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Beginnings of biospheric evolution and their biogeochemical consequences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2016

Preston Cloud
Preston Cloud*
Affiliation:
United States Geological Survey and Department of Geological Sciences, University of California; Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Abstract

The beginnings of biospheric evolution had far-reaching biogeochemical consequences for the related evolutions of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Feedback to the sedimentary record from these several simultaneously interacting aspects of crustal evolution provides the evidence from which historical biogeology is reconstructed. The interpretation of that evidence, however, is beset with pitfalls. Both biogenicity and a primary origin need to be demonstrated, or confidence limits established for each supposed morphological and biochemical fossil. Relevance to biospheric or related evolutions must be critically evaluated for every geochemical and sedimentological anomaly.

Indirect evidence suggests primitive, oxygen-generating autotrophy by ∼ 3.8 × 109 years ago (3.8 Gyr or gigayears), while free O2 first began to accumulate only ∼ 2 Gyr ago. Various reduced substances in the atmosphere and in solution functioned as oxygen sinks, keeping photolytic and biogenic O2 at levels tolerable by primitive anaerobic and microaerophilic procaryotes.

The oldest demonstrably biogenic and certainly primary microstructures are procaryotes from ∼ or > 2 Gyr old strata around Lake Superior. Improved biologic O2 mediation, continued carbon segregation, and filling of O2 sinks initiated atmospheric O2 buildup, leading to an ozone screen ∼ or < 2 Gyr ago. Consequences were essential termination of banded iron formation, onset of red beds, and O2 shielding of anaerobic intracellular processes, heralding the eucaryotic cell.

Probable eucaryotes appear in ∼ 1.3 Gyr old rocks in California as large unicells and large-diameter, branched, septate filaments. Likely consequences of eucaryotic evolution were increased atmospheric O2, increased carbonate and sulfate ion, and the rise of sexuality. Meiosis had definitely evolved > 0.7 Gyr ago and probably > 1.3 Gyr ago, perhaps simultaneously with the mitosing cell. Whatever the timing, it completed the evolution of the eucaryotic heredity mechanism and foreshadowed (given sufficient free O2) the differentiation of tissues, organs, and advanced forms of life—with all their potential for biogeochemical feedback to sedimentary, diagenetic, and metallogenic processes. The first Metazoa appeared ∼ 0.7 Gyr ago. Being dependent on simple diffusion for O2, they lacked exoskeletons. The latter appeared, perhaps 0.6 Gyr ago, when increasing O2 levels favored the emergence of more advanced respiratory systems.

Type
Research Article
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 2 , Issue 4 , Fall 1976 , pp. 351 - 387
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

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