Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T04:44:49.981Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Imaging transient solidification behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2020

Joseph T. McKeown
Affiliation:
Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA; mckeown3@llnl.gov
Amy J. Clarke
Affiliation:
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, USA; amyclarke@mines.edu
Jörg M.K. Wiezorek
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, USA; wiezorek@pitt.edu
Get access

Abstract

Solidification processing offers the first opportunity to control microstructure, properties, and performance in metallic alloy components. Until recently, microstructural evaluations were limited to post-solidification characterization by destructive methods. We review the development of time-resolved, in situ imaging techniques capable of capturing solid–liquid interfacial evolution in metallic alloys with high spatial and temporal resolution under diverse solidification conditions relevant for applications ranging from conventional directional solidification, crystal growth, and casting, to welding and additive manufacturing. These experiments enable direct visualization of transient behaviors that would otherwise remain unknown, uniquely providing insights into the physics that impact microstructure and defect development, and strategies for microstructural control and defect mitigation. Understanding microstructural evolution and the characteristics that form under various solidification conditions is essential for the development of multiscale, experimentally informed predictive modeling. This is highlighted by solidification simulations that utilize in situ measurements of solidification dynamics from state-of-the-art experimental techniques.

Type
Processing Metallic Materials Far from Equilibrium
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020, published on behalf of Materials Research Society by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Fisher, J.C., Hollomon, J.H., Turnbull, D., J. Appl. Phys. 19, 775 (1948).10.1063/1.1698202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, D., Fisher, J.C., J. Chem. Phys. 17, 71 (1949).10.1063/1.1747055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, J.C., Hollomon, J.H., Turnbull, D., Science 109, 168 (1949).10.1126/science.109.2825.168-aCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, D., J. Appl. Phys. 20, 817 (1949).10.1063/1.1698534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, D., J. Chem. Phys. 18, 198 (1950).10.1063/1.1747588CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, D., J. Chem. Phys. 18, 769 (1950).10.1063/1.1747766CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, D., J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1022 (1950).10.1063/1.1699435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollomon, J.H., Turnbull, D., JOM 111, 803 (1951).10.1007/BF03397378CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, D., J. Chem. Phys. 20, 411 (1952).10.1063/1.1700435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, D., Acta Metall. 1, 8 (1953).10.1016/0001-6160(53)90004-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiller, W.A., Jackson, K.A., Rutter, J.W., Chalmers, B., Acta Metall. 1, 428 (1953).10.1016/0001-6160(53)90126-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, A., Graedel, T.E., Resour. Conserv. Recy. 74, 1 (2013).10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.02.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graedel, T.E., Harper, E.M., Nassar, N.T., Reck, B.K., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 6295 (2015).10.1073/pnas.1312752110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mi, J., in Solidification Processing of Metallic Alloys Under External Fields, Eskin, D., Mi, J., Eds., Springer Series in Materials Science (Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2018) pp. 19–74.Google Scholar
Kurz, W., Fisher, D.J., Fundamentals of Solidification (Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland, 1992).Google Scholar
Dantzig, J.A., Rappaz, M., Solidification (EPFL Press, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2009).10.1201/9781439808030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A.J., Tourret, D., Imhoff, S.D., Gibbs, P.J., Fezzaa, K., Cooley, J.C., Lee, W.-K., Deriy, A., Patterson, B.M., Papin, P.A., Clarke, K.D., Field, R.D., Smith, J.L., Adv. Eng. Mater. 17, 454 (2015).10.1002/adem.201400469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tourret, D., Karma, A., Acta Mater. 82, 64 (2015).10.1016/j.actamat.2014.08.049CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, K.A., Hunt, J.D., Acta Metall. 13, 1212 (1965).10.1016/0001-6160(65)90061-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glicksman, M.E., Schaefer, R.J., Ayers, J., Metall. Mater. Trans. A 7, 1747 (1976).10.1007/BF03186673CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, S.C., Glicksman, M.E., Acta Metall. 29, 701 (1981).10.1016/0001-6160(81)90115-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, S.C., Glicksman, M.E., Acta Metall. 29, (1981).Google Scholar
Somboonsuk, K., Trivedi, R., Acta Metall. 33, 1051 (1985).10.1016/0001-6160(85)90198-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivedi, R., Somboonsuk, K., Acta Metall. 33, 1061 (1985).10.1016/0001-6160(85)90199-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losert, W., Shi, B.Q., Cummins, H.Z., Warren, J.A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 889 (1996).10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.889CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losert, W., Shi, B.Q., Cummins, H.Z., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 431 (1998).10.1073/pnas.95.2.431CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivedi, R., David, S.A., Eshelman, M.A., Vitek, J.M., Babu, S.S., Hong, T., DebRoy, T., J. Appl. Phys. 93, 4885 (2003).10.1063/1.1559934CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathiesen, R.H., Arnberg, L., Mo, F., Weitkanp, T., Snigirev, A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5062 (1999).10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen-Thi, H., Salvo, L., Mathiesen, R.H., Arnberg, L., Billia, B., Suery, M., Reinhart, G., C. R. Phys. 13, 237 (2012).10.1016/j.crhy.2011.11.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baruchel, J., Di Michiel, M., Lafford, T., Lhuissier, P., Meyssonnier, J., Nguyen-Thi, H., Philip, A., Pernot, P., Salvo, L., Scheel, M., C. R. Phys. 14, 208 (2013).10.1016/j.crhy.2012.10.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathiesen, R.H., Arnberg, L., Ramsoskar, K., Weitkamp, T., Rau, C., Snigirev, A., Metall. Mater. Trans. B 33, 613 (2002).10.1007/s11663-002-0041-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen-Thi, H., Jamgotchian, H., Gastaldi, J., Härtwig, J., Schenk, T., Klein, H., Billia, B., Baruchel, J., Dabo, Y., J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36, A83 (2003).Google Scholar
Yasuda, H., Ohnaka, I., Kawasaki, K., Sugiyama, A., Ohmichi, T., Iwane, J., Umetani, K., J. Cryst. Growth 262, 645 (2004).10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.09.052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathiesen, R.H., Arnberg, L., Acta Mater. 53, 947 (2005).10.1016/j.actamat.2004.10.050CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grange, G., Gastaldi, J., Jourdan, C., Billia, B., J. Cryst. Growth 151, 192 (1995).10.1016/0022-0248(95)00030-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grange, G., Jourdan, C., Gastaldi, J., Billia, B., Acta Mater. 45, 2329 (1997).10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00359-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinhart, G., Buffet, A., Nguyen-Thi, H., Billia, B., Jung, H., Mangelinck-Noel, N., Bergeon, N., Schenk, T., Hartwig, J., Baruchel, J., Metall. Mater. Trans. A 39, 865 (2008).10.1007/s11661-007-9449-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maire, E., Buffiere, J.Y., Salvo, L., Blandin, J.J., Ludwig, W., Letang, J.M., Adv. Eng. Mater. 3, 539 (2001).10.1002/1527-2648(200108)3:8<539::AID-ADEM539>3.0.CO;2-63.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvo, L., Suery, M., Marmottant, A., Limodin, N., Bernard, D., C. R. Phys. 11, 641 (2010).10.1016/j.crhy.2010.12.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maire, E., Withers, P.J., Int. Mater. Rev. 59, 1 (2014).10.1179/1743280413Y.0000000023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, J.W., Mohan, K.A., Gulsoy, E.B., Shahani, A.J., Xiao, X., Bouman, C.A., De Graef, M., Voorhees, P.W., Sci. Rep. 5, 11824 (2015).10.1038/srep11824CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rackete, C., Baumbach, C., Goldschmidt, A., Samberg, D., Schroer, C.G., Breede, F., Stenzel, C., Zimmermann, G., Pickmann, C., Houltz, Y., Lockowandt, C., Svenonius, O., Wiklund, P., Mathiesen, R.H., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 105108 (2011).10.1063/1.3650468CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavron, A., Morris, C.L., Ziock, H.J., Zumbro, J.D., Proton Radiography (Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-UR-96-420, Los Alamos, NM, 1996).Google Scholar
Morris, C.L., Brown, E.N., Agee, A., Bernert, T., Bourke, M.A.M., Burkett, M.W., Butler, W.T., Byler, D.D., Chen, C.F., Clarke, A.J., Cooley, J.C., Gibbs, P.J., Imhoff, S.D., Jones, R., Kwiatowski, K., Mariam, F.G., Merrill, F.E., Murray, M.M., Olinger, C.T., Oro, D.M., Nedrow, P., Saunders, A., Terrones, G., Trouw, F., Tupa, D., Vogan, W., Winkler, B., Wang, Z., Zellner, M.B., Exp. Mech. 56, 111 (2016).10.1007/s11340-015-0077-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A., Imhoff, S.D., Cooley, J., Morris, C., Merrill, F., Hollander, B., Mariam, F., Ott, T., Barker, M., Tucker, T., Lee, W.-K., Fezzaa, K., Deriy, A., Patterson, B., Clarke, K., Montalvo, J., Field, R., Thoma, D., Smith, J., Teter, D., Sci. Rep. 3, 2020 (2013).10.1038/srep02020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrill, F.E., Goett, J., Gibbs, J.W., Imhoff, S.D., Mariam, F.G., Morris, C.L., Neukirch, L.P., Perry, J., Poulson, D., Simpson, R., Volegov, P.L., Walstrom, P.L., Wilde, C.H., Hast, C., Jobe, K., Smith, T., Wienands, U., Clarke, A.J., Tourret, D., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 144103 (2018).10.1063/1.5011198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A.J., Tourret, D., Song, Y., Imhoff, S.D., Gibbs, P.J., Gibbs, J.W., Fezzaa, K., Karma, A., Acta Mater. 129, 203 (2017).10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.047CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, J.W., Tourret, D., Gibbs, P.J., Imhoff, S.D., Gibbs, M.J., Walker, B.A., Fezzaa, K., Clarke, A.J., JOM 68, 170 (2016).10.1007/s11837-015-1646-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tourret, D., Karma, A., Clarke, A.J., Gibbs, P.J., Imhoff, S.D., IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 84, 012082 (2015).10.1088/1757-899X/84/1/012082CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tourret, D., Clarke, A.J., Imhoff, S.D., Gibbs, P.J., Gibbs, J.W., Karma, A., JOM 67, 1776 (2015).10.1007/s11837-015-1444-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeHoff, R.R., Kirka, M.M., Sames, W.J., Bilheux, H., Tremsin, A.S., Lowe, L.E., Babu, S.S., Mater. Sci. Technol. (2015).Google Scholar
Zhao, C., Fezzaa, K., Cunningham, R.W., Wen, H., De Carlo, D., Chen, L., Rollett, A.D., Sun, T., Sci. Rep. 7, 3602 (2017).10.1038/s41598-017-03761-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, T.M., Clarke, A.J., Babu, S.S., Metall. Mater. Trans. A 51 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-06009-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A.A., Calta, N.P., Hammons, J.A., Khairallah, S.A., Nielsen, M.H., Shuttlesworth, R.M., Sinclair, N., Matthews, M.J., Jeffries, J.R., Willey, T.M., Lee, J.R.I., Mater. Today Adv. 1, 100002 (2019).10.1016/j.mtadv.2019.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A.A., Calta, N.P., Khairallah, S.A., Wang, J., Depond, P.J., Fong, A.Y., Thampy, V., Guss, G.M., Kiss, A.M., Stone, K.H., Tassone, C.J., Weker, J.N., Toney, M.F., van Buuren, T., Matthews, M.J., Nat. Commun. 10, 1987 (2019).10.1038/s41467-019-10009-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khairallah, S.A., Martin, A.A., Lee, J.R.I., Guss, G., Calta, N.P., Hammons, J.A., Nielsen, M.H., Chaput, K., Schwalbach, E., Shah, M.N., Chapman, M.G., Willey, T.M., Rubenchik, A.M., Anderson, A.T., Wang, Y.M., Matthews, M.J., King, W.E., Science 368, 660 (2020).10.1126/science.aay7830CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, G.H., McKeown, J.T., Santala, M.K., Appl. Phys. Rev. 1, 041101 (2014).10.1063/1.4900509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaGrange, T., Reed, B.W., Masiel, D.J., MRS Bull. 40, 22 (2015).10.1557/mrs.2014.282CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, G.H., McKeown, J.T., Santala, M.K., in Springer Handbook of Microscopy, Hawkes, P.W., Spence, J.C.H., Eds. (Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2019) pp. 455–486.Google Scholar
King, W.E., Campbell, G.H., Frank, A., Reed, B., Schmerge, J.F., Siwick, B.J., Stuart, B.C., Weber, P.M., J. Appl. Phys. 97, 111101 (2005).10.1063/1.1927699CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaGrange, T., Armstrong, M.R., Boyden, K., Brown, C.G., Campbell, G.H., Colvin, J.D., DeHope, W.J., Frank, A.M., Gibson, D.J., Hartemann, F.V., Kim, J.S., King, W.E., Pyke, B.J., Reed, B.W., Shirk, M.D., Shuttlesworth, R.M., Stuart, B.C., Torralva, B.R., Browning, N.D., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 044105 (2006).10.1063/1.2236263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, M.R., Boyden, K., Browning, N.D., Campbell, G.H., Colvin, J.D., DeHope, W.J., Frank, A.M., Gibson, D.J., Hartemann, F., Kim, J.S., King, W.E., LaGrange, T.B., Pyke, B.J., Reed, B.W., Shuttlesworth, R.M., Stuart, B.C., Torralva, B.R., Ultramicroscopy 107, 356 (2007).10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.09.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, M.R., Reed, B.W., Torralva, B.R., Browning, N.D., Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 114101 (2007).10.1063/1.2712838CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J.S., LaGrange, T., Reed, B.W., Taheri, M.L., Armstrong, M.R., King, W.E., Browning, N.D., Campbell, G.H., Science 321, 1472 (2008).10.1126/science.1161517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaGrange, T., Campbell, G.H., Reed, B., Taheri, M., Pesavento, J.B., Kim, J.S., Browning, N.D., Ultramicroscopy 108, 1441 (2008).10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.03.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, B., Armstrong, M.R., Browning, N.D., Campbell, G.H., Evans, J.E., LaGrange, T., Masiel, D.J., Microsc. Microanal. 15, 272 (2009).10.1017/S1431927609090394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, B.W., LaGrange, T., Shuttlesworth, R.M., Gibson, D.J., Campbell, G.H., Browning, N.D., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053706 (2010).10.1063/1.3427234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaGrange, T., Reed, B.W., Santala, M.K., McKeown, J.T., Kulovits, A., Wiezorek, J.M.K., Nikolova, L., Rosei, F., Siwick, B.J., Campbell, G.H., Micron 43, 1108 (2012).10.1016/j.micron.2012.04.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulovits, A., Wiezorek, J.M.K., LaGrange, T., Reed, B.W., Campbell, G.H., Philos. Mag. Lett. 91, 287 (2011).10.1080/09500839.2011.558030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKeown, J.T., Kulovits, A., Liu, C., Zweiacker, K., Reed, B.W., LaGrange, T., Wiezorek, J.M.K., Campbell, G.H., Acta Mater. 65, 56 (2014).10.1016/j.actamat.2013.11.046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boettinger, W.J., Shechtman, D., Schaefer, R.J., Biancaniello, F.S., Metall. Trans. A 15A, 55 (1984).10.1007/BF02644387CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurz, W., Trivedi, R., Acta Metall. Mater. 38, 1 (1990).10.1016/0956-7151(90)90129-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gremaud, M., Carrard, M., Kurz, W., Acta Metall. Mater. 39, 1431 (1991).10.1016/0956-7151(91)90228-SCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, M., Carrard, M., Gremaud, M., Kurz, W., Mater. Sci. Eng. A 134, 1278 (1991).10.1016/0921-5093(91)90973-QCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrard, M., Gremaud, M., Zimmermann, M., Kurz, W., Acta Metall. Mater. 40 983 (1992).10.1016/0956-7151(92)90076-QCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullins, W.W., Sekerka, R.F., J. Appl. Phys. 35, 444 (1964).10.1063/1.1713333CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coriell, S.R., Sekerka, R.F., J. Cryst. Growth 61, 499 (1983).10.1016/0022-0248(83)90179-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKeown, J.T., Zweiacker, K., Liu, C., Coughlin, D.R., Clarke, A.J., Baldwin, J.K., Gibbs, J.W., Roehling, J.D., Imhoff, S.D., Gibbs, P.J., Tourret, D., Wiezorek, J.M.K., Campbell, G.H., JOM 68, 985 (2016).10.1007/s11837-015-1793-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zweiacker, K., McKeown, J.T., Liu, C., LaGrange, T., Reed, B.W., Campbell, G.H., Wiezorek, J.M.K., J. Appl. Phys. 120, 055106 (2016).10.1063/1.4960443CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roehling, J.D., Coughlin, D.R., Gibbs, J.W., Baldwin, J.K., Mertens, J.C.E., Campbell, G.H., Clarke, A.J., McKeown, J.T., Acta Mater. 131, 22 (2017).10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perron, A., Roehling, J.D., Turchi, P.E.A., Fattebert, J.-L., McKeown, J.T., Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 26, 014002 (2018).10.1088/1361-651X/aa9a5bCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zweiacker, K., Liu, C., Gordillo, M.A., McKeown, J.T., Campbell, G.H., Wiezorek, J.M.K., Acta Mater. 145, 71 (2018).10.1016/j.actamat.2017.11.040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bathula, V., Liu, C., Zweiacker, K., McKeown, J.T., Wiezorek, J.M.K., Acta Mater. 195, 341 (2020).10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinomaa, T., McKeown, J.T., Wiezorek, J.M.K., Provatas, N., Laukkanen, A., Suhonen, T., J. Cryst. Growth 532, 125418 (2020).10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2019.125418CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grapes, M.D., LaGrange, T., Woll, K., Reed, B.W., Campbell, G.H., LaVan, D.A., Weihs, T.P., APL Mater. 2, 116102 (2014).10.1063/1.4900818CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grapes, M.D., LaGrange, T., Friedman, L.H., Reed, B.W., Campbell, G.H., Weihs, T.P., LaVan, D.A., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 084902 (2014).10.1063/1.4892537CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, S.C., Kurz, W., Acta Metall. Mater. 41, 3563 (1993).10.1016/0956-7151(93)90237-MCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, S.C., Kurz, W., Acta Metall. Mater. 43, 139 (1995).Google Scholar
Clarke, A.J., Tourret, D., Imhoff, S.D., Gibbs, J.W., Song, Y., Karma, A., Fezzaa, K., pRad Team, Carlson, N.N., Gibbs, P.J., Coughlin, D.R., Roehling, J.D., McKeown, J.T., Baldwin, J.K., in Frontiers in Solidification: Symposium in Honour of Michel Rappaz, Kurz, W., Dantzig, J.A., Karma, A., Hoyt, J., Eds., (EPFL Materials Science, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2016) pp. 7782.Google Scholar