Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-s9k8s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-25T10:05:59.311Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Formation of emeralds at pegmatite-ultramafic contacts based on fluid inclusions in Kianjavato emerald, Mananjary deposits, Madagascar

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

Ye. Vapnik ,
I. Moroz ,
M. Roth  and
I. Eliezri
Ye. Vapnik*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
I. Moroz
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
M. Roth
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
I. Eliezri
Affiliation:
Colgem El 97 Ltd, 52 Bezalel Street, Ramat Gan 52521, Israel
*
*E-mail: vapnik@bgu.ac.il
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Kianjavato emerald (Mananjary deposits, East coast of Madagascar) was formed during metasomatic processes at the contact between pegmatites and hornblendites. The metasomatic exchange was related to a Pan-African tectonometamorphic event.

Fluid inclusions in the Kianjavato emerald and quartz were studied by means of microthermometry and Raman probe analysis. Three main types of inclusions were revealed: CO2-rich, CH4-rich and aqueous-rich, with a salinity of ∼2 wt.% NaCl equiv. The inclusions occurred along the same primary and pseudosecondary trails and were considered to be formed simultaneously. Based on fluid-inclusion data, the conditions of emerald growth were 250°C < T < 450°C and P = 1.5 kbar.

The fluid inclusion data for Kianjavato emerald were compared to the data for another Madagascar emerald, Ianapera. The latter is of similar age, but its genesis was determined by a shearing event. Our fluid inclusion data suggested that shearing was also important as a mechanism of introducing CO2-rich fluid for the genesis of the Kianjavato emerald.

Keywords

fluid inclusions and Ianapera emeraldsKianjavato and Ianapera emeraldsMadagascar
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 70 , Issue 2 , April 2006 , pp. 141 - 158
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bakker, R.J. (2003) Fluids 1. Computer program for analysis of fluid inclusion data and for modeling bulk fluid properties. Chemical Geology, 194, 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belonoshko, A. and Saxena, S.K. (1991) A molecular dynamics study of the pressure-volume-temperature properties of supercritical fluids; II, CO2, CH4, CO, O2 and H2 . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Ada, 55, 3191–3208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besairie, H. (1967) The Precambrian of Madagascar. Pp. 133–142 in: The Geologic Systems: The Precambrian (Rankama, K., editor). Interscience 3, New York, London and Sydney.Google Scholar
Bodnar, R.J. and Vityk, M.O. (1994) Interpretation of microthermometric data for H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions. Pp. 117–130 in: Fluid Inclusions in Minerals: Methods and Applications (De Vivo, B. and Frezzotti, M.L., editors). Virginia Tech., Virginia, USA.Google Scholar
Bowers, T.S. and Helgeson, H.C. (1983) Calculation of the thermodynamic and geochemical consequences of nonideal mixing in the system H2O-CO2-NaCl on phase relations in geological systems: Equation of state for H2O-CO2-NaCl fluids at high pressures and temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Ada, 47, 1247–1275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenan, J. (1991) Development and maintenance of metamorphic permeability: Implication for fluid transport. Pp. 291–319 in: Contact Metamorphism (Kerrick, D.M., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 26. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, E.A.J. (1994) Raman microspectrometry of fluid inclusions: The daily practice. Pp. 25–44 in: Fluid Inclusions in Minerals: Methods and Applications (De Vivo, B. and Frezzotti, M.L., editors). Virginia Tech., Virginia, USA.Google Scholar
Cheilletz, A., Sabot, B., Marchand, P., De Donate, P., Taylor, B., Archibald, D., Barres, O. and Andrianjaffy, J. (2001) Emerald deposits in Madagascar: Two different types for one mineralizing event. EUG XI, Symposium OSO6, Abstracts, p. 547.Google Scholar
de Wit, M.J., Bowring, S.A., Ashwal, L.D., Randrianasolo, L.G., Morel, V.P.I., and Rambeloson, R.A. (2001) Age and tectonic evolution of Neoproterozoic ductile shear zones in Southwestern Madagascar, with implications for Gondwana studies. Tectonics, 20, 1–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fein, J.B. and Walther, J.V. (1987) Calcite solubility in supercritical CO2-H2O fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Ada, 51, 1665–1673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonarev, V.I., Santosh, M., Vasiukova, O.V. and Filimonov, M.B. (2003) Fluid evolution and ex-humation path of the Trivandrum Granulite Block, southern India. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 145, 339–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franz, G. and Morteani, G. (2002) Be-minerals: Synthesis, stability, and occurrence in metamorphic rocks. Pp. 551–590 in: Beryllium: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry (Grew, E.S., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 50, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuertes-Fuente, M., Martin-Izard, A., Boiron, M.C. and Viñuela, J.M. (2000) P-T path and fluid evolution in the Franqueira granitic pegmatite, central Galicia, northwestern Spain. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 1163–1175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Dubessy, J. and Rodriguez, C. T. (1993) Chemical composition of fluid inclusions in Colombian emerald deposits. Pp. 159–168 in: Proceedings of the Eighth Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium. Google Scholar
Giuliani, G., Cheilletz, A., Zimmermann, J.-L., Ribeiro-Althoff, A.M., France-Lanord, C. and Feraud, G. (1997) Les gisements d'emeraude du Bresil: genese et typologie. Chronique de la Recherche Miniere, 526, 17–61.Google Scholar
Groat, L.A., Marshall, D.D., Giuliani, G., Murphy, D.C., Piercey, S.J., Jambor, J.J., Mortensen, J.K., Ercit, T.S., Gault, R.A., Mattey, D.P., Schwarz, D., Maluski, H., Wise, M.A., Wengzynowski, W. and Eaton, D.W. (2002) Mineralogical and geochemical study of the Regal Ridge emerald showing, south-eastern Yukon. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 1313–1338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handke, M.J., Tucker, R.D. and Ashwal, L.D. (1999) Neoproterozoic continental arc magmatism in west-central Madagascar. Geology, 27, 35–354.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hänni, H.A. and Klein, H.H. (1982) Ein smaragdvor-kommen in Madagaskar. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft, 31, 71–77.Google Scholar
Kazmi, A.H. and Snee, L.W. (1989) Geology of world emerald deposits: a brief review. Pp. 165–228 in: Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemmology and Genesis (Kazmi, A.H. and Snee, L.W., editors). Van Nostrand Reinhold publishers, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, R.D., Kazmi, A.H. and Snee, L.W. (1989) Geological setting of the emerald deposits. Pp. 13–38 in: Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemmology and Genesis (Kazmi, A.H. and Snee, L.W., editors). Van Nostrand Reinhold publishes, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Y.-J. and Morse, J.W. (1999) Calcite precipitation in synthetic veins: implications for the time and fluid volume necessary for vein filling. Chemical Geology, 156, 151–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markl, G., Baeuerle, J. and Grujic, D. (2000) Metamorphic evolution of Pan-African granulite facies metapelites from southern Madagascar. Precambrian Research, 102, 47–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, D., Groat, L., Giuliani, G., Murphy, D., Mattey, D., Ercit, T.S., Wise, M.A., Wengzynowski, W. and Eaton, W.D. (2003) Pressure, temperature and fluid conditions during emerald precipitation, southeastern Yukon, Canada: fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence. Chemical Geology, 193, 187–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martelat, J.E., Nicollet, C., Lardeaux, J.M., Vidal, G. and Rarotondrazafy, R. (1997) Lithospheric tectonic structures developed under high-grade metamorph-ism in the southern part of Madagascar. Geodinamika Acta, 10, 94–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moine, B., Chan Peng, C. and Merrier, A. (2004) Role du fluor dans la formation des gisements d'emeraude de Mananjary (Est de Madagascar). Comptes Rendus Geosciences, 336, 513–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moroz, I., Roth, M. and Deich, V. (1999) The visible absorption spectroscopy of emeralds from different deposits. The Australian Gemmologist, 20, 315–320.Google Scholar
Moroz, I., Vapnik, Ye., Eliezri, I. and Roth, M. (2001) Mineral and fluid inclusion study of emeralds from the Lake Manyara and Sumbawanga deposits, Tanzania. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 33, 377–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicollet, C. (1985) The banded cordierite and garnet-bearing gneisses from Diosy: a geothermo-baro-metric tracer in southern Madagascar. Precambrian Research, 28, 175–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwe, Y.Y. and Grundmann, G. (1990) Evolution of metamorphic fluids in shear zones: The record from the emeralds of Habachtal, Tauern Window, Austria. Lithos, 25, 281–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwe, Y.Y. and Morteani, G. (1993) Fluid evolution in the H2O-CH4-CO2-NaCl system during emerald mineralization at Gravelotte, Murchison Greenstone Belt, Northeast Transvaal, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 89–103.Google Scholar
Ottaway, T.L., Wicks, F.J., Bryndzia, L.T., Kyser, T.K. and Spooner, E.T.C. (1994) Formation of the Muzo hydrothermal emerald deposit in Colombia. Nature, 369, 552–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pili, É., Ricard, Y., Lardeaux, J.-M. and Sheppard, S.M.F. (1997) Lithospheric shear zones and mantle-crust connections. Tectonophysics, 280, 15–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platonov, A.N., Taran, M.N. and Balitsky, V.S. (1984) Nature of Gem Colors. Nedra, Moscow, 205 pp. (in Russian).Google Scholar
Schmetzer, K. (1989) Types of water in natural and synthetic emerald. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 15–26.Google Scholar
Schwarz, D. (1994) Emeralds from the Manajary region, Madagascar: Internal features. Gems and Gemology, 30, 88–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, D., Kanis, J. and Kinnaird, J. (1996) Emerald and green beryl from Central Nigeria. Journal of Gemmology, 25, 117–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seal, R.R. II (1989) A reconnaissance study of the fluid inclusion geochemistry of the emerald deposits of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pp. 152—164 in: Emeralds of Pakistan: Geology, Gemology and Genesis (Kazmi, A.H. and Snee, L.W., editors). Van Nostrand Reinhold publishers, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Seifert, A.V., Žáček, V., Vrána, S., Pecina, V., Zachariás, J. and Zwaan, J.C. (2004) Emerald mineralization in the Kafubu area, Zambia. Bulletin of Geosciences, 79, 1–40.Google Scholar
Sterner, S.M. and Bodnar, R.J. (1989) Synthetic fluid inclusions VII. Re-equilibration of fluid inclusions in quartz during laboratory simulated metamorphic burial and uplift. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 243–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterner, S.M. and Bodnar, R.J. (1991) Synthetic fluid inclusions. X: Experimental determination of P-V-T-X properties in the CO2-H2O system to 6 kb and 700°C. American Journal of Sciences, 291, 1–54.Google Scholar
Swanenberg, H.E.C. (1979) Phase equilibria in carbonic systems, and their application to freezing studies of fluid inclusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 68, 303–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vapnik, Ye. and Avigad, D. (2004) P-T conditions of quartz-calcite boudins and vein formation within a low-angle detachment fault in Tinos Island (Aegean Sea): a fluid-inclusion study. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 93, 487–499.Google Scholar
Vapnik, Ye. and Moroz, I. (2000) Fluid inclusions in emerald from the Jos complex (Central Nigeria). Schweizerisch Mineralogische Petrographische Mitteilungen, 80, 117–129.Google Scholar
Vapnik, Ye. and Moroz, I. (2001) Fluid inclusions in Panjshir emerald (Afghanistan). Pp. 451–454 in: ECROFI XVI (Noronha, F., Dória, A. and Guedes, A., editors). Abstracts. Porto, Portugal.Google Scholar
Vapnik, Ye. and Moroz, I. (2002) Composition and formation conditions of fluid inclusions in emerald from Maria deposit (Mozambique). Mineralogical Magazine, 66, 201–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vapnik, Ye., Sabot, B. and Moroz, I. (2005) Fluid inclusions in Ianapera emerald, Southern Madagascar. International Geology Review, 47, 647–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wille, S.E. and Klemd, R. (2004) Fluid inclusion studies of the Abawso gold prospect, near the Ashanti Belt, Ghana. Mineralium Deposita, 39, 31–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D.L. and Nassau, K. (1968) The characterization of beryl and emerald by visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy. The American Mineralogist, 53, 777–800.Google Scholar