Kottwitz, J. J., Perry, K. K., Rose, H. H. and Hendrix, C. M. (2014). Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in captive Geoffroy's tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 245, 821–827.Google Scholar
Kumar, V., Kyprianou, I. and Keenan, J. M. (2005). Ocular Angiostrongyliasis: removal of a live nematode from the anterior chamber. Eye 19, 229–230.Google Scholar
Kwon, E., Ferguson, T. M., Park, S. Y., Manuzak, A., Qvarnstrom, Y., Morgan, S., Ciminera, P. and Murphy, G. S. (2013). A severe case of Angiostrongylus eosinophilic meningitis with encephalitis and neurologic sequelae in Hawa'i. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 41–45.Google Scholar
Lai, S. C. (2006). Chinese herbal medicine Yin-Chen-Extract as an adjunct to anthelmintic albendazole used against Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75, 556–562.Google Scholar
Lai, S. C., Twu, J. J., Jiang, S. T., Hsu, J. D., Chen, K. M., Chiaing, H. C., Wang, C. J., Tseng, C. K., Shyu, L. Y. and Lee, H. H. (2004). Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in murine eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 98, 715–724.Google Scholar
Lai, S. C., Jiang, S. T., Chen, K. M., Hsu, J. D., Shyu, L. Y. and Lee, H. H. (2005 a). Efficacy of albendazole-GM6001 co-therapy against Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced meningitis in BALB/c mice. Acta Tropica 93, 267–273.Google Scholar
Lai, S. C., Jiang, S. T., Chen, K. M. and Lee, H. H. (2005 b). Matrix metalloproteinases activity demonstrated in the infective stage of the nematodes, Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 97, 466–471.Google Scholar
Lammers, A. J., Goorhuis, A., van de Beek, D., Grobusch, M. P., Bart, A., van Gool, T. and van Vugt, M. (2015). Eosinophilia a deux: a brain nagging souvenir from the Philippines. Infection 43, 615–617.Google Scholar
Lan, K. P., Wang, C. J., Lai, S. C., Chen, K. M., Lee, S. S., Hsu, J. D. and Lee, H. H. (2004). The efficacy of therapy with albendazole in mice with parasitic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 93, 311–317.Google Scholar
Lee, J. D. and Yen, C. M. (2005). Protease secreted by the infective larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and its role in the penetration of mouse intestine. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72, 831–836.Google Scholar
Lee, J. D., Chung, L. Y., Wang, L. C., Lin, R. J., Wang, J. J., Tu, H. P., Wu, Z. D. and Yen, C. M. (2014). Sequence analysis in partial genes of five isolates of Angiostrongylus cantonensis from Taiwan and biological comparison in infectivity and pathogenicity between two strains. Acta Tropica 133, 26–34.Google Scholar
Leon, I. R., Neves-Ferreira, A. G., Valente, R. H., Mota, E. M., Lenzi, H. L. and Perales, J. (2007). Improved protein identification efficiency by mass spectrometry using N-terminal chemical derivatization of peptides from Angiostrongylus costaricensis, a nematode with unknown genome. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 42, 781–792.Google Scholar
Leone, S., De Marco, M., Ghirga, P., Nicastri, E., Esposito, M. and Narciso, P. (2007). Eosinophilic meningitis in a returned traveler from Santo Domingo: case report and review. Journal of Travel Medicine 14, 407–410.Google Scholar
Levett, P. N., Douglas, K. O., Waugh, C. A., Robinson, R. D. and Lindo, J. F. (2004). Failure to detect Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats in Barbados. West Indian Medical Journal 53, 58.Google Scholar
Li, D. N., He, A., Wang, Y., Liang, Y., Li, Z. Y., Men, J. X. and Zhan, X. M. (2001). Three lethal cases of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infected children. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 19, 310–311.Google Scholar
Li, H., Xu, F., Gu, J. B. and Chen, X. G. (2008). A severe eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79, 568–570.Google Scholar
Li, L. S., Zhang, R. Y., Fang, Y. Y., Ouyang, R., Xie, H. G., Jiang, D. W., Xie, X. L., Chen, Z. Y. and Zheng, G. B. (2013 a). Prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in snails for sale in Fuzhou and Xiamen. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 31, 464–466.Google Scholar
Li, S., Yang, F., Ji, P., Zeng, X., Wu, X., Wei, J., Ouyang, L., Liang, J., Zheng, H., Wu, Z. and Lv, Z. (2014 a). Eosinophil chemotactic chemokine profilings of the brain from permissive and non-permissive hosts infected with Angiostrongylus cantonenis . Parasitology Research 113, 517–525.Google Scholar
Li, Y., Tang, J. P., Chen, D. R., Fu, C. Y., Wang, P., Li, Z., Wei, W., Li, H. and Dong, W. Q. (2013 b). The use of albendazole and diammonium glycyrrhizinate in the treatment of eosinophilic meningitis in mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Journal of Helminthology 87, 1–11.Google Scholar
Li, Y. C., Hu, X. M., Tong, C. J., Liu, J., Li, M. T. and Wang, S. Q. (2011). Investigation on serology, risk factor and awareness of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Hainan province. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 29, 74–75.Google Scholar
Li, Z., Chen, X., Zen, X., Liang, J., Wei, J., Lv, Z., Sun, X. and Wu, Z. D. (2014 b). MicroRNA expression profile in the third- and fourth-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 113, 1883–1896.Google Scholar
Li, Z. Y., Sun, R., Li, J., Song, Y. X., Lin, Y. C., Zeng, X., He, H. J., Wei, J., Yang, F., Zheng, H. Q., Lv, Z. Y. and Wu, Z. D. (2012). Efficacy of albendazole combined with a marine fungal extract (m2-9) against Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced meningitis in mice. Journal of Helminthology 86, 410–417.Google Scholar
Liang, S. H., Huang, H. C., Pan, C. W. and Tan, F. (2005). Detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis circulating antigen by monoclonal antibodies. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 85, 3057–3061.Google Scholar
Lilic, N. and Addison, B. (2013). Angiostrongylus meningitis associated with intraparenchymal cerebral haemorrhage. New Zealand Medical Journal 126, 98–102.Google Scholar
Lin, J. X., Jie, H. Y. and Li, L. S. (2005). An inspiration from the outbreaks of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis . Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 23, 341–343.Google Scholar
Lin, R. J., Chen, C. Y., Chung, L. Y. and Yen, C. M. (2010). Larvicidal activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Acta Tropica 115, 69–76.Google Scholar
Lindo, J. F., Waugh, C., Hall, J., Cunningham-Myrie, C., Ashley, D., Eberhard, M. L., Sullivan, J. J., Bishop, H. S., Robinson, D. G., Holtz, T. and Robinson, R. D. (2002). Enzootic Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and snails after an outbreak of human eosinophilic meningitis, Jamaica. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8, 324–326.Google Scholar
Lindo, J. F., Escoffery, C. T., Reid, B., Codrington, G., Cunningham-Myrie, C. and Eberhard, M. L. (2004). Fatal autochthonous eosinophilic meningitis in a Jamaican child caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70, 425–428.Google Scholar
Liu, C. Y., Song, H. Q., Zhang, R. L., Chen, M. X., Xu, M. J., Ai, L., Chen, X. G., Zhan, X. M., Liang, S. H., Yuan, Z. G., Lin, R. Q. and Zhu, X. Q. (2011). Specific detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the snail Achatina fulica using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. Molecular and Cellular Probes 25, 164–167.Google Scholar
Liu, I. H., Chung, Y. M., Chen, S. J. and Cho, W. L. (2006). Necrotizing retinitis induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . American Journal of Ophthalmology 141, 577–579.Google Scholar
Liu, L. H., He, H. J., Lv, Z. Y., Wei, J., Zeng, X., Liang, J. Y., Zheng, H. Q., Yu, X. B., Sun, X. and Wu, Z. D. (2013). The mRNA level of the galectin-10 of Angiostrongylus cantonensis induced by reactive oxygen stress. Parasitology Research 112, 933–943.Google Scholar
Long, Y., Cao, B., Yu, L., Tukayo, M., Feng, C., Wang, Y. and Luo, D. (2015). Angiostrongylus cantonensis cathepsin B-like protease (Ac-cathB-1) is involved in host gut penetration. Parasite 22, 37.Google Scholar
Luessi, F., Sollors, J., Torzewski, M., Muller, H. D., Siegel, E., Blum, J., Sommer, C., Vogt, T. and Thomke, F. (2009). Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Germany. Journal of Travel Medicine 16, 292–294.Google Scholar
Lunn, J., Lee, R., Smaller, J., MacKay, B., King, T., Hunt, G., Martin, P., Krockenberger, M., Spielman, D. and Malik, R. (2012). Twenty two cases of canine neural angiostronglyosis in eastern Australia (2002–2005) and a review of the literature. Parasites and Vectors 5, 70.Google Scholar
Lv, S., Zhou, X. N., Zhang, Y., Liu, H. X., Zhu, D., Yin, W. G., Steinmann, P., Wang, X. H. and Jia, T. W. (2006). The effect of temperature on the development of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen 1935) in Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822). Parasitology Research 99, 583–587.Google Scholar
Lv, S., Zhang, Y., Steinmann, P. and Zhou, X. N. (2008). Emerging angiostrongyliasis in Mainland China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 161–164.Google Scholar
Lv, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, S. R., Wang, L. B., Fang, W., Chen, F., Jiang, J. Y., Li, Y. L., Du, Z. W. and Zhou, X. N. (2009 a). Human angiostrongyliasis outbreak in Dali, China. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3, e520.Google Scholar
Lv, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, H. X., Hu, L., Yang, K., Steinmann, P., Chen, Z., Wang, L. Y., Utzinger, J. and Zhou, X. N. (2009 b). Invasive snails and an emerging infectious disease: results from the first national survey on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in China. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3, e368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lv, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, H. X., Zhang, C. W., Steinmann, P., Zhou, X. N. and Utzinger, J. (2009 c). Angiostrongylus cantonensis: morphological and behavioral investigation within the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata . Parasitology Research 104, 1351–1359.Google Scholar
Lv, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, Q., Liu, H. X., Hu, L., Wei, F. R., Steinmann, P., Graeff-Teixeira, C., Zhou, X. N. and Utzinger, J. (2012). The complete mitochondrial genome of the rodent intra-arterial nematodes Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis . Parasitology Research 111, 115–123.Google Scholar
Lv, S., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y. H., Liu, H. X., Zhou, Z. B., Jiang, M. and Gu, W. B. (2014). Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 26, 175–179.Google Scholar
Ma, G., Dennis, M., Rose, K., Spratt, D. and Spielman, D. (2013). Tawny frogmouths and brushtail possums as sentinels for Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm. Veterinary Parasitology 192, 158–165.Google Scholar
Mackerras, M. and Sandars, D. (1955). The life history of the rat lung-worm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 3, 1–25.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. T., Lacasse, C. and Spratt, D. M. (2013). Patent Angiostrongylus mackerrasae infection in a black flying fox (Pteropus alecto). Australian Veterinary Journal 91, 366–367.Google Scholar
Maleewong, W., Sombatsawat, P., Intapan, P. M., Wongkham, C. and Chotmongkol, V. (2001). Immunoblot evaluation of the specificity of the 29-kDa antigen from young adult female worms Angiostrongylus cantonensis for immunodiagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology 19, 267–273.Google Scholar
Malhotra, S., Mehta, D. K., Arora, R., Chauhan, D., Ray, S. and Jain, M. (2006). Ocular angiostrongyliasis in a child – first case report from India. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 52, 223–225.Google Scholar
Malvy, D., Ezzedine, K., Receveur, M. C., Pistone, T., Crevon, L., Lemardeley, P. and Josse, R. (2008). Cluster of eosinophilic meningitis attributable to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in French policemen troop returning from the Pacific Islands. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, 301–304.Google Scholar
Maretic, T., Perovic, M., Vince, A., Lukas, D., Dekumyoy, P. and Begovac, J. (2009). Meningitis and radiculomyelitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, 996–998.Google Scholar
Martin-Alonso, A., Foronda, P., Quispe-Ricalde, M. A., Feliu, C. and Valladares, B. (2011). Seroprevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in wild rodents from the Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 6, e27747.Google Scholar
Martin-Alonso, A., Abreu-Yanes, E., Feliu, C., Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M. D., Valladares, B. and Foronda, P. (2015). Intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Tenerife, Spain. PLoS ONE 10, e0120686.Google Scholar
Martins, Y. C., Tanowitz, H. B. and Kazacos, K. R. (2015). Central nervous system manifestations of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Acta Tropica 141, 46–53.Google Scholar
Mattis, A., Mowatt, L., Lue, A., Lindo, J. and Vaughan, H. (2009). Ocular angiostrongyliasis–first case report from Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal 58, 383–385.Google Scholar
McKenzie, R. A., Green, P. E. and Wood, A. D. (1978). Angiostrongylus cantonesis infection of the brain of a captive Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). Australian Veterinary Journal 54, 86–88.Google Scholar
McVeigh, P., Maule, A. G., Dalton, J. P. and Robinson, M. W. (2012). Fasciola hepatica virulence-associated cysteine peptidases: a systems biology perspective. Microbes and Infection 14, 301–310.Google Scholar
Mendonca, C. L., Carvalho, O. S., Mota, E. M., Pelajo-Machado, M., Caputo, L. F. and Lenzi, H. L. (1999). Penetration sites and migratory routes of Angiostrongylus costaricensis in the experimental intermediate host (Sarasinula marginata). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 94, 549–556.Google Scholar
Monks, D. J., Carlisle, M. S., Carrigan, M., Rose, K., Spratt, D., Gallagher, A. and Prociv, P. (2005). Angiostrongylus cantonensis as a cause of cerebrospinal disease in a yellow-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) and two tawny frogmouths (Podargus strigoides). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 19, 289–293.Google Scholar
Monte, T. C., Simoes, R. O., Oliveira, A. P., Novaes, C. F., Thiengo, S. C., Silva, A. J., Estrela, P. C. and Maldonado, A. Jr. (2012). Phylogenetic relationship of the Brazilian isolates of the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) employing mitochondrial COI gene sequence data. Parasites and Vectors 5, 248.Google Scholar
Morassutti, A. L. and Graeff-Teixeira, C. (2012). Interface molecules of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: their role in parasite survival and modulation of host defenses. International Journal of Inflammation 2012, 512097.Google Scholar
Morassutti, A. L., Levert, K., Perelygin, A., da Silva, A. J., Wilkins, P. and Graeff-Teixeira, C. (2012 a). The 31-kDa antigen of Angiostrongylus cantonensis comprises distinct antigenic glycoproteins. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 12, 961–968.Google Scholar
Morassutti, A. L., Levert, K., Pinto, P. M., da Silva, A. J., Wilkins, P. and Graeff-Teixeira, C. (2012 b). Characterization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis excretory–secretory proteins as potential diagnostic targets. Experimental Parasitology 130, 26–31.Google Scholar
Morassutti, A. L., Perelygin, A., Levert, K., Lin, S. C., Lee, Y. M., da Silva, A. J., Wilkins, P. P. and Graeff-Teixeira, C. (2013 a). Expression of recombinant antigenic proteins from Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a brief report. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 58–62.Google Scholar
Morassutti, A. L., Perelygin, A., Carvalho Marcos, O. D. E., Lemos, L. N., Pinto, P. M., Frace, M., Wilkins, P. P., Graeff-Teixeira, C. and Da Silva, A. J. (2013 b). High throughput sequencing of the Angiostrongylus cantonensis genome: a parasite spreading worldwide. Parasitology 140, 1304–1309.Google Scholar
Morassutti, A. L., Thiengo, S. C., Fernandez, M., Sawanyawisuth, K. and Graeff-Teixeira, C. (2014). Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: an emergent disease in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 109, 399–407.Google Scholar
Morera, P. (1973). Life history and redescription of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera and Cespedes, 1971. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 22, 613–621.Google Scholar
Morera, P. and Cespedes, R. (1971). Angiostrongylus costaricensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea), a new lungworm occurring in man in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 18, 173–185.Google Scholar
Morera, P., Lazo, R., Urquizo, J. and Llaguno, M. (1983). First record of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera and Cespedes, 1971 in Ecuador. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 32, 1460–1461.Google Scholar
Morley, N. J. (2010). Aquatic molluscs as auxiliary hosts for terrestrial nematode parasites: implications for pathogen transmission in a changing climate. Parasitology 137, 1041–1056.Google Scholar
Morton, N. J., Britton, P., Palasanthiran, P., Bye, A., Sugo, E., Kesson, A., Ardern-Holmes, S. and Snelling, T. L. (2013). Severe hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis among young children in Sydney, Australia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57, 1158–1161.Google Scholar
Mota, E. M. and Lenzi, H. L. (2005). Angiostrongylus costaricensis: complete redescription of the migratory pathways based on experimental Sigmodon hispidus infection. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100, 407–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muro, A. and Perez-Arellano, J. L. (2010). Nitric oxide and respiratory helminthic diseases. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010, 958108.Google Scholar
Murphy, G. S. and Johnson, S. (2013). Clinical aspects of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 35–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Nalini, A., Ramakrishna, A., Dekumoy, P., Kumar, R. R., Pakdee, W., Saini, J. and Hegde, V. S. (2013). Severe form of radiculo – myelo – neuropathy with meningo – encephalitis secondary to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection: unusual corpus callosal lesions and serial magnetic resonance imaging findings. Neurology India 61, 414–418.Google Scholar
Neuhauss, E., Fitarelli, M., Romanzini, J. and Graeff-Teixeira, C. (2007). Low susceptibility of Achatina fulica from Brazil to infection with Angiostrongylus costaricensis and A. cantonensis . Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 102, 49–52.Google Scholar
Ni, F., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, L., Fang, W. and Luo, D. (2012). Cathepsin B-like and hemoglobin-type cysteine proteases: stage-specific gene expression in Angiostrongy cantonensis . Experimental Parasitology 131, 433–441.Google Scholar
Odermatt, P., Lv, S. and Sayasone, S. (2010). Less common parasitic infections in Southeast Asia that can produce outbreaks. Advances in Parasitology 72, 409–435.Google Scholar
Oehler, E., Ghawche, F., Delattre, A., Berberian, A., Levy, M. and Valour, F. (2014). Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis: a clinical study of 42 consecutive cases in French Polynesia. Parasitology International 63, 544–549.Google Scholar
Okano, T., Haga, A., Mizuno, E., Onuma, M., Nakaya, Y. and Nagamine, T. (2014). Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in the Ryukyu Islands tree rat (Diplothrix legata). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50, 322–325.Google Scholar
Oliveira, A. P., Gentile, R., Maldonado Junior, A., Lopes Torres, E. J. and Thiengo, S. C. (2015). Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in molluscs in the municipality of Sao Goncalo, a metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: role of the invasive species Achatina fulica in parasite transmission dynamics. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 110, 739–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, I. L. (2005). Parasitic zoonoses in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Helminthology 79, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Padilla-Docal, B., Dorta-Contreras, A. J., Bu-Coifiu-Fanego, R., Hernandez, H. F., Barroso, J. C. and Sanchez-Martinez, C. (2008). Intrathecal synthesis of IgE in children with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Cerebrospinal Fluid Research 5, 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pai, S., Madi, D., Achappa, B., Mahalingam, S. and Kendambadi, R. (2013). An interesting case of eosinophilic meningitis. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 7, 734–735.Google ScholarPubMed
Palominos, P. E., Gasnier, R., Rodriguez, R., Agostini, A. A. and Graeff-Teixeira, C. (2008). Individual serological follow-up of patients with suspected or confirmed abdominal angiostrongyliasis. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 103, 93–97.Google Scholar
Pan, B., Wu, J., Ruan, C. W., Liang, W. J., Deng, Z. H., Zhang, Q. M., Huang, S. Y., Lin, R. X. and Pei, F. Q. (2011). Investigation on Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rodents in Guangdong Province. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 29, 289–292.Google ScholarPubMed
Patikulsila, D., Ittipunkul, N. and Theerakittikul, B. (2003). Intravitreal angiostrongyliasis: report of 2 cases. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 86, 981–985.Google Scholar
Peng, H., Sun, R., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Wei, J., Zeng, X., Zheng, H. and Wu, Z. (2013). Interleukin 33 mediates type 2 immunity and inflammation in the central nervous system of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Journal of Infectious Diseases 207, 860–869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pipitgool, V., Sithithaworn, P., Pongmuttasaya, P. and Hinz, E. (1997). Angiostrongylus infections in rats and snails in northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 28(Suppl. 1), 190–193.Google Scholar
Pitrez, P. M., Gualdi, L. P., Barbosa, G. L., Sudbrack, S., Ponzi, D., Cao, R. G., Silva, A. C., Machado, D. C., Jones, M. H., Stein, R. T. and Graeff-Teixeira, C. (2015). Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: the influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response. Experimental Parasitology 156, 95–103.Google Scholar
Podwall, D., Gupta, R., Furuya, E. Y., Sevigny, J. and Resor, S. R. (2004). Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis presenting with facial nerve palsy. Journal of Neurology 251, 1280–1281.Google Scholar
Prociv, P. and Carlisle, M. S. (2001). The spread of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Australia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 32(Suppl. 2), 126–128.Google Scholar
Prociv, P., Spratt, D. M. and Carlisle, M. S. (2000). Neuro-angiostrongyliasis: unresolved issues. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 1295–1303.Google Scholar
Qi, H., Diao, Z. and Yin, C. (2009). A case of optic nerve compression caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qvarnstrom, Y., Sullivan, J. J., Bishop, H. S., Hollingsworth, R. and da Silva, A. J. (2007). PCR-based detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in tissue and mucus secretions from molluscan hosts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 1415–1419.Google Scholar
Qvarnstrom, Y., da Silva, A. C., Teem, J. L., Hollingsworth, R., Bishop, H., Graeff-Teixeira, C. and da Silva, A. J. (2010). Improved molecular detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks and other environmental samples with a species-specific internal transcribed spacer 1-based TaqMan assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, 5287–5289.Google Scholar
Qvarnstrom, Y., Bishop, H. S. and da Silva, A. J. (2013). Detection of rat lungworm in intermediate, definitive, and paratenic hosts obtained from environmental sources. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 63–69.Google Scholar
Qvarnstrom, Y., Xayavong, M., da Silva, A. C., Park, S. Y., Whelen, A. C., Calimlim, P. S., Sciulli, R. H., Honda, S. A., Higa, K., Kitsutani, P., Chea, N., Heng, S., Johnson, S., Graeff-Teixeira, C., Fox, L. M. and da Silva, A. J. (2016). Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with eosinophilic meningitis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 94, 176–181.Google Scholar
Rai, S., Madi, D., Pai, S. and Baliga, S. (2014). Unusual larva in the CSF and unique MRI findings in a case of eosinophilic meningitis. Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 4, 76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rebello, K. M., Siqueira, C. R., Ribeiro, E. L., Valente, R. H., Mota, E. M., Perales, J., Neves-Ferreira, A. G. and Lenzi, H. L. (2012). Proteolytic activity in the adult and larval stages of the human roundworm parasite Angiostrongylus costaricensis . Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 107, 752–759.Google Scholar
Reece, R. L., Perry, R. A. and Spratt, D. M. (2013). Neuroangiostrongyliasis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in gang-gang cockatoos (Callocephalon fimbriatum). Australian Veterinary Journal 91, 477–481.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. P., Puttachary, S., Buxton, S. K. and Martin, R. J. (2015). Tribendimidine: mode of action and nAChR subtype selectivity in Ascaris and Oesophagostomum . PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, e0003495.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, R., da Silva, A. C., Muller, C. A., Alves, S. L., Graeff-Teixeira, C. and Fornari, F. (2014). PCR for the diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue. PLoS ONE 9, e93658.Google Scholar
Saluja, R., Khan, M., Church, M. K. and Maurer, M. (2015). The role of IL-33 and mast cells in allergy and inflammation. Clinical and Translational Allergy 5, 33.Google Scholar
Sawanyawisuth, K. (2008). Treatment of angiostrongyliasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, 990–996.Google Scholar
Sawanyawisuth, K. and Chotmongkol, V. (2013). Eosinophilic meningitis. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 114, 207–215.Google Scholar
Sawanyawisuth, K. and Kitthaweesin, K. (2008). Optic neuritis caused by intraocular angiostrongyliasis. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 39, 1005–1007.Google Scholar
Sawanyawisuth, K., Limpawattana, P., Busaracome, P., Ninpaitoon, B., Chotmongkol, V., Intapan, P. M. and Tanawirattananit, S. (2004). A 1-week course of corticosteroids in the treatment of eosinophilic meningitis. American Journal of Medicine 117, 802–803.Google Scholar
Sawanyawisuth, K., Kitthaweesin, K., Limpawattana, P., Intapan, P. M., Tiamkao, S., Jitpimolmard, S. and Chotmongkol, V. (2007). Intraocular angiostrongyliasis: clinical findings, treatments and outcomes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, 497–501.Google Scholar
Sawanyawisuth, K., Takahashi, K., Hoshuyama, T., Senthong, V., Limpawattana, P., Intapan, P. M., Wilson, D., Tiamkao, S., Jitpimolmard, S. and Chotmongkol, V. (2009). Clinical factors predictive of encephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 698–701.Google Scholar
Sawanyawisuth, K., Sawanyawisuth, K., Intapan, P. M., Khotsri, P., Kanpittaya, J., Chotmongkol, V. and Maleewong, W. (2011). Specificity of immunoblotting analyses in eosinophilic meningitis. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 106, 570–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sawanyawisuth, K., Chindaprasirt, J., Senthong, V., Limpawattana, P., Auvichayapat, N., Tassniyom, S., Chotmongkol, V., Maleewong, W. and Intapan, P. M. (2013). Clinical manifestations of Eosinophilic meningitis due to infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in children. Korean Journal of Parasitology 51, 735–738.Google Scholar
Schmutzhard, E., Boongird, P. and Vejjajiva, A. (1988). Eosinophilic meningitis and radiculomyelitis in Thailand, caused by CNS invasion of Gnathostoma spinigerum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 51, 80–87.Google Scholar
Schulte, C., Krebs, B., Jelinek, T., Nothdurft, H. D., von Sonnenburg, F. and Loscher, T. (2002). Diagnostic significance of blood eosinophilia in returning travelers. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34, 407–411.Google Scholar
Senanayake, S. N., Pryor, D. S., Walker, J. and Konecny, P. (2003). First report of human angiostrongyliasis acquired in Sydney. Medical Journal of Australia 179, 430–431.Google Scholar
Senthong, V., Chindaprasirt, J. and Sawanyawisuth, K. (2013). Differential diagnosis of CNS angiostrongyliasis: a short review. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 52–54.Google Scholar
Shen, H. X., Chen, K., Pan, S. H., Huang, L. T., Wang, C., Lu, Y. Y., Ma, C. L., Chen, D. X., Chen, X. Y., Li, X. M., Zhu, W. Y. and Ren, W. F. (2012). Investigation on spread and hazards of human parasites in Qushui Village, Suixi County, Zhanjiang City. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 24, 461–463.Google Scholar
Shyu, L. Y., Chang, H. H., Hsu, J. D., Lin, D. P., Teng, Y. H. and Lee, H. H. (2012). Curcumin alleviates eosinophilic meningitis through reduction of eosinophil count following albendazole treatment against Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice. Parasitology 139, 358–365.Google Scholar
Simoes, R. O., Monteiro, F. A., Sanchez, E., Thiengo, S. C., Garcia, J. S., Costa-Neto, S. F., Luque, J. L. and Maldonado, A. (2011). Endemic angiostrongyliasis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, 1331–1333.Google Scholar
Simoes, R. O., Maldonado Junior, A., Olifiers, N., Garcia, J. S., Bertolino, A. V. and Luque, J. L. (2014). A longitudinal study of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in an urban population of Rattus norvegicus in Brazil: the influences of seasonality and host features on the pattern of infection. Parasites and Vectors 7, 100.Google Scholar
Sinawat, S. and Yospaiboon, Y. (2013). Subretinal angiostrongyliasis-induced optic neuritis. Clinical Ophthalmology 7, 977–979.Google Scholar
Sinawat, S., Sanguansak, T., Angkawinijwong, T., Ratanapakorn, T., Intapan, P. M. and Yospaiboon, Y. (2008). Ocular angiostrongyliasis: clinical study of three cases. Eye 22, 1446–1448.Google Scholar
Slatko, B. E., Luck, A. N., Dobson, S. L. and Foster, J. M. (2014). Wolbachia endosymbionts and human disease control. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 195, 88–95.Google Scholar
Slom, T. J., Cortese, M. M., Gerber, S. I., Jones, R. C., Holtz, T. H., Lopez, A. S., Zambrano, C. H., Sufit, R. L., Sakolvaree, Y., Chaicumpa, W., Herwaldt, B. L. and Johnson, S. (2002). An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. New England Journal of Medicine 346, 668–675.Google Scholar
Song, L., Wang, X., Yang, Z., Lv, Z. and Wu, Z. (2016). Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the vector snails Pomacea canaliculata and Achatina fulica in China: a meta-analysis. Parasitology Research 115, 913–923.Google Scholar
Song, Z., Huang, H., Tan, F., Zhang, E., Hu, J. and Pan, C. (2012). Differential proteomics analysis of female and male adults of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Experimental Parasitology 131, 169–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spencer, L. A. and Weller, P. F. (2010). Eosinophils and Th2 immunity: contemporary insights. Immunology and Cell Biology 88, 250–256.Google Scholar
Spratt, D. M. (2015). Species of Angiostrongylus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in wildlife: a review. International Journal for Parasitology. Parasites and Wildlife 4, 178–189.Google Scholar
Stack, C., Dalton, J. P. and Robinson, M. W. (2011). The phylogeny, structure and function of trematode cysteine proteases, with particular emphasis on the Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L family. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 712, 116–135.Google Scholar
Stockdale-Walden, H. D., Slapcinsky, J., Qvarnstrom, Y., McIntosh, A., Bishop, H. S. and Rosseland, B. (2015). Angiostrongylus cantonensis in introduced gastropods in Southern Florida. Journal of Parasitology 101, 156–159.Google Scholar
Suankratay, C., Wilde, H. and Berger, S. (2001). Thailand: country survey of infectious diseases. Journal of Travel Medicine 8, 192–203.Google Scholar
Teem, J. L., Qvarnstrom, Y., Bishop, H. S., da Silva, A. J., Carter, J., White-McLean, J. and Smith, T. (2013). The occurrence of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, in nonindigenous snails in the Gulf of Mexico region of the United States. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 11–14.Google Scholar
Tesana, S., Srisawangwong, T., Sithithaworn, P. and Laha, T. (2008). Angiostrongylus cantonensis: experimental study on the susceptibility of apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata compared to Pila polita . Experimental Parasitology 118, 531–535.Google Scholar
Tesana, S., Srisawangwong, T., Sithithaworn, P., Laha, T. and Andrews, R. (2009). Prevalence and intensity of infection with third stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks from Northeast Thailand. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, 983–987.Google Scholar
Thanaviratananich, S. and Ngamjarus, C. (2015). Corticosteroids for parasitic eosinophilic meningitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, CD009088.Google Scholar
Thiengo, S. C., Maldonado, A., Mota, E. M., Torres, E. J., Caldeira, R., Carvalho, O. S., Oliveira, A. P., Simoes, R. O., Fernandez, M. A. and Lanfredi, R. M. (2010). The giant African snail Achatina fulica as natural intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Pernambuco, northeast Brazil. Acta Tropica 115, 194–199.Google Scholar
Thiengo, S. C., Simoes Rde, O., Fernandez, M. A. and Maldonado, A. Jr. (2013). Angiostrongylus cantonensis and rat lungworm disease in Brazil. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 18–22.Google Scholar
Thirugnanam, S., Munirathinam, G., Veerapathran, A., Dakshinamoorthy, G., Reddy, M. V. and Ramaswamy, K. (2012). Cloning and characterization of high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi . Parasitology Research 111, 619–627.Google Scholar
Thyssen, A., Mitchell, M., Qvarnstrom, Y., Rao, S., Benke, T. A. and Glode, M. P. (2013). Eosinophilic meningitis in a previously healthy 13-year-old child. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 32, 194, 198.Google Scholar
Tokiwa, T., Harunari, T., Tanikawa, T., Komatsu, N., Koizumi, N., Tung, K. C., Suzuki, J., Kadosaka, T., Takada, N., Kumagai, T., Akao, N. and Ohta, N. (2012). Phylogenetic relationships of rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, isolated from different geographical regions revealed widespread multiple lineages. Parasitology International 61, 431–436.Google Scholar
Tokiwa, T., Hashimoto, T., Yabe, T., Komatsu, N., Akao, N. and Ohta, N. (2013). First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) infections in invasive rodents from five islands of the Ogasawara Archipelago, Japan. PLoS ONE 8, e70729.Google Scholar
Tomanakan, K., Srisurach, N., Sae-tung, S. and Pengpinich, C. (2008). Detection of circulating antibody of Parastrongylus cantonensis in sera with eosinophilic meningitis by dot-blot ELISA. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 91, 1082–1086.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Liu, Y. C., Kunin, C. M., Lai, P. H., Lee, S. S., Chen, Y. S., Wann, S. R., Lin, W. R., Huang, C. K., Ger, L. P., Lin, H. H. and Yen, M. Y. (2003). Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis associated with eating raw snails: correlation of brain magnetic resonance imaging scans with clinical findings. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68, 281–285.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Lee, S. S., Huang, C. K., Yen, C. M., Chen, E. R. and Liu, Y. C. (2004). Outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis associated with drinking raw vegetable juice in southern Taiwan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71, 222–226.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Liu, Y. C., Lee, S. S., Chen, E. R. and Yen, C. M. (2007 a). Vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with blood brain barrier dysfunction in eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, 592–595.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Chung, L. Y., Chen, E. R., Liu, Y. C., Lee, S. S., Chen, Y. S., Sy, C. L., Wann, S. R. and Yen, C. M. (2008). Association of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-4 in cerebrospinal fluid with blood–brain barrier dysfunction in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, 20–27.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Lai, P. H., Sy, C. L., Lee, S. S., Yen, C. M., Wann, S. R. and Chen, Y. S. (2011). Encephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis after eating raw frogs mixed with wine as a health supplement. Internal Medicine 50, 771–774.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Tseng, Y. T., Yen, C. M., Chen, E. R., Sy, C. L., Lee, S. S., Wann, S. R. and Chen, Y. S. (2012). Brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 12, 161–166.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Chen, Y. S. and Yen, C. M. (2013). Human parasitic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Taiwan. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 26–27.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Huang, Y. L., Chen, Y. S., Yen, C. M., Tsai, R., Lee, S. S. and Tai, M. H. (2014 a). 14-3-3beta protein expression in eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. BMC Research Notes 7, 97.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Lee, B. Y., Yen, C. M., Wann, S. R., Lee, S. S., Chen, Y. S. and Tai, M. H. (2014 b). Dexamethasone downregulated the expression of CSF 14-3-3beta protein in mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Acta Tropica 131, 98–103.Google Scholar
Tsai, H. C., Lee, B. Y., Yen, C. M., Wann, S. R., Lee, S. S. and Chen, Y. S. (2015). Dexamethasone inhibits brain apoptosis in mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Parasites and Vectors 8, 200.Google Scholar
Tsai, K. H., Huang, C. G., Wang, L. C., Yu, Y. W., Wu, W. J. and Chen, W. J. (2007 b). Molecular evidence for the endosymbiont Wolbachia in a non-filaroid nematode, Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Journal of Biomedical Science 14, 607–615.Google Scholar
Tseng, Y. K., Tu, W. C., Lee, H. H., Chen, K. M., Chou, H. L. and Lai, S. C. (2004). Ultrastructural localization of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in eosinophils from the cerebrospinal fluid of mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 98, 831–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tseng, Y. T., Tsai, H. C., Sy, C. L., Lee, S. S., Wann, S. R., Wang, Y. H., Chen, J. K., Wu, K. S. and Chen, Y. S. (2011). Clinical manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis: 18 years’ experience in a medical center in southern Taiwan. Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection 44, 382–389.Google Scholar
Tu, W. C. and Lai, S. C. (2006). Angiostrongylus cantonensis: efficacy of albendazole-dexamethasone co-therapy against infection-induced plasminogen activators and eosinophilic meningitis. Experimental Parasitology 113, 8–15.Google Scholar
Tunholi-Alves, V. M., Tunholi, V. M., Lustrino, D., Amaral, L. S., Thiengo, S. C. and Pinheiro, J. (2011). Changes in the reproductive biology of Biomphalaria glabrata experimentally infected with the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 108, 220–223.Google Scholar
Tunholi-Alves, V. M., Tunholi, V. M., Pinheiro, J. and Thiengo, S. C. (2012). Effects of infection by larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda, Metastrongylidae) on the metabolism of the experimental intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata . Experimental Parasitology 131, 143–147.Google Scholar
Tunholi-Alves, V. M., Tunholi, V. M., Castro, R. N., Sant'Ana, L. D., Santos-Amaral, L., de Oliveira, A. P., Garcia, J., Thiengo, S. C., Pinheiro, J. and Maldonado, A. Jr. (2014). Activation of anaerobic metabolism in Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) experimentally infected by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda, Metastrongylidae) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Parasitology International 63, 64–68.Google Scholar
Tunholi-Alves, V. M., Tunholi, V. M., Amaral, L. S., Mota, E. M., Maldonado Junior, A., Pinheiro, J. and Garcia, J. (2015). Biochemical profile of Achatina fulica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) after infection by different parasitic loads of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda, Metastrongylidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 124, 1–5.Google Scholar
Ubelaker, J. E. (1986). Systematics of species referred to the genus Angiostrongylus . Journal of Parasitology 72, 237–244.Google Scholar
Ueda, M., Takeuchi, Y., Ochiai, J., Mabuchi, C. and Niwa, J. (2015). A case of myelitis with eosinophilia of the cerebrospinal fluid. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 55, 651–653.Google Scholar
Uga, S., Ono, K., Kataoka, N. and Hasan, H. (1996). Seroepidemiology of five major zoonotic parasite infections in inhabitants of Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 27, 556–561.Google Scholar
Vafadari, B., Salamian, A. and Kaczmarek, L. (2016). MMP-9 in translation: from molecule to brain physiology, pathology and therapy. Journal of Neurochemistry. doi:10.1111/jnc.13415.Google Scholar
Vibanco-Perez, N. and Landa-Piedra, A. (1998). Glutathione S-transferase in helminth parasites. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiologia 40, 73–85.Google Scholar
Vitta, A., Polseela, R., Nateeworanart, S. and Tattiyapong, M. (2011). Survey of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and giant African land snails in Phitsanulok province, Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 4, 597–599.Google Scholar
Vitta, A., Polsut, W., Fukruksa, C., Yimthin, T., Thanwisai, A. and Dekumyoy, P. (2016). Levels of infection with the lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis in terrestrial snails from Thailand, with Cryptozona siamensis as a new intermediate host. Journal of Helminthology, 1–5. doi:10.1017/S0022149X15001042.Google Scholar
Walker, A. G., Spielman, D., Malik, R., Graham, K., Ralph, E., Linton, M. and Ward, M. P. (2015). Canine neural angiostrongylosis: a case-control study in Sydney dogs. Australian Veterinary Journal 93, 195–199.Google Scholar
Wallace, G. D. (2013). The discovery of humans in Hawai'i infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and early epidemiological findings. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 5.Google Scholar
Wan, K. S. and Weng, W. C. (2004). Eosinophilic meningitis in a child raising snails as pets. Acta Tropica 90, 51–53.Google Scholar
Wang, J., Qi, H., Diao, Z., Zheng, X., Li, X., Ma, S., Ji, A. and Yin, C. (2010). An outbreak of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis in Beijing. Journal of Parasitology 96, 377–381.Google Scholar
Wang, J., Wei, J., Zeng, X., Liang, J. Y., Wu, F., Li, Z. Y., Zheng, H. Q., He, H. J. and Wu, Z. D. (2013 a). Efficacy of tribendimidine against Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in the mice. Parasitology Research 112, 1039–1046.Google Scholar
Wang, J. J., Chung, L. Y., Lin, R. J., Lee, J. D., Lin, C. W. and Yen, C. M. (2011). Eosinophilic meningitis risk associated with raw Ampullarium canaliculatus snails consumption. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 27, 184–189.Google Scholar
Wang, L. C., Jung, S. M., Chen, C. C., Wong, H. F., Wan, D. P. and Wan, Y. L. (2006 a). Pathological changes in the brains of rabbits experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis after albendazole treatment: histopathological and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 57, 294–300.Google Scholar
Wang, L. C., Wang, I. H. and Jou, J. R. (2006 b). Optic neuritis secondary to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation 14, 189–191.Google Scholar
Wang, L. C., Chen, K. Y., Chang, S. H., Chung, L. Y., Gan, R. C., Cheng, C. J. and Tang, P. (2013 b). Transcriptome profiling of the fifth-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis by next-generation sequencing. Parasitology Research 112, 3193–3202.Google Scholar
Wang, M. and Lv, S. (2014). Substitution saturation analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 32, 205–209.Google Scholar
Wang, Q. P., Chen, X. G. and Lun, Z. R. (2007). Invasive freshwater snail, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, 1119–1120.Google Scholar
Wang, Q.-P., Lai, D.-H., Zhu, X.-Q., Chen, X.-G. and Lun, Z.-R. (2008). Human angiostrongyliasis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 8, 621–630.Google Scholar
Wang, Q. P., Wu, Z. D., Wei, J., Owen, R. L. and Lun, Z. R. (2012). Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis: an update. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 31, 389–395.Google Scholar
Watanabe, Y., Suematsu, T. and Ohtsuki, T. (2014). Losing the stem-loop structure from metazoan mitochondrial tRNAs and co-evolution of interacting factors. Frontiers in Genetics 5, 109.Google Scholar
Waugh, C. A., Shafir, S., Wise, M., Robinson, R. D., Eberhard, M. L. and Lindo, J. F. (2005). Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Jamaica. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, 1977–1978.Google Scholar
Wei, F. R., Liu, H. X., Lv, S., Hu, L. and Zhang, Y. (2010). Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae in Pomacea canaliculata . Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 28, 355–358.Google Scholar
Wei, J., Wu, F., He, A., Zeng, X., Ouyang, L. S., Liu, M. S., Zheng, H. Q., Lei, W. L., Wu, Z. D. and Lv, Z. Y. (2015). Microglia activation: one of the checkpoints in the CNS inflammation caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rodent model. Parasitology Research 114, 3247–3254.Google Scholar
Wei, P. C., Tsai, C. H., Chiu, P. S. and Lai, S. C. (2011). Matrix metalloproteinase-12 leads to elastin degradation in BALB/c mice with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis . International Journal for Parasitology 41, 1175–1183.Google Scholar
Wei, Y., Hong, Q., Chen, D., Liang, C., Liu, H., Luo, X. and Zhu, X. (2014). Permissibility of Mongolian gerbil for Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection and utility of this animal model for anthelmintic studies. Parasitology Research 113, 1687–1693.Google Scholar
Wilkins, P. P., Qvarnstrom, Y., Whelen, A. C., Saucier, C., da Silva, A. J. and Eamsobhana, P. (2013). The current status of laboratory diagnosis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections in humans using serologic and molecular methods. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 55–57.Google Scholar
Wright, J. D., Kelly, W. R., Waddell, A. H. and Hamilton, J. (1991). Equine neural angiostrongylosis. Australian Veterinary Journal 68, 58–60.Google Scholar
Yang, T. B., Wu, Z. D. and Lun, Z. R. (2013 a). The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, a novel vector of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis: its introduction, spread, and control in China. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 23–25.Google Scholar
Yang, X., Qu, Z., He, H., Zheng, X., He, A., Wu, Y., Liu, Q., Zhang, D., Wu, Z., Li, Z. and Zhan, X. (2012). Enzootic angiostrongyliasis in Guangzhou, China, 2008–2010. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygeine 86, 846–849.Google Scholar
Yang, X., Li, Z., He, H., Cheng, M., Liu, Q., Zhang, D., Chen, J., Wu, X., He, A., Zheng, X., Wu, Y., Wu, Z. and Zhan, X. (2013 b). Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a putative activation-associated secreted protein from Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 112, 781–788.Google Scholar
Yeung, N. W., Hayes, K. A. and Cowie, R. H. (2013). Effects of washing produce contaminated with the snail and slug hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis with three common household solutions. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health 72, 83–86.Google Scholar
Yii, C. Y. (1976). Clinical observations on eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis on Taiwan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 25, 233–249.Google Scholar
Yii, C. Y., Chen, C. Y., Chen, E. R., Hsieh, H. C. and Shih, C. C. (1975). Epidemiologic studies of eosinophilic meningitis in southern Taiwan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24, 447–454.Google Scholar
Yong, H. S. and Eamsobhana, P. (2013). Definitive rodent hosts of the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. 29, 111–115.Google Scholar
Yong, H. S., Eamsobhana, P., Lim, P. E., Razali, R., Aziz, F. A., Rosli, N. S., Poole-Johnson, J. and Anwar, A. (2015 a). Draft genome of neurotropic nematode parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, causative agent of human eosinophilic meningitis. Acta Tropica 148, 51–57.Google Scholar
Yong, H. S., Eamsobhana, P., Song, S. L., Prasartvit, A. and Lim, P. E. (2015 b). Molecular phylogeography of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) and genetic relationships with congeners using cytochrome b gene marker. Acta Tropica 148, 66–71.Google Scholar
Yong, H. S., Song, S. L., Eamsobhana, P., Goh, S. Y. and Lim, P. E. (2015 c). Complete mitochondrial genome reveals genetic diversity of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae). Acta Tropica 152, 157–164.Google Scholar
Yong, H. S., Song, S. L., Eamsobhana, P., Goh, S. Y., Lim, P. E., Chow, W. L., Chan, K. G. and Abrahams-Sandi, E. (2015 d). Mitochondrial genome supports sibling species of Angiostrongylus costaricensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae). PLoS ONE 10, e0134581.Google Scholar
York, E. M., Butler, C. J. and Lord, W. D. (2014). Global decline in suitable habitat for Angiostrongylus (=Parastrongylus) cantonensis: the role of climate change. PLoS ONE 9, e103831.Google Scholar
York, E. M., Creecy, J. P., Lord, W. D. and Caire, W. (2015). Geographic range expansion for rat lungworm in North America. Emerging Infectious Diseases 21, 1234–1236.Google Scholar
Yousif, F. and Lammler, G. (1975 a). The effect of some biological and physical factors on infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 47, 191–201.Google Scholar
Yousif, F. and Lammler, G. (1975 b). The suitability of several aquatic snails as intermediate hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 47, 203–210.Google Scholar
Yousif, F., Blahser, S. and Lammler, G. (1980). The cellular responses in Marisa cornaurietis experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 62, 179–190.Google Scholar
Yu, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Fang, W. and Luo, D. (2014 a). Immunolocalization and developmental expression patterns of two cathepsin B proteases (AC-cathB-1, -2) of Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Experimental Parasitology 144, 27–33.Google Scholar
Yu, L., Liao, Q., Chen, X., Xu, L., Zeng, X., Lv, Z., Sun, X., Zhen, H. and Wu, Z. (2014 b). Dynamic expression of miR-132, miR-212, and miR-146 in the brain of different hosts infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Parasitology Research 113, 91–99.Google Scholar
Yu, L., Wu, X., Wei, J., Liao, Q., Xu, L., Luo, S., Zeng, X., Zhao, Y., Lv, Z. and Wu, Z. (2015). Preliminary expression profile of cytokines in brain tissue of BALB/c mice with Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Parasites and Vectors 8, 328.Google Scholar
Zarowiecki, M. and Berriman, M. (2015). What helminth genomes have taught us about parasite evolution. Parasitology 142(Suppl. 1), S85–S97.Google Scholar
Zeng, X., Wang, J., Wei, J., Wu, F., Fung, F., Wu, X., Sun, X., Zheng, H., Lv, Z. and Wu, Z. (2013 a). Angiostrongylus cantonensis: tegumental and hypodermic alterations of the fourth-stage larvae following administration of tribendimidine in vivo and in vitro . Parasitology Research 112, 3035–3040.Google Scholar
Zeng, X., Wei, J., Wang, J., Wu, F., Fung, F., Wu, X., Sun, X., Zheng, H., Lv, Z. and Wu, Z. (2013 b). Angiostrongylus cantonensis: scanning electron microscopic observations on the cuticle of moulting larvae. Korean Journal of Parasitology 51, 633–636.Google Scholar
Zhang, R. L., Chen, M. X., Gao, S. T., Geng, Y. J., Huang, D. N., Liu, J. P., Wu, Y. L. and Zhu, X. Q. (2008 a). Enzootic angiostrongyliasis in Shenzhen, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 1955–1956.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Huang, D., Tan, Q. M., Chen, D. X. and Zhan, X. M. (2008 b). Epidemiological investigation of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Jiangmen of Guangdong Province. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 26, 370–373.Google Scholar
Zhao, J., Lv, Z., Wang, F., Wei, J., Zhang, Q., Li, S., Yang, F., Zeng, X., Wu, X. and Wu, Z. (2013). Ym1, an eosinophilic chemotactic factor, participates in the brain inflammation induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice. Parasitology Research 112, 2689–2695.Google Scholar
Zhou, Z., Barennes, H., Zhou, N., Ding, L., Zhu, Y. H. and Strobel, M. (2009). Two outbreaks of eosinophilic meningitis in Yunann (China) clinical, epidemiological and therapeutical issues. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique 102, 75–80.Google Scholar

Barratt supplementary material S1

Supplementary Video

Download Barratt supplementary material S1(Video)
Video 139.2 MB

Barratt supplementary material S2

Supplementary Video

Download Barratt supplementary material S2(Video)
Video 15.5 MB