Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T06:38:19.113Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nanomechanical properties of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 December 2015

N. Yildirim  and
S.M. Shaler
N. Yildirim*
Affiliation:
PhD. Candidate // School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755
S.M. Shaler
Affiliation:
Professor & Director // School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5755 Associate Director // Advanced Structures & Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME, 04469-5793
*
*(Email: nadir@revolutionresearchinc.com
Get access

Abstract

Cellulose is an abundant green polymer, which can be obtained in a variety of nanoscale structures broadly grouped as nano/microfibrils (CNF/MFC), bacterial celluloses (BC) or nano/microcrystals (CNC/CMC). There is increasing interest of nanocelluloses by the research and industrial communities due to increasing available materials (facilities than can produce ton per day), impressive strength properties, low density, renewability and biodegradability. However, one problem is the lack of knowledge on the nanomechanical properties of cellulose nanofibrils, which creates barriers for the scientists and producers to optimize and predict behavior of the final product.

In this research, the behavior of thin filmed (t≤100 μm) cellulose nanofibrils’, located on aluminum pin stubs, under nano compression loads were investigated using an Asylum Research MFP-3D Atomic Force Microscope equipped with a nanoindenter. Unloading curves were analyzed using Oliver-Pharr. As a result of 58 successful nanoindents, the average modulus value was estimated as 16.6 GPa with the reduced modulus value of 18.2 GPa. The CNF Modulus values varied between 12.4 GPa – 22.8 GPa with 16.9% coefficient of variation (COV) while the reduced modulus ranged from 13.7 GPa to 24.9 GPa with a 16.2 % COV.

This research provides practical knowledge for producers of nanocellulose, researchers and applications developers who focus on nanocellulose reinforced composite materials.

Keywords

nano-indentationnanoscalestrength
Type
Articles
Information
MRS Advances , Volume 1 , Issue 10: Biomaterials and Soft Materials , 2016 , pp. 639 - 644
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Moon, R. J.; Martini, A., Nairn, J., Simonsen, J. and Youngblood, J. (2010), Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 3941–3944.Google Scholar
Eichhorn, S. J., Dufresne, A., Aranguren, M., Marcovich, N. E., Capadona, J. R., Rowan, S.J., Weder, C., Thielemans, W., Roman, M., Renneckar, S., Gindl, W., Veigel, S. Keckes, Æ J., Yano, H., Abe, K., Nog, M., Nakagaito, A. N., Mangalam, A., Simonsen, J., Benight, A. S., Bismarck, A., Berglund, L. A., Peijs, T. (2010), Review: current international research into cellulose nanofibres and nanocomposites. Journal of Material Science 45 (1) 1–33.Google Scholar
Kalia, S., Dufresne, A., Cherian, B. M., Kaith, B. S., Averous, L., and Njuguna, J. (2011), Cellulose-Based Bio and Nanocomposites: A Review. International Journal of Polymer Science (2011) 1–35.Google Scholar
Cheng, Q., Wang, S. and Harper, D. P. (2009), Effects of process and source on elastic modulus of single cellulose fibrils evaluated by atomic force microscopy. Composites: Part A 583–588.Google Scholar
Gindl, W., Konnerth, J. and Schoberi, T. (2006), Nanoindentation of regenerated cellulose fibers. Cellulose (13) 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Josefsson, G., Berthold, F. and Gamstest, E. K. (2014), Stiffness contribution of cellulose nanofibrils to composite materials. International Journal of Solids and Structures 51, 945–953.Google Scholar
Bining, G. and Quate, C. F. (1986), Atomic Force Microscope. Physical Review Letters (56-9) 920–934.Google Scholar
Butt, H. J., Cappella, B. and Kappl, M. (2005), Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications. Surface Science Reports (59) 1–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briscoe, B. J., Fiori, L. and Pelillo, E. (1988), Nano-ondentation of Polymeric surfaces. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (31) 2395–2405.Google Scholar
Oliver, W. C. and Pharr, G. M. (1992), An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res.. (7–6), 1564-1583.Google Scholar
Nakamura, K., Wada, M., Kuga, S. and Okano, T. (2004), Poisson’s Ratio of Cellulose Iβ and Cellulose II. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 42 (7), 1206–1211.Google Scholar
Pakzad, A., Simonsen, J. and Yassar, R. S. (2012), Gradient of nanomechanical properties in the interphase of cellulose nanocrystal composites. Composites Science and Technology (72), 314–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnamachari, P., Hashaikeh, R., Chiesa, M. and Gad El Rab, K. R. M. (2012), Effects of Acid Hydrolysis Time on Cellulose Nanocrystals Properties: Nanoindentation and Thermogravimetrics Studies. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 46 (1-2), 13–18.Google Scholar
Wu, X., Moon, Robert J. and Martini, A. (2013), Crystalline cellulose elastic modulus predicted by atomistic models of uniform deformation and nanoscale indentation. Cellulose (20), 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, X., Moon, Robert J. and Martini, A. (2014), Tensile strength of Iβ crystalline cellulose predicted by molecular dynamics simulation. Cellulose 21: 2233–2245.Google Scholar