Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T04:26:15.180Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Temple of Castor in the Forum Romanum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2013

D. E. Strong  and
J. B. Ward Perkins
Get access

Extract

It is one of the paradoxes of the study of Roman architecture that what, in terms of the written record, is probably the most thoroughly and reliably documented phase of its whole development, the Augustan age, is from the point of view of the architectural historian still one of the most obscure and controversial. That it was a vital turning point in the history of Roman architecture one cannot doubt; and yet the number of monuments in the capital that can be accepted without hesitation and without reservation as representative of the age is very limited. No doubt the full and critical publication of the excavations of the last few decades will increase the number and provide a firm basis for further studies. But in the meantime we are still dependent—all too dependent—upon those few buildings which are securely and unequivocally Augustan, and which may be used therefore as a safe standard of comparison for some at any rate of the architectural practices current in Augustan Rome.

Type
Research Article
Information
Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 30 , November 1962 , pp. 1 - 30
Copyright
Copyright © British School at Rome 1962

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Richter, O., ‘Der Castortempel am Forum Romanum’ in JdAI, xiii, 1898, pp. 87–114Google Scholar.

2 Ch. Hülsen, , The Roman Forum (2nd ed.), Rome, 1909, p. 161Google Scholar.

3 Suet. Tib. 20; Dio, lv, 27, 4.

4 A. W. van Buren, in Classical Review, 1906, pp. 77–82.

5 Frank, Tenney in MAAR, v, 1925, p. 79 ffGoogle Scholar.

6 Not. Scav., 1927, pp. 289–297.

7 von Blanckenhagen, P. H., Flavische Architektur und ihre Dekoration, Berlin, 1940, p. 89, note 19Google Scholar.

8 von Gerkan, A., ‘Einiges zur Aedes Castoris in Rom’ in Röm. Mitt., 60–61, 1953–1954, pp. 200–206.Google Scholar

9 Not. Scav., 1932, p. 188 ff.

10 G. Tomassetti in Bull. Com., 1890, pp. 209 ff.

11 Bartoli, loc. cit. (n. 6).

12 SHA, Hadr., 19.

13 Wegner, M., Ornamente kaiserzeitlicher Bauten Roms: Soffitten, Cologne, 1957, p. 100 ffGoogle Scholar.

14 Antiquities of Ionia, iv, 1881, pp. 40–43, pl. 29Google Scholar.

15 Texier, Ch., Descr. de l'Asie Mineure, i, 1839, pl. 31Google Scholar.

16 Butler, H. C. in Sardis, II, i, pp. 113 ff.Google Scholar, ill, 110.

17 MAAR, xxvi, 1960, fig. 86Google Scholar; cf. those of the basilica at Cosa, mid-second century B.C.

18 Bartoli, A., Boll. d'Arte, xxxiv, 1949, p. 301, figs. 16, 17Google Scholar.

19 The basic publication remains that of R. Delbrueck, Die drei Tempel am Forum Holitorium in Rom, 1903; see also Fasolo, V., I Tre Templi a S. Nicola in Carcere, Rome, 1925Google Scholar. For recent discussions of the problems of date and attribution, see M. E. Blake, Ancient Roman Construction, 1948, pp. 165–166; G. Lugli, La Tecnica Edilizia Romana, 1957, pp. 320–332.

20 Dio, 1, 10, 3.

21 Ann. ii, 49.

22 Such a relationship would help to explain another unusual feature of the two Ionic temples, namely, the recesses in the flanks of the podia between each column, a feature which they share with the Temple of Castor.

23 Longhi, G. Marchetti, Bull. Com., lxiv, 1936, pp. 83–89 (Temple A).Google Scholar

24 Colini, A. M., Bull. Com., lxvi, 1938, pp. 260–1Google Scholar. The identification as the Temple of Bellona, already questioned by Guarducci, M., Bull. Com., lxxiii, 1949–1950, pp. 55–76Google Scholar, becomes completely untenable now that the Circus Flaminius is known to lie well to the south of the traditionally accepted site (G. Gatti, Capitolium, July, 1960, pp. 3–12).

25 The present restoration follows Coner's drawing in incorporating plinths, but Professor Colini informs us that he is doubtful whether there were any such, and that if there were, they were certainly carved separately from the bases.

26 Hörmann, H., Die inneren Propyläen von Eleusis, Berlin, 1932, figs. 20, 22Google Scholar.

27 See, for example, Weigand, E., ‘Baalbek und Rom’ in JdAI, xxix, 1914, Tap. 86Google Scholar, and Gütschow, M., ‘Untersuchungen zum korinthischen Kapitelle, l’ in JdAI, xxxvi, 1921, pp. 44–83Google Scholar, and H. Kähler, Die römischen Kapitelle des Rheingebietes, pp. 13 ff.

28 H. Kähler, op. cit., Beilage, 2, 9.

29 Röm. Mitt., 10, 1895, p. 16.

30 Delbrueck, R., Hellenistische Bauten in Latium 1, Strassburg, 1907, p. 43, abb. 41.Google Scholar

31 It must be noted that several published drawings and engravings (e.g. the one reproduced in Röm. Mitt., 60–61, 1953–54, Taf. 86, are inaccurate in proportions.

32 See the tables of dimensions in Gütschow, art. cit., pp. 76–77.

33 E. Weigand, art. cit., p. 43 ff., Beilage, 1, 4 and Baalbek, i, Taf. 65, left.

34 K. Ronczewski, ‘Römische Kapitelle mit pflanzlichen Voluten’ in AA, 1931, cols. 1 ff., especially abb. 79.

35 Scrinari, V., I Capitelli Romani delta Venezia Giulia e dell'Istria, Rome, 1956, 4–7Google Scholar.

36 See below, p. 18.

37 Kähler, op. cit., p. 7 ff.

38 JRS, 50, 1960, pp. 121 ffGoogle Scholar.

39 Gusman, P., L'Art Décoratif de Rome, iii, 1914, pl. 177Google Scholar.

40 Ibid., pl. 135.

41 Scrinari, op. cit., no. 3.

42 Kähler, op. cit., Beilage 5, no. 2.

43 MAAR, v, 1925, pl. 48, fig. 1Google Scholar.

44 Scrinari, op. cit., nos. 4–7.

45 G. Lugli, Forma Italiae, I (Anxur-Terracina), pp. 83–85.

46 E.g. the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina (Gusman, op. cit., pl. 173).

47 Among earlier Augustan entablatures the Regia (36 B.C.) has an architrave with two fasciae and the Temple of Apollo in Circo one with four.

48 For the classification see Strong, PBSR, xxi, 1953, p. 121Google Scholar.

49 The soffit panel is illustrated in Wegner, op. cit., pl. 8, b.

50 Except for rosettes between the modillions (see Toebelmann, F., Römische Gebälke, 1, pp. 4 ff.Google Scholar).

51 Reinach, S., L'Album de Pierre Jacques, Paris, 1902, p. 121, pl. 29Google Scholar.

52 E.g. the Hadrianeum (Strong, art. cit., pp. 123 ff.).

53 For the ‘Flavian Renaissance’ under the Severans see von Blanckenhagen, op. cit., pp. 90 ff. 1961, fig. 32.

54 Strong, D. E., Roman Imperial Sculpture, London, 1961, fig. 32Google Scholar.

55 For these, and other, examples, see Wegner, op. cit.

56 See, most recently, Nash, E., Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome, 1, 1961, p. 92 ff., fig. 102Google Scholar.

57 Baity, J. C., Études sur la Maison Carrée de Nimes, Latomus, 1960Google Scholar.

58 Cf. the cornice found in Piazza della Minerva, perhaps from the Saepta Julia (Bartoli, A., I Monumenti Antichi di Roma nei disegni degli Uffizi di Firenze, vol. iv, pl. 326, fig. 541Google Scholar.

59 Strong, art. cit., pp. 121 ff.

60 von Blanckenhagen, op. cit., e.g. Tafs. 12, 37, and 28, 78.

61 Andrén, A., Architectural Terracottas from Etrusco-Italic Temples, Lund, 1939, e.g. pl. 21, 68 and pl. 82, 286.Google Scholar

62 E.g. on the door-frame of the central temple under S. Nicola in Carcere (Canina, L., Gli Edifizi di Roma Antica, ii, pl. XXXIXGoogle Scholar).

63 Gusman, op. cit., pl. 65.

64 C. Ricci, A. M. Colini and V. Mariani, Via dell'Impero, pp. 42 ff.

65 Strong, art. cit., p. 124, with previous bibl.

66 Gusman, op. cit., pl. 173.

67 Mitt, deutsch. archaeol. Instit., VI, 1953, Taf. 7.

68 D. Mustilli, Il Museo Mussolini, pl. LXI 241, 1–3.

69 One of the earliest examples of the ‘dart’ form on a Claudian (?) fragment in the Domus Augustana (M. E. Blake, Roman Construction in Italy, ii, pl. 10, fig. 4).

70 Strong, art. cit., p. 121 ff.

71 See examples in von Blanckenhagen, op. cit., pl. 28, 78, pl. 37, 101.

72 Weickert, K., Das lesbische Kymation, Munich, 1913Google Scholar.

73 E.g. Regia (Toebelmann, Taf. 1).

74 E.g. Divus Julius (ibid., Abb. 7).

75 E.g. Parthian Arch of Augustus (ibid., Abb. 16).

76 Strong, art. cit.

77 A brief discussion of Roman modillions is to be found in Opuscula Archaeologica, vi, 1948, pp. 145–156Google Scholar.

78 Cavvadias, P., Fouilles d'Épidaure, vol. i, Athens, 1891, pl. VGoogle Scholar, and Roux, G., L' Architecture de l'Argolide aux IVe et IIIe Siècles avant J. C, Paris, 1961, pl. LIGoogle Scholar.

79 Delbrueck, , op. cit., i, p. 35Google Scholar. Fiechter, E. R., Röm. Mitt. xxi, 1906Google Scholar, Taf. IX (cf. also Taf. VIII, in the architrave, but rather irregularly).

80 Levi, A., Sculture greche e romane del Palazzo Ducale di Mantova, Rome, 1931, p. 75 ffGoogle Scholar. (no. 167).

81 von Bieńkowski, P. R., Die Darstellungen der Gallier in der hellenistischen Kunst, Vienna, 1908Google Scholar; and ‘Über Fragmente eines Frieses in Mantua und Rom’ in Strena Buliciana, 1924, p. 35 ff.

82 A. Sieveking, ‘Das Römische Relief’ in Festchrift Paul Arndt, pp. 27–28.

83 G. Rodenwaldt, Die Kunst der Antike, p. 599.

84 Op. cit., p. 78.

85 P. H. von Blanckenhagen, op. cit. (n. 7), p. 141.

86 See above, p. 20.

87 It is unpublished, so far as I know.

88 Cicero, De Natura Deorum, II, 6.

89 Valerius Maximus, I, 8, 1.

90 Florus, III, 3, 20.

91 Unpublished as yet; the section of the frieze showing a triumphal procession is now fairly well known (e.g. Strong, op. cit., n. 54, pl. 31).

92 S. Reinach, op. cit., p. 121, pl. 29.