¹ de Montaigne, Michel, Travel Journal (trans. Frame, D.M.) (Stanford, 1983), 78, 88Google Scholar.

² Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana [hereafter BAV], Vat. Lat. 12159, fols 178–80, unpublished papers of Cardinal Morone. On the wider context of Papal Visitations and a search-list of churches and institutions, see Pagano, S., ‘Le visite apostoliche a Roma nei secoli XVI–XIX, repertorio delle fonti’, Ricerche per la Storia Religiosa di Roma: Studi, Documenti, Inventari 4 (1980), 317–440Google Scholar.

³ BAV, Vat. Lat. 12159, fol. 180: ‘Dictum Altare non habet Iconam … fieri potent construatur cum Imagine Sancte Trinitatis’.

⁴ Kenny, A., ‘From hospice to college II’, Venerabile 20 (1) (November, 1960), 7Google Scholar.

⁵ BAV, Ottob. Lat. 2473, fols 60–80. The text of Cardinal Sega's Visitation is quoted in Meyer, A.O., England and the Catholic Church under Elizabeth (London, 1916), 492–519Google Scholar: ‘De Anglorum ecclesia cultuque divino, Pater B., nihil est quod S.V. referamus: credimus enim latere neminem templum hoc, etsi perexiguum, illustre tamen aspectuque ex diversorum Dei Martirum expressis imaginibus iucundissimum esse. Altaria omnia decora valde, supellex magnifica et pro loci facultate copiosa. Is ministrantium atque sacerdotum in divinis laudibus aliis sacris muneribus obeundis ordo eaque pietas ut videntibus aliquando nobis remque tacite considerantibus non esset ultra spiritus’ (493).

⁶ Kenny, A., ‘From hospice to college’, in The English Hospice in Rome (Leominster, 2005Google Scholar: first published as The Venerabile Sexcentenary Issue XXI (1962)), 228–31Google Scholar, discusses the sequence of events.

⁷ For the Bull of Foundation, see Williams, M., The Venerable English College a History 1579–1979 (London, 1979), 210–19Google Scholar.

⁸ Annuae Litterae Societatis lesu Anni MDLXXXI (Rome, 1583), 23, 24Google Scholar. The Annual Letter of the Society of Jesus comprised edited versions of the reports received from the provinces and missions — including the Annual Letter of the English College — starting in 1581. The former were usually issued as printed books, while the latter remain in copies in the College itself (and in nmeteenth-century transcriptions now in the National Archives PRO 31/9–13). I am grateful to Thomas McCoog sj of the archive of the British Province of the Society of Jesus for this information.

⁹ Thomas Buser considered the paintings because the English College was one of the three national seminaries run by the Jesuits, which included Santo Stefano Rotondo of the Hungarian college and Sant'Apollinare belonging to the German college, decorated around the same time and by the same artist, Niccolò Circignani, with a fresco cycle of martyrdoms. Buser did not, however, mention Durante Alberti's altarpiece: Buser, T., ‘Jerome Nadal and early Jesuit art in Rome’, Art Bulletin 58 (1976), 424–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Leif Holm Monssen focused on the Crucifixion in Santo Stefano Rotondo and the emphasis on sacrifice in Christ's name in the liturgical and educational work of the Jesuit seminary: Monssen, L.H., ‘Rex Gloriose Martyrum: a contribution to Jesuit iconography’, Art Bulletin 63 (1981), 130–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Kirstin Noreen examined the prints made from the cycle at Santo Stefano Rotondo in 1583 and their significance for Jesuit missionaries, and briefly mentioned the prints of the English College frescoes produced by the same artist, Giovanni Battista de’ Cavalieri, by 1584: Noreen, K., ‘Ecclesiae Militantis Triumphi: Jesuit iconography and the Counter-Reformation’, Sixteenth Century Journal 29(3)(1998), 689–715CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Alexandra Herz's mention of the English College paintings, although repeating Lewine's dating of the altarpiece to 1575 (that is before the Papal Visitation of 1576 that instructed its provision), nevertheless did position the Holy Trinity at the centre of the fresco cycle added to Saint Thomas of Canterbury a few years after it: Herz, A., ‘Imitators of Christ: the martyr-cycles of late sixteenth century Rome seen in context’, Storia dell'Arte 62 (1988), 65 n. 114Google Scholar; Lewine, M.J., The Roman Church Interior 1527–1580 (Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, 1960), 493Google Scholar.

¹⁰ The problem of the reputation of artists such as Circignani, who was celebrated in his own day but whose reputation was diminished by the twentieth century, has been considered by Korrick, Leslie in ‘On the meaning of style: Nicolò Circignani in Counter-Reformation Rome’, Word and Image 15 (2) (1999), 170–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Bailey, G.A., Between Renaissance and Baroque: Jesuit Art in Rome, 1565–1610 (Toronto, 2003), 159–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Freedberg, for example, did not mention Durante Alberti at all: Freedberg, S.J., Painting in Italy 1500–1600 (New Haven/London, 1971Google Scholar; third edition 1993), 656. Unlike his three cousins (Alessandro, Cherubino and Giovanni), he does not have an entry in the Grove Dictionary of Art. Zeri included the frescoes by Circignani but not the Durante Alberti altarpiece in the English College church: Zeri, F., Pittura a controriforma: l'arte senza tempo di Scipione da Gaeta (Turin, 1957), 122Google Scholar.

¹¹ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 156.

¹² Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 158.

¹³ Archive of the Venerable English College, Rome [hereafter VEC], Liber 91, Libro di entrata e uscita, 1579–1583, 86: ‘Spesa della chiesa deve scudi 81.54 … tafetta gialo turchino mandate il suisedi … per fare parato per la chiesa …’ and ‘tafetta turchino … per fare la coperta al quadro della santissima trinita in chiesa … scudi 27.80’.

¹⁴ The payments to Durante Alberti are in VEC, Liber 37, Libro mastro del collegio, 1579–83, 93 and 131; VEC, Liber 91, Libro di entrata e uscita, 1579–1583, 66 and 92.

¹⁵ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 137.

¹⁶ Due to the position and location of the Martyrs' Picture on the wall above the high altar of the English College church, it has proved impossible to obtain accurate measurements of the canvas.

¹⁷ Turner, N., Federico Barocci (Paris, 2000), 193, 195Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 137 n. 202.

¹⁹ For example, in 1569 Vasari received 100 scudi for the Altarpiece of the Rosary with a tondo above for Santa Maria Novella in Florence: Frey, K. (ed.), Der Literarische Nachlass Giorgio Vasaris II (Munich, 1930), Ricordo fol. 28b, 880Google Scholar.

²⁰ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 47–8, described Durante Alberti as ‘a man who worked on almost every early Jesuit commission in Rome’. On the commission for the Chiesa Nuova, see Ferrara, D., ‘Artisti e committenze alia Chiesa Nuova’, in La regola e lafama: San Filippo Neri e l'arte (Milan, 1995), 109–10Google Scholar.

²¹ See Baglione, G., ‘Le vite de’ pittori, scultori et architetti, dal pontificato di Gregorio XIII del 1572 in fino a' tempi di Papa Urbano Ottavo nel 1642’, in Studi e Testi 367 (Vatican City, 1995), 118Google Scholar; A. Zuccari, ‘Cesare Baronio, le immagini, gli artisti’, in La regola e la fama (above, n. 20), 87, 96 n. 55. See also Herz, A., ‘Cardinal Cesare Baronio's restoration of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo and S. Cesareo de'Appia’, Art Bulletin 70 (1988), 590–620CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²² Baglione, ‘Vite de’ pittori' (above, n. 21), 118–19: ‘Nella Trinità de gl'Inglesi medesimamente sopra l'altar maggiore stavvi un Dio Padre, che ha in braccio N. Signore Giesii Christo morto con Angeli, e da basso altri Santi; una delle belle opere, che egli inai habbia fatto’.

²³ O'Neil, M.S., Giovanni Baglione: Artistic Reputation in Baroque Rome (Cambridge, 2002), 166, 372 n. 108Google Scholar; on the Pantheon chapel, see Kambo, S., ‘La Pontificia I. Accademia dei Virtuosi al Pantheon e le vicende di fede e di arte’, Roma 6 (1928), 1–16Google Scholar.

²⁴ Baglione, ‘Vite de’ pittori' (above, n. 21), 118–19; Panofsky, G.S., ‘An artist's library in Rome around 1600’, in Flemming, V. and Schütze, S. (eds), Ars Naturam Adiuvans: Festschrift für Matthias Winner (Mainz, 1996), 367Google Scholar.

²⁵ Panofsky, ‘An artist's library’ (above, n. 24), 369.

²⁶ Hibbard, H., ‘The first painted decorations of the Gesu’, in Wittkower, R. and Jaffe, I.B. (eds), Baroque Art: the Jesuit Contribution (New York, 1972), 40Google Scholar.

²⁷ Azzi, G. Degli, ‘Archivio Alberti (Sansepolchro)’, in Mazzatinti, G. (ed.), Gli archivi della storia d'Italia VI no. ii (Rocca San Casciano, 1915), 225–30Google Scholar, reproduced in Mazzatinti, G., Gli archivi della storia d'Italia VIII–IX (Hildesheim/Zürich/New York, 1988)Google Scholar; Smith, G., The Casino of Pius IV (Princeton (NJ), 1977), 64Google Scholar.

²⁸ Panofsky, ‘An artist's library’ (above, n. 24), 367. The will is at Archivio di Stato di Roma [hereafter ASR], Not. Trib. dell'A.C. uff. 10, Not, Erasmus Ovidius, vol. 2374, cc. 335 R–336 R, Testamentum Domini Durantis Alberti Pictoris de Burgo S.ti Sepulchri. Baglione, ‘Vite de’ pittori' (above, n. 21), 119.

²⁹ Degli Azzi, ‘Archivio Alberti’ (above, n. 27), 226; Panofsky, ‘An artist's library’ (above, n. 24), 369.

³⁰ Martyrologium Romanum ad Novam Kalendarii Rationetn, & Ecclesiasticae Historiae Veritatem Restitutum, Gregorii XIII. Pont. Max. lussu Editum … Accesserunt Notationes atque Tractatio de Martyrologio Romano. Auctore Cesare Baronio (Venice, 1587), 580–1Google Scholar; Decembris 29 … : Baronio, Saint Thomas, 29 December, ‘Videre meruit saeculum nostrum hac ex parte foelicissimum quamplurimos Thomas, sanctissimos sacerdotes, aliosque nobilissimos viros Anglicanos ampliori (liceat dicere) martyrio coronatos, duplicisque tituli coronis auctos; cum non solum (ut Thomas) pro ecclesiastica libertate, sed pro fide catholica tuenda. restituenda, ac conservanda, nobilissimo martyrio occubuerint: ut inter alios, quos nuper S. Societas Iesu velut agnos innoxios in sacris septis, sanctis eruditionibus ad martyrium, acceptissimas Deo hostias, segnavit; quos Romanum, quos Rhemense sacra collegia, quae dixerim celsas tores a facie Aquilonis, et fortissima propugnacula fidei, emiserunt ad triumphos et provexerunt ad coronas. Macte animo, macte virtute, Anglicanora iuventus, que tam illustri militiae nomen dedisti, ac Sacramento sanguinem spopondisti: aemulor sane vos Dei aemulatione, cum vos martyrii candidatos, ac nobilissimae purpurae martyres designates ascipio. compellor et dicere: Moriatur anima mea morte iustorum, et fiant novissima mea horum similia’. See Williams, Venerable English College (above, n. 7), 8–9.

³¹ This led to a tradition at the College that Neri, resident at San Girolamo della Carità from 1551 to 1583, always greeted the English seminarians with ‘Salvete flores martyrum’ — ‘Hail flowers of the martyrs’ — after one of the first to return to England had asked for his blessing (though this tradition may have been the invention of John Henry Newman in the nineteenth century): Meyer, England and the Catholic Church (above, n. 5), 109; Trevor, M., Apostle of Rome: a Life of Philip Neri 1515–1595 (London, 1966), 234Google Scholar.

³² Papaldo, S., San Girolamo della Carità (Le chiese di Roma illustrate 132) (Rome, 1978), 60–4Google Scholar.

³³ Borenius, T., ‘The iconography of St Thomas of Canterbury’, Archaeologia 89 (1930), 29–54Google Scholar; Borenius, T., ‘Addenda to the iconography of St Thomas of Canterbury’, Archaeologia 91 (1931), 31Google Scholar.

³⁴ Korrick, ‘On the meaning of style’ (above, n. 10), 179.

³⁵ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 158–9.

³⁶ Nicola Courtright suggested that ‘no artistic virtuoso was at the helm … and even Michelangelo's genius no longer represented the absolute authority of the church’ during the pontificate of Gregory XIII: Courtright, N., The Papacy and the Art of Reform in Sixteenth-century Rome: Gregory XIII's Tower of the Winds in the Vatican (Cambridge, 2003), 5Google Scholar. On the ‘dominating presence’ of Michelangelo's work in Rome and elsewhere throughout the sixteenth century, see Ames-Lewis, F. and Joannides, P. (eds), Reactions to the Master: Michelangelo's Effect on Art and Artists in the Sixteenth Century (Aldershot, 2003Google Scholar).

³⁷ Quoted in Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 48. The lecture is in Alberti, R., Origine, etprogresso dell'academia del dissegno de'pittori, scultori, e architetti di Roma (Pavia, 1604) (reprinted Bologna, 1978), 56Google Scholar.

³⁸ Kenny, A., ‘From hospice to college I’, Venerabile 19 (4) (May, 1960), 477Google Scholar.

³⁹ Saint Thomas was not entirely unknown in Italian altarpieces (for example the 1504 altarpiece of Saints Martin and Thomas of Canterbury by Timoteo Viti in the Cathedral sacristy at Urbino, although Thomas is depicted with a beard in contrast with the younger and beardless Martin), whereas I have been unable to find representations of Edmund outside English art (for example the Wilton Diptych in the National Gallery, London).

⁴⁰ The title ‘Venerable’ seems to have been linked first with the hospice in 1481. VEC, Liber 5, Chronologia vol. 2, 316.

⁴¹ VEC, Membranes 60 (Instrument dated 25 May 1371, ‘Robert and William the English give two houses and other properties to the English College’); VEC, Membranes 67 (Instrument dated 1 September 1373, ‘John Tholes and Gilbert Newman sell various properties to the English hospice’); Thomas, W., ‘The Holy Trinity of the Scots: a mystery or a case of mistaken identity’, The Venerabile 30 (5) (1995), 65Google Scholar.

⁴² VEC, Membranes 200, dated 23 March 1445, ‘Bull of Eugenius IV’; see also The Venerabil 19 (4) (May, 1960), 494–5Google Scholar.

⁴³ The chapel stood at 22 Via dei Genovesi and survived as part of a house until 1818; Gasquet, F.A., A History of the Venerable English College, Rome (London, 1920), 31–5Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ VEC, Membranes 308, dated 1 May 1579 and Liber 5, Chronologia vol. 2.

⁴⁵ Bailey is unusual for picking up on this fact. However, the hospice church dedicated to the Trinity was probably not completed until the end of the fifteenth century. See VEC, Liber 17, Res Diversae 1450–1510, fol. 41 for the consecration of the church on 26 September 1501. The five altars of the church were dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint Edmund King and Martyr, the Holy Cross and Saint John the Evangelist, with the high altar reserved to the Trinity — not Saint Edmund as Bailey claimed; Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 156–7. See BAV, Vat. Lat. 12159 (unpublished papers of Cardinal Morone), fols 178–80 and VEC, Scritture 31.5.1 ‘Status 1662’. The altars of the Holy Cross and Saint John the Evangelist were consecrated in March 1581 by Bishop Thomas Goldwell: VEC, Liber 303 part II (see transcription in National Archives PRO 31/9–13 ‘Annales Collegii Pars Secunda’, 6).

⁴⁶ Translated in Gasquet, English College (above, n. 43), 78; for a transcription of the documents see Kenny, The English Hospice in Rome (above, n. 6), appendix 29, 271–2.

⁴⁷ Martin, Gregory, Roma Sancta (Rome, c. 1581Google Scholar), quoted in Parks, G.B., The English Traveller in Italy (Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura) (Rome, 1969), 112–14Google Scholar; Gasquet, English College (above, n. 43), 43.

⁴⁸ Martin, Roma Sancta, (above, n. 47), 112–14; Gasquet, English College (above, n. 43), 43–4.

⁴⁹ Kenny, ‘From hospice to college II’ (above, n. 4), 7–8.

⁵⁰ Champ, J., The English Pilgrimage to Rome: a Dwelling for the Soul (Leominster, 2000), 80–1, 84Google Scholar.

⁵¹ VEC, Liber 33, ‘Inventarium Rerum Hospitalis’, fol. 25; Gasquet,English College (above, n. 43), 59ff.; Kenny, ‘From hospice to college I’ (above, n. 38), 483.

⁵² Champ, English Pilgrimage (above, n. 50), 76, 84; Anon., ‘Broadsheet of 1580’, The Venerabile (1934), 431–2; Gasquet, English College (above, n. 43), 85–7.

⁵³ Champ, English Pilgrimage (above, n. 50), 78, 95: the pilgrim book, in three volumes, continued without a break from 1580 until 1767; VEC, Liber 282 (1580–1656), 283 (1654–1732) and 292 (1733–71).

⁵⁴ VEC, Liber 282; Champ, English Pilgrimage (above, n. 50), 73.

⁵⁵ Annuae Litterae Societatis lesu Anni MDLXXXII (Rome, 1584), 20Google Scholar: ‘Est in Anglicano Collegio vetus Anglorum hospitium, eorum nimirum, qui pietatis caussa Romanam hanc peregrinationem suscipiunt, quibus etiam ad octavum diem victum liberaliter praebet. multi hoc anno advenere, erga quos alumni omnia pietatis officia exhibuere, erga quos alumni omnia pietatis officia exhibuere, aliquot etiam cum Ecclesia Catholica in gratiam rediere’. Translated in Foley, H., Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus VI (London, 1880), 98–9Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Campion to Jesuit General, November 1580, quoted in Foley, H., Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus III (London, 1878), 673Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Meyer, England and the Catholic Church (above, n. 5), 109; Williams, Venerable English College (above, n. 7), 8–9.

⁵⁸ Meyer, England and the Catholic Church (above, n. 5), 496; Visitation section 15.

⁵⁹ Annuae Litterae … Anni MDLXXXII (above, n. 55), 19.

⁶⁰ Foley, Records VI (above, n. 55), 67; VEC, Liber 303 part II (National Archives PRO 31/9–13 transcripts part 3, 1–2).

⁶¹ Annuae Litterae … Anni MDLXXXl (above, n. 8), 27: ‘Pontifex Maximus Collegium hoc multis beneficiis in dies magis auget atque ornat. nuper Abbatiam attribuit, ex qua singulis annis capiuntur aureorum tria millia; continentes hortos coemit; totamq. Collegii aedificationem cubiculis aliquot exstructis laxauit’.

⁶² Courtright, Art of Reform (above, n. 36), 13. For Principio Fabrizi's emblem book, which consists of many illustrations of Gregory XIII's dragon defending the faithful: BAV, Buoncompagni D 43, Di Principio Fabricii allusioni, et imprese sopra l'arme di Gregorio Papa XIII. Co’ i titoli, motti, figure, et sonnetti (1579).

⁶³ G.B. Parks, ‘The Reformation and the hospice 1514–1559’, in The English Hospice in Rome (above, n. 6), 205; VEC, Liber 303 part II (National Archives PRO 31/9–13, 6).

⁶⁴ Annuae Litterae … Anni MDLXXXII (above, n. 55), 18–19: 'is templi tectum pulcherrime laqueatum aureis fabricatus est amplius trecentis. Neque desunt alii praeterea viri pii, qui Collegio huic benigne faciant: unus enim magnam struem lignorum dedit ad comburendum: Alter moriens domum testamento legavit: quidam etiam vivens testamentum scripsit, quo post suum obitum annuum vectigal aureorum quinquagenorum relinquit’. See also Foley, , Records VI (above, n. 55), 97–8Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Foley, Records VI (above, n. 55), 97–8. See nn. 14 and 15 with associated text.

⁶⁶ Foley, Records VI (above, n. 55), 83; Noreen, ‘Ecclesiae Militantis Triumphi’ (above, n. 9), 698. Even more explicit images of martrydom were circulated abroad: for example, Gallonio, A., Trattato de gli instrument di martirio (Rome, 1591Google Scholar), see Freedberg, D., ‘The representation of martyrdoms during the early Counter-Reformation in Antwerp’, Burlington Magazine 118 (March, 1976), 137–8Google Scholar.

⁶⁷ Allen's books appeared in Italian the next year. W. Allen, A Briefe Historie of the Glorious Martyrdom of XII Reverend Priests, Executed within these Twelve Monethes for Confession and Defence of the Catholike Faith. But under the False Pretence of Treason, 1582, reprinted in English Recusant Literature 1555–1640 (ed. Rogers, D.M.), vol. 55 (Menston, 1970Google Scholar); Pollen, J.H., introduction to Allen's A Briefe Historie (London, 1908), ixGoogle Scholar; Buser, ‘Jerome Nadal’ (above, n. 9), 429 n. 30; Annual Letter of the English College 1584, Foley, , Records VI (above, n. 55), 111Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ De Persecutione Anglicana Libellus. Quo Explicantur Afflictiones, Calamitates, Cruciatus, et Acerbissima Martyria, quae Angli Catholici nunc ob Fidem Patiuntur. Quae Omnia in hac Postrema Editione Aenis Typis ad Viuum Expressa Sunt (published by the English College — ‘Romae, ex typographia Georgii Ferrarrii, sumtibus Bartholomaei Grassi, Et Caesaris Ferrarii sociorum’, 1582). See Allison, A.F. and Rogers, D.M., The Contemporary Printed Literature of the English Counter-Reformation between 1558 and 1640: an Annotated Catalogue (Aldershot, 1978), I, 131Google Scholar no. 943 and 120–1 no. 876. The final leaf with title ‘Praesentis ecclesiae anglicanae typus’ introduces six plates with engravings and accompanying Latin poems representing the sufferings of the English Catholics, copied from woodcuts in the broadsheet by Richard Verstegan (Praesentis Ecclesiae Anglicanae Typus, 1582; see Allison and Rogers (above), I, 171 no. 1293). The same plates were used in William Allen, Historia del glorioso martirio di sedici sacerdoti martirizati in lnghilterra … Tradotta … da vno del collegio Inglese di Roma. S' e aggiunto il martirio di due altri sacerdoti, et vno secolare inglesi, ‘Macerata, appresso Sebastiano Martinelli’, 1583. (Allen's book in fact includes nineteen martyrdoms, though the first fifteen are in English, with the six plates from Verstegan's Praesentis. Then another 1585 edition added five new martyrdoms to make 24, with the same six plates; Allison and Rogers (above), I, 4 nos. 8 and 11.)

⁶⁹ Champ, English Pilgrimage (above n. 50), 72.

⁷⁰ Allison and Rogers, The Contemporary Printed Literature (above, n. 68), I, 131 nos. 944–6. There were several editions of the Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophaea — 1584 (2 editions), 1585–90, 1608.

⁷¹ ‘Nova et vetera’, The Venerabile 6 (4) (April, 1934), 433–9Google Scholar.

⁷² British Library 551.e.35.

⁷³ Duffy, E., ‘William Cardinal Allen (1532–1594)’, Recusant History 22–3 (1995), 265–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar (also in Schofield, N. (ed.), A Roman Miscellany (Leominster, 2002), 10–53Google Scholar); see also Kenny, ‘From hospice to college II’ (above, n. 4), 5–6 on the idea of an English invasion.

⁷⁴ Quoted in Duffy, ‘William Cardinal Allen’ (above, n. 73), 265; Knox, T.F. (ed.), The Letters and Memorials of William Cardinal Allen (London, 1882), 407Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Duffy, ‘William Cardinal Allen’ (above, n. 73), 265; Knox, Letters and Memorials (above, n. 74), 29–30.

⁷⁶ Allen, W., An Apologie and True Declaration of the Institution and Endevours of the Two English Colleges, the One in Rome, the Other Now Resident in Rhemes: Againste Certaine Sinister Informations Given up Against the Same (Rheims, 1581Google Scholar), reprinted in English Recusant Literature vol. 67 (Menston, 1971); White, H.C., Tudor Books of Saints and Martyrs (Madison, 1963), 243Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 113.

⁷⁸ Duffy, ‘William Cardinal Allen’ (above, n. 73), 271.

⁷⁹ Income at the English hospice in Rome was 1,450 scudi from rents of houses in 1576, noted by the Visitor. Of this, 192 scudi was spent on servants, 180 scudi on the board of pilgrims, and 900 scudi on the resident community. See Kenny, ‘From hospice to college II’ (above, n. 4), 8.

⁸⁰ Kenny, ‘From hospice to college II’ (above, n. 4), 9.

⁸¹ Meyer, England and the Catholic Church (above, n. 5), 92–9.

⁸² Kenny, A., ‘From hospice to college III’, Venerabile 20 (2) (May, 1961), 89–90, 98–100Google Scholar; Pollen, J.H., The English Catholics in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth: a Study of Their Politics, Civil Life and Government (London, 1920), 276Google Scholar.

⁸³ Kenny, ‘From hospice to college II’ (above, n. 4), 10–11.

⁸⁴ BAV, Vat. Lat. 12159, fol. 141.

⁸⁵ On seminary training in general and by the Jesuits, see Duffy, ‘William Cardinal Allen’ (above, n. 73), 276: Williams, M., ‘William Allen: the sixteenth century Spanish connection’, Recusant History 22 (2) (1994), 129CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁶ Testa, L., Fondazione e primo sviluppo del Seminario Romano (1565–1608) (Rome, 2002Google Scholar).

⁸⁷ Duffy, ‘William Cardinal Allen’ (above, n. 73), 279.

⁸⁸ Renold, P. (ed.), Letters of William Allen and Richard Barrett 1572–1598 (London, 1967), 8–11Google Scholar, quoted in Duffy, ‘William Cardinal Allen’ (above, n. 73), 275.

⁸⁹ Meyer, England and the Catholic Church (above, n. 5), 112, 514.

⁹⁰ Letter of 13 July 1598, quoted in Meyer, England and the Catholic Church (above, n. 5), 114.

⁹¹ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 115.

⁹² Kenny, ‘From hospice to college III’ (above, n. 82), 100–1. Clynnog had studied at Oxford and had taught at Louvain, Bologna and Padua before becoming confessor to the household of Cardinal Pole at Canterbury. He was made Bishop of Bangor but never consecrated to the position. In 1563 he moved to Rome and became a resident of the English hospice. See Kenny, ‘From hospice to college I’ (above, n. 38), 480–5. His letter to Cardinal Morone is given in Rigg, J.M. (ed.), Calendar of State Papers, Relating to English Affairs, Preserved Principally at Rome … I (London, 1916), 60Google Scholar; see Kenny, ‘From hospice to college II’ (above, n. 4), 1.

⁹³ Dodd's Church History of England from the Commencement of the Sixteenth Century to the Revolution in 1688, with notes, additions and a continuation by Tierney, M.A. (London, 1839), IIGoogle Scholar, appendix, ccclxxiii–ccclxxiv.

⁹⁴ Munday, A., The English Romayne Lyfe. Discovering: the Lives of the Englishmen at Roome: the Orders of the English Seminarie … and a Number Other Matters … There unto is Added, the Cruell Tiranny Used on an English Man (R. Atkins) at Roome (London, 1582), 60Google Scholar; Williams, Venerable English College (above, n. 7), 12.

⁹⁵ Meyer, England and the Catholic Church (above, n. 5), 111; VEC, Liber 304, ‘Students' complaints and demands for Jesuit superiors, 1579’; Scritture 29.2, ‘The Welsh troubles’, 1578–9, especially 20 January 1579. See also documents printed in Dodd's Church History (above, n. 93), cccxlviii.

⁹⁶ Dodd's Church History (above, n. 93), ccl–ccclxi.

⁹⁷ Kenny, A., ‘From hospice to college IV’, The Venerabile 20 (3) (November, 1961), 191Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ Reproduced in Dodd's Church History (above, n. 93), ccclxv–ccclxxi.

⁹⁹ Kenny, ‘From hospice to college IV’ (above, n. 97), 176–7; part of Clynnog's statement is given in Dodd's Church History (above, n. 93), ccclxxii. Also Morone's papers, BAV, Ottob. Lat. 2473, 135ff.

¹⁰⁰ Verdon, T., ‘Masaccio's Trinity: theological, social and civic meanings’, in Ahl, D.S. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Masaccio (Cambridge, 2002), 158–76Google Scholar.

¹⁰¹ Verdon, ‘Masaccio's Trinity’ (above, n. 100), 166.

¹⁰² Verdon, ‘Masaccio's Trinity’ (above, n. 100), 175.

¹⁰³ Hymn for the Common of One or Several Martyrs from the Roman Breviary, quoted in Noreen, ‘Ecclesiae Militantis Triumphi’ (above, n. 9), 701, and Monssen, ‘Rex Gloriose Martyrum’ (above, n. 9), 134 n. 25.

¹⁰⁴ Nice, J., Bordering on Nationalism: Sacred History and Historiography in Brittany and Wales, c. 1550–1650 (University of York, Ph.D. thesis, 2004), chapter 4, p. 236Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Kenny, ‘From hospice to college IV’ (above, n. 97), 195.

¹⁰⁶ McCoog, T.M. SJ, The Society of Jesus in England 1623–1688: an Institutional Study (University of Warwick, Ph.D. thesis, 1984), 53–4Google Scholar; Kenny ‘From hospice to college IV’ (above, n. 97), 194.

¹⁰⁷ Knox, Letters and Memorials (above, n. 74), 74–5.

¹⁰⁸ Kenny, ‘From hospice to college IV’ (above, n. 97), 196; VEC, Liber 303, Liber Ruber 1579–1783.

¹⁰⁹ VEC, Liber 303 part 2 (National Archives PRO 31/9–13 part 3, 4).

¹¹⁰ Allen, Apologie (above, n. 76), 109–10; Duffy, ‘William Cardinal Allen’ (above, n. 73), 279.

¹¹¹ Annual Letters of the English College; Foley, Records VI (above, n. 55), 111.

¹¹² This motto replaced the original one of the hospice, ‘Pro Petri Fide et Patria’, in 1951.

¹¹³ Revised Standard Version, Luke 12.48–52.

¹¹⁴ This detail of the painting is discussed at length in J. Nice, ‘Cross-confessional features of English identity: the Ditchley portrait of Queen Elizabeth I and the high altarpiece of the English College in Rome’, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History (forthcoming). I am grateful to the author for allowing me access to this article prior to publication.

¹¹⁵ Nicolau, M. (ed.), Plàticas spirituales del P. Jerònimo Nadal S.I., en Coimbra (1561) (Granada, 1945), 496Google Scholar; quoted in Noreen, ‘Ecclesiae Militantis Triumphi’ (above, n. 9), 701, and Monssen, ‘Rex Gloriose Martyrum’ (above, n. 9), 134.

¹¹⁶ Noreen, ‘Ecclesiae Militantis Triumphi’ (above, n. 9), 699.

¹¹⁷ Monssen, L.H., ‘The martyrdom cycle in Santo Stefano Rotondo, part one’, Institutum Romanum Norvegiae: Acta ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia 2 (1982), 181Google Scholar.

¹¹⁸ In Jesuit art understood as ‘a directed form of communication, propaganda eonstitutively looks to its reception’ more than its creation. See Levy, E., Propaganda and the Jesuit Baroque (Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 2004), 184ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁹ O'Malley, J.W., The First Jesuits (Cambridge (Mass.), 1993), 4Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Smith, J.C., Sensuous Worship: Jesuits and the Art of the Early Catholic Reformation in Germany (Princeton/Oxford, 2002), 23–5Google Scholar.

¹²¹ Spiritual Exercises, para. 16, 7; quoted in Smith, Sensuous Worship (above, n. 120), 30.

¹²² Monssen, L.H., ‘The martyrdom cycle in San Stefano Rotondo, part two’, Institutum Romanum Norvegiae: Acta ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia 3 (1983), 67–70Google Scholar.

¹²³ VEC, Liber 303 part II (National Archives PRO 31/9–13 part 4, 21–45); Foley, Records VI (above, n. 55), 81ff.

¹²⁴ Buser, ‘Jerome Nadal’ (above, n. 9), 425.

¹²⁵ Smith, Sensuous Worship (above, n. 120), 31–3.

¹²⁶ On the Trinity and Jesuit art, see Hibbard, ‘First painted decorations’ (above, n. 26), 45–6.

¹²⁷ The Text of the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius, with a preface by Keane, H. SJ (fifth edition, London, 1952), para. 102–4, 40–1Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Spiritual Exercises (above, n. 127), para. 106–8, 41–2.

¹²⁹ Annuae Litterae Societatis Iesu Anni MDLXXXIII (Rome, 1585), 22Google Scholar; Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 687–8.

¹³⁰ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 324 n. 44; VEC, Liber 92, Libro di entrata e uscita 1584–7, January 1584, 7.

¹³¹ Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 132; Baglione, ‘Vite de' pirtori’ (above, n. 21), 42.

¹³² Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 159–60.

¹³³ One of Circignani's drawings for the fresco cycle at the English College, of the martyrdom of Saint Thomas, survives in the collection of the University of Göttingen. See W. Stechow, ‘Niccolo Circignani, called Il Pomarancio’, Old Master Drawings (June, 1935), 13–14 and pl. 18.

¹³⁴ For example, Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 159. VEC, Liber 37, Libro Mastro del Collegio, 1579–83, 227.

¹³⁵ Letter from Richard Persons to Gregory XIII in Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 676. McCoog, T.M. SJ, The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland and England 1541–1588: Our Way of Proceeding (Leiden, 1996), 142–3Google Scholar.

¹³⁶ Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 626, 675–7, 680.

¹³⁷ Annuae Litterae … Anni MDLXXXIII (above, n. 129), 23; Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 676, 681, 683, 692; Buser, ‘Jerome Nadal’ (above, n. 9), 429–30.

¹³⁸ Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 698; Buser, ‘Jerome Nadal’ (above, n. 9), 430.

¹³⁹ Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 683. Gilbert was again linked with the ‘quadri e pitture’ in the church in 1663. A 1739 Visitation report goes further and states that he paid for the frescoes, as well as altarpieces for altars including those of the Holy Cross and Saint John the Evangelist (VEC, Liber 324, Acta SS Visitationis Apostolicae, 1739, 17a: ‘Giorgio Gilbert fece à sue spese dipingere i laterali della Chiesa, ed i quadri degli Altari, due dei quali, cioè quello della croce, e l'altro di S. Giovanni Evanglista furono consagrati dal Vescovo Apatense, Tommaso Godwele’).

¹⁴⁰ Father Alphonso Agazzari, Rector of the English College, to Father General Aquaviva, 14 October 1583, quoted in Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 698; Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque (above, n. 10), 160–1.

¹⁴¹ Annuae Litterae … Anni MDLXXXII (above, n. 55), 19: ‘Et sane Collegium hoc huiusmodi patrociniis indiget plurimum: ut enim a viris gravissimis cogitum est, magna e ab Angliae Regina tum Romano, rum Remensi Anglorum Collegiis tenduntur insidiae, atque ab iis magis, quam a quovis alio Christiano Principe sibi timet : propterea quod horum Collegium [sic] alumni tanto religionis catholicae restituendae studio feruent, ut eorum ardor tot cruciatibus, quos in dies singulos crudelitas excogitat, repremi nullo modo possit’.

¹⁴² Letter from Father Alphonso Agazzari to Father General of the Jesuits, Aquaviva, 14 October 1583; Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 693–4.

¹⁴³ Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 694.

¹⁴⁴ Foley, Records III (above, n. 56), 698; Buser, ‘Jerome Nadal’ (above, n. 9), 430.

¹⁴⁵ The prints were engraved as collections by Cavalieri: Santo Stefano Rotondo, Ecclesiae Militantis Triumphi (1583); the English College, Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophaea (1584); Sant'Apollinare, Beati Apollinaris Martyris Primi Ravennatum Epi Res Gestae (1586).

¹⁴⁶ Herz, ‘Imitators of Christ’ (above, n. 9), 54.

¹⁴⁷ The arrangement of altars at Santo Stefano Rotondo has been discussed in Monssen ‘The martyrdom cycle, part two’ (above, n. 122), 28–30 and 86–8; Noreen, ‘Ecclesiae Militantis Triumphi’ (above, n. 9), 699.

¹⁴⁸ Bury, M., The Print in Italy 1550–1620 (London, 2002), 63Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁹ The prison was not a happy neighbour for the College, as the screams of torture victims and bad language from the prisoners disturbed the students saying their offices in the College garden; Williams, Venerable English College (above, n. 7), 48; VEC, Scritture, 8.3d; Salerno, L., Via Giulia, una utopia urbanistica del '500 (Rome, 1973), 360Google Scholar. In the 1660s the Corte Savella became part of the English College complex under Cardinal Howard.

¹⁵⁰ Mortimer, R., Italian 16th Century Books (Harvard College Library, Department of Printing and Graphic Arts: Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts, part II), 2 vols (Cambridge (Mass.), 1974), 167–701Google Scholar. Durante Alberti owned a copy of Cavalieri's papal potraits. See Panofsky, ‘An artist's library’ (above, n. 24), 370–5.

¹⁵¹ Bury, The Print in Italy (above, n. 148), 226.

¹⁵² Bury, The Print in Italy (above, n. 148), 47; Allison and Rogers, The Contemporary Printed Literature (above, n. 68), I, 131 nos. 944–6.

¹⁵³ Both College and hospice continue to this day, although the duty of care for pilgrims has been transferred to the English College's villa at Palazzola, overlooking lake Albano. See Cogotti, M. (ed.), Il convento di Palazzolo sul lago Albano (Lazio ritrovato—ricerche e restauri) (Rome, 2002Google Scholar).

¹⁵⁴ Annual Letter of the English College, 1585; in Foley, Records VI (above, n. 55), 113.