Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T15:07:44.624Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Polymer–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Get access

Abstract

Nanostructured phase-separated blends, or bulk heterojunctions, of conjugated polymers and fullerene derivatives form a very attractive approach to large-area, solid-state organic solar cells. The key feature of these cells is that they combine easy processing from solution on a variety of substrates with good performance. Efficiencies of up to 5% in solar light have been achieved, and lifetimes are increasing to thousands of hours. Further improvements can be expected and some of the promising strategies towards that goal are presented in this article.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Yu, G., Gao, J., Hummelen, J.C., Wudl, F., and Heeger, A.J., Science 270 (1995) p. 1789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Halls, J.J.M., Walsh, C.A., Greenham, N.C., Marseglia, E.A., Friend, R.H., Moratti, S.C., and Holmes, A.B., Nature 376 (1995) p. 498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Sariciftci, N.S., Smilowitz, L., Heeger, A.J., and Wudl, F., Science 258 (1992) p. 1474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Brabec, C.J., Zerza, G., Cerullo, G., De Silvestri, S., Luzzati, S., Hummelen, J.C., and Sariciftci, N.S., Chem. Phys. Lett. 340 (2001) p. 232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Montanari, I., Nogueira, A.F., Nelson, J., Durrant, J.R., Winder, C., Loi, M.A., Sariciftci, N.S., and Brabec, C.J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) p. 3001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Offermans, T., Meskers, S.C.J., and Janssen, R.A.J., J. Chem. Phys. 119 (2003) p. 10467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Shaheen, S.E., Brabec, C.J., Sariciftci, N.S., Padinger, F., Fromherz, T., and Hummelen, J.C., Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) p. 841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.van Duren, J.K.J., Yang, X.N., Loos, J., Bulle-Lieuwma, C.W.T., Sieval, A.B., Hummelen, J.C., and Janssen, R.A.J., Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 (2004) p. 425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Martens, T., D'Haen, J., Munters, T., Beelen, Z., Goris, L., Manca, J., D'Olieslaeger, M., Vanderzande, D., De Schepper, L., and Andriessen, R., Synth. Met. 138 (2003) p. 243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Michailetchi, V.D., Blom, P.W.M., Hummelen, J.C., and Rispens, M.T., J. Appl. Phys. 94 (2003) p. 6849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Brabec, C.J., Cravino, A., Meissner, D., Sariciftci, N.S., Fromherz, T., Rispens, M.T., Sanchez, L., and Hummelen, J.C., Adv. Funct. Mater. 11 (2001) p. 374.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Mihailetchi, V.D., Koster, L.J.A., Blom, P.W.M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 (2004) p. 970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Mihailetchi, V.D., van Duren, J.K.J., Blom, P.W.M., Hummelen, J.C., Janssen, R.A.J., Kroon, J.M., Rispens, M.T., Verhees, W.J.H., Wienk, M.M., Adv. Funct. Mater. 13 (2003) p. 43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Padinger, F., Rittberger, R.S., and Sariciftci, N.S., Adv. Funct. Mater. 13 (2003) p. 85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Schilinsky, P., Waldauf, C., and Brabec, C.J., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) p. 3885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Camaioni, N., Ridolfi, G., Casalbore-Miceli, G., Possamai, G., and Maggini, M., Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) p. 1735.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Ditmer, J.J., Marsegla, E.A., and Friend, R.H., Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) p. 1270.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Veenstra, S.C., Verhees, W.J.H., Kroon, J.M., Koetse, M.M., Sweelssen, J., Bastiaansen, J.J.A.M., Schoo, H.F.M., Yang, X., Alexeev, A., Loos, J., Schubert, U.S., and Wienk, M.M., Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) p. 2503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Peumans, P., Uchida, S., and Forrest, S.R., Nature 425 (2003) p. 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Brabec, C.J., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 83 (2004) p. 273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Wienk, M.M., Kroon, J.M., Verhees, W.J.H., Knol, J., Hummelen, J.C., van Hal, P.A., and Janssen, R.A.J., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 (2003) p. 3371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Schuller, S., Schilinsky, P., Hauch, J., and Brabec, C.J., Appl. Phys. A 79 (2004) p. 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Yang, X., Van Duren, J.K.J., Janssen, R.A.J., Michels, M.A.J., and Loos, J., Macromolecules 37 (2004) p. 2151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Müller, C.D., Falcou, A., Reckefuss, N., Rojahn, M., Wiederhirn, V., Rudati, P., Frohne, H., Nuyken, O., Becker, H., and Meerholz, K., Nature 421 (2003) p. 829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.de Boer, B., Stalmach, U., van Hutten, P.F., Melzer, C., Krasnikov, V.V., and Hadziioannou, G., Polymer 42 (2001) p. 9097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Svensson, M., Zhang, F., Veenstra, S.C., Verhees, W.J.H., Hummelen, J.C., Kroon, J.M., Inganäs, O., and Andersson, M.R., Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) p. 988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Brabec, C.J., Winder, C., Sariciftci, N.S., Hummelen, J.C., Dhanabalan, A., van Hal, P.A., and Janssen, R.A.J., Adv. Funct. Mater. 12 (2002) p. 709.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Mozer, A.J., Denk, P., Scharber, M.C., Neugebauer, H., Sariciftci, N.S., Wagner, P., Lutsen, L., and Vanderzande, D., J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) p. 5235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Fairly, P., Technol. Rev. (July/August) (2004) p. 35.Google Scholar