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Convergence, parallelism, and function of extreme parietal callus in diverse groups of Cenozoic Gastropoda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 September 2020

Carlie Pietsch Open the ORCID record for Carlie Pietsch [Opens in a new window] ,
Brendan M. Anderson Open the ORCID record for Brendan M. Anderson [Opens in a new window] ,
Lauren M. Maistros ,
Ethan C. Padalino  and
Warren D. Allmon
Carlie Pietsch
Affiliation:
Geology Department, San José State University, San Jose, California95191, U.S.A. E-mail: carlie.pietsch@sjsu.edu
Brendan M. Anderson
Affiliation:
Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, U.S.A. E-mail: BMA0022@mail.wvu.edu
Lauren M. Maistros
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, 112 Hollister Drive, Ithaca, New York14853, U.S.A. E-mail: lauren.maistros@gmail.com
Ethan C. Padalino
Affiliation:
Geology Department, San José State University, San Jose, California95191, U.S.A. E-mail: ethan.padalino@sjsu.edu
Warren D. Allmon
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, 112 Hollister Drive, and Paleontological Research Institution, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, New York14850, U.S.A. E-mail: wda1@cornell.edu
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Abstract

We use scanning electron microscopy imaging to examine the shell microstructure of fossil and living species in five families of caenogastropods (Strombidae, Volutidae, Olividae, Pseudolividae, and Ancillariidae) to determine whether parallel or convergent evolution is responsible for the development of a unique caenogastropod trait, the extreme parietal callus (EPC). The EPC is defined as a substantial thickening of both the spire callus and the callus on the ventral shell surface such that it covers 50% or more of the surface. Caenogastropods as a whole construct the EPC convergently, using a variety of low-density, poorly organized microstructures that are otherwise uncommon in caenogastropod non-callus shell construction. Within clades, however, we see evidence for parallelism in decreased regulation in both the shell and callus microstructure. Low-density and poorly ordered microstructure—such as used for the EPC—uses less organic scaffolding and is less energetically expensive than normal shell microstructure. This suggests the EPC functions to rapidly and inexpensively increase shell thickness and overall body size. Tests of functional ecology suggest that the EPC might function both to defend against crushing predation through increased body size and dissipation of forces while aiding in shell orientation of highly mobile gastropods. These interpretations hinge on the current phylogenetic placement of caenogastropod families, emphasizing the essential contribution of phylogeny when interpreting homoplasy.

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Paleobiology , Volume 47 , Special Issue 2: Phylogenetic Paleoecology , March 2021 , pp. 337 - 362
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Copyright © 2020 The Paleontological Society. All rights reserved

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Footnotes

Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository:https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.18931zctq

References

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