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THE SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENY OF THE STENOCHIRONOMUS COMPLEX (XESTOCHIRONOMUS, HARRISIUS, and STENOCHIRONOMUS) (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Art Borkent
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Abstract

The Stenochironomus complex contains all those species which exhibit the highly modified, mining larval form previously recognized as typical of only the genus Stenochironomus Kieffer: larvae with a dorsoventrally compressed head capsule, expanded thoracic segments and a long, flaccid abdomen. The complex includes members of Xestochironomus Sublette & Wirth (New World), Harrisius Freeman (Australian Region), Stenochironomus (cosmopolitan) and two larval forms, one from New Zealand and the other from Africa.This revision provides analysis of 12 species of Xestochironomus (five new), four species of Harrisius, and 54 species of Neotropical and Holarctic Stenochironomus (32 new named species, two new species not named, and four new combinations: S. innocuus (Williston), S. semifumosus (Edwards), S. longilobatus (Tokunaga) and S. gracilivalva (Kieffer)). Of these species, the pupae and fourth instar larvae are described for two species of Xestochironomus, Harrisius pallidus Freeman and 24 of the named species of Stenochironomus. Descriptions, diagnoses, keys, and distribution maps are provided for all species in each available stage. Stenochironomus taeniapennis (Coquillett, 1901), S. zonopterus (Mitchell, 1908), and S. exquisitus (Mitchell, 1908) are newly recognized as junior synonyms of S. hilaris (Walker, 1848).A cladistic analysis of all these species suggests that the Stenochironomus complex is monophyletic. The African larval form is the sister group of all other members; Xestochironomus is the sister group of Harrisius, the New Zealand larval form and Stenochironomus; and Stenochironomus is the sister group of Harrisius plus the New Zealand larval form. These relationships suggest possible southern continental affinities. Stenochironomus is composed of two monophyletic species groups, the subgenus Stenochironomus s. str. with species whose larvae mine wood and the new subgenus Petalopholeus (type-species, S. cinctus Townes) with species whose larvae mine leaves.Cladistic patterns show that Caribbean species are related to other New World species, and that North American species are related to Neotropical or Palaearctic species.Larval food type and ecological differences are analyzed using cladistic relationships. The plesiotypic habitat for species of the Stenochironomus complex is running waters.The phylogenetic relationships of Stenochironomus species and their mite parasites are compared and show little congruence.

Résumé

Le complexe Stenochironomus comprend toutes les espèces présentant une forme larvaire mineuse très modifiée (capsule céphalique aplatie dorsoventralement, segments thoraciques larges et abdomen long, flasque) que l'on considérait auparavant comme typique du genre Stenochironomus Kieffer seulement. Le complexe inclut les représentants des genres Xestochironomus Sublette & Wirth (Nouveau Monde), Harrisius Freeman (région Australienne), Stenochironomus (cosmopolite) et deux formes larvaires, l'une de la Nouvelle-Zélande, l'autre d'Afrique.

Cette révision taxonomique porte sur 12 espèces du genre Xestochironomus (cinq espèces nouvelles pour la science), quatre espèces de Harrisius, et 54 espèces de la région Néotropicale et Holarctique du genre Stenochironomus (32 nouvelles espèces nommées, deux nouvelles espèces non nommées et quatre nouvelles combinaisons : S. innocuus (Williston), S. semifumosus (Edwards), S. longilobatus (Tokunaga) et S. gracilivalva (Kieffer)). La pupe et le quatrième stade larvaire sont décrits pour deux espèces du genre Xestochironomus, pour Harrisius pallidus Freeman et pour 24 espèces nommées du genre Stenochironomus. Des tableaux de détermination, une description et diagnose ainsi qu'une carte de répartition géographique sont inclus pour chaque stade disponible de toutes les espèces. Stenochironomus taeniapennis (Coquillett, 1901), S. zonopterus (Mitchell, 1908), et S. exquisitus (Mitchell, 1908) sont ici reconnus comme des synonymes récents de S. hilaris (Walker, 1848).

Une analyse cladistique de toutes les espèces étudiées suggère que le complexe Stenochironomus forme un groupe naturel. La forme larvaire d'Afrique est le taxon-frère de tous les autres représentants; Xestochironomus est le taxon-frère de Harrisius, la forme larvaire de la Nouvelle-Zélande et Stenochironomus; et Stenochironomus représente le taxon-frère de Harrisius et la forme larvaire de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Ces relations suggèrent des affinités continentales de l'hémisphère sud. Stenochironomus renferme deux groupes d'espèces naturels, le sous-genre Stenochironomus s.str. comprenant les espèces dont la larve mine le bois et le nouveau sous-genre Petalopholeus (espèce-type : S. cinctus Townes) regroupant les espèces dont la larve mine les feuilles.

Les cladogrammes montrent que les espèces des Caraïbes sont voisines des autres espèces du Nouveau Monde et que les espèces nord-américaines sont voisines des espèces néotropicales ou paléarctiques.

Le type de nourriture des larves ainsi que les différences écologiques sont analysés à partir des relations cladistiques. Les eaux courantes sont l'habitat ancestral des espèces du complexe Stenochironomus.

Les relations phylogénétiques des espèces du genre Stenochironomus et de leurs acariens parasites sont comparées et montrent peu de congruence.

Type
Research Article
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The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 116 , Supplement S128 , 1984 , pp. 5 - 270
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1984

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