Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T07:23:37.969Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Generic concepts in parmelioid lichens, and the phylogenetic value of characters used in their circumscription

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2011

Ana CRESPO ,
Pradeep K. DIVAKAR  and
David L. HAWKSWORTH
Ana CRESPO
Affiliation:
Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain. Email: pdivakar@farm.ucm.es
Pradeep K. DIVAKAR
Affiliation:
Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain. Email: pdivakar@farm.ucm.es
David L. HAWKSWORTH
Affiliation:
Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain. Email: pdivakar@farm.ucm.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article traces the changing systems in the classification of the parmelioid lichens from the early 19th century to the present day. Molecular phylogenetic approaches have enabled the relative importance of traditionally used characters to be objectively re-assessed, and led to the realization of the significance of others that had previously been passed over or dismissed; for example, differences in ascospore and conidium types or the cell-wall constituents. Information on the different characters employed is presented and assessed. It is concluded that characters related to thallus form or chemical products prove to be less informative at the generic level than has sometimes been assumed. Features requiring further study are identified, and in the light of experience in this group, lichenologists should be cautious in translating their results into formal taxonomies.

Keywords

chemotaxonomyLecanoromycetesmolecular systematicsParmeliaceaetaxonomy
Type
Research Article
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 43 , Issue 6 , November 2011 , pp. 511 - 535
Copyright
Copyright © British Lichen Society 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharius, E. (1798) Lichenographia Suecica Prodromus. Linköping: D.J. Björn.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acharius, E. (1803) Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes. Stockholm: F. D. D. Ulrich.Google Scholar
Acharius, E. (1810) Lichenographia Universalis in qua Lichenes Omnes Detectos. Gottingen: F. Danckwerts.Google Scholar
Adl, S. M., Simpson, A. G. B., Farmer, M. A., Andersen, R. A., Anderson, O. R., Barta, J. R., Bowser, S. S., Brugerolle, G., Fensome, R. A., Fredericq, S. et al. (2005) The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52: 399–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahlner, S. (1954) Special Committee for Lichenes. Taxon 3: 235–240.Google Scholar
Ahti, T. (1966) Parmelia olivacea and the allied non-isidiate and non-sorediate corticolous lichens in the Northern Hemisphere. Acta Botanica Fennica 70: 1–68.Google Scholar
Amo de Paz, G., Lumbsch, H. T., Cubas, P., Elix, J. A. & Crespo, A. (2010a) The morphologically deviating genera Omphalodiella and Placoparmelia belong to Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae). Bryologist 113: 376–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amo de Paz, G., Lumbsch, H. T., Cubas, P., Elix, J. A. & Crespo, A. (2010b) The genus Karoowia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) includes unrelated clades nested within Xanthoparmelia. Australian Systematic Botany 23: 173–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asahina, Y. (1952) Lichens of Japan. Vol. 2. Genus Parmelia. Tokyo: Research Institute for Natural Resources.Google Scholar
Awasthi, D. D. (1987) A new position for Platysma thomsonii Stirton. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 63: 367–372.Google Scholar
Awasthi, D. D. (1988) A key to the macrolichens of India and Nepal. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 65: 207–302.Google Scholar
Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (1968) Cell wall chemistry, morphogenesis, and taxonomy of fungi. Annual Review of Microbiology 22: 87–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beltman, H. A. (1978) Vegetative Strukturen der Parmeliaceae und ihre Entwicklung. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 11: 1–193.Google Scholar
Berry, E. C. (1941) A monograph of the genus Parmelia in North America, north of Mexico. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 28: 31–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bitter, G. (1901) Zur Morphologie und Systematic von Parmelia, untergattung Hypogymnia. Hedwigia 40: 171–274.Google Scholar
Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Elix, J. A., Hawksworth, D. L. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2004a) A molecular phylogeny and a new classification of parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales). Taxon 53: 959–975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Divakar, P. K., Esslinger, T. L., Hawksworth, D. L. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2004b) Melanelixia and Melanohalea, two new genera segregated from Melanelia (Parmeliaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Mycological Research 108: 873–884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Divakar, P. K., Elix, J. A. & Lumbsch, H.T. (2005) Molecular phylogeny of parmotremoid lichens (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). Mycologia 97: 150–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Ree, R. H. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2006) Major clades of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) and the evolution of their morphological and chemical diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 52–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briquet, J. (1935) International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congresses of Vienna, 1905, and Brussels, 1910 revised by the International Botanical Congress of Cambridge, 1930. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Brodo, I. M. & Hawksworth, D. L. (1977) Alectoria and allied genera in North America. Opera Botanica 42: 1–164.Google Scholar
Brusse, F. A. (1988) Three new species of Parmelia (Lichenes) from southern Africa. Mycotaxon 31: 155–162.Google Scholar
Brusse, F. A. (1993) Eight new species in the lichen genus Parmelia (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae) from southern Africa, with notes on southern African lichens. Mycotaxon 49: 1–17.Google Scholar
Carbonero, E. R., Mellinger, C. G., Eliasaro, S., Gorin, P. A. J. & Iacomini, M. (2005a) Chemotypes significance of lichenized fungi by structural characterization of heteropolysaccharides from the genera Parmotrema and Rimelia. FEMS Microbiology Letters 246: 273–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carbonero, E. R., Montai, A.V., Mellinger, C. G., Eliastro, S., Sassaki, G. L., Gorin, P. A. J. & Iacomini, M. (2005b) Glucans of lichenized fungi: significance for taxonomy of the genera Parmotrema and Rimelia. Phytochemistry 66: 929–934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choisy, M. (1930) Prodrome d'un catalogue descriptif des lichens du globe. I. Archilichens. Icones Lichenum Universalis, sér. 2, 1: sine pagin.Google Scholar
Choisy, M. (1952) Catalogue des lichens de la region Lyonnaise. Fasc. 9. Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Lyon 21: 165–180.Google Scholar
Clauzade, G. & Roux, C. (1986) [‘1985’]. Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita Determinlibro. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Numero Special 7: 1–893.Google Scholar
Clements, F. E. & Shear, C. L. (1931) The Genera of Fungi. New York: H. W. Wilson.Google Scholar
Common, R. S. (1991) The distribution and taxonomic significance of lichenan and isolichenan in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina), as determined by iodine reactions. 1. Introduction and methods. II. The genus Alectoria and associated taxa. Mycotaxon 41: 67–112.Google Scholar
Crespo, A. & Cubero, O. F. (1998) A molecular approach to the circumscription and evaluation of some genera segregated from Parmelia s. lat. Lichenologist 30: 369–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespo, A., Gavilán, R., Elix, J. A. & Gutiérrez, G. (1999) A comparison of morphological, chemical and molecular characters in some parmelioid genera. Lichenologist 31: 451–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespo, A., Blanco, O. & Hawksworth, D. L. (2001) The potential of mitochondrial DNA for establishing phylogeny and stabilising generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens. Taxon 50: 807–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespo, A., Lumbsch, H. T., Mattsson, J.-E., Blanco, O., Divakar, P. K., Articus, K., Wiklund, E., Bawingan, P. & Wedin, M. (2007) Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB-1 gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 812–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespo, A., Kauff, F., Divakar, P. K., del Prado, R,, Pérez-Ortega, S., Amo de Paz, G., Ferencova, Z., Blanco, O., Roca-Valiente, B., Núñez-Zapata, J., et al. (2010a) Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence. Taxon 59: 1735–1753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespo, A., Ferencova, Z., Pérez-Ortega, S., Argüello, A., Elix, J. A. & Divakar, P. K. (2010b) Austroparmelina, a new Australasian lineage in parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 209–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, W. L. & Culberson, C. F. (1968) The lichen genera Cetrelia and Platismatia (Parmeliaceae). Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 34: 449–558.Google Scholar
Culberson, W. L. & Culberson, C. F. (1970) A phylogenetic view of chemical evolution in the lichens. Bryologist 73: 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, W. L. & Culberson, C. F. (1980) Microconidial dimorphism in the lichen genus Parmelia. Mycologia 72: 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, W. L. & Culberson, C. F. (1981) The genera Cetrariastrum and Concarmerella (Parmeliaceae): a chemosystematic synopsis. Bryologist 84: 273–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degelius, G. (1937) Lichens from southern Alaska and the Aleuthian Islands, collected by Dr. E. Hultén. Meddelelser fran Göteborgs Botaniska Trädgard 12: 105–144.Google Scholar
Del Prado, R., Ferencovà, Z., Armas-Crespo, V., Amo de Paz, G., Cubas, P. & Crespo, A. (2007). The arachiform vacuolar body, an overlooked shared character in the ascospores of a large monophyletic group within Parmeliaceae (Xanthoparmelia clade, Lecanorales). Mycological Research 111: 685–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DePriest, P. T. (1999) Development of Mason E. Hale's list of epithets in the parmelioid genera (lichen-forming Ascomycotina): a bibliographic review. Bryologist 102: 443–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dey, J. P. (1978) Fruticose and foliose lichens of the high-mountain areas of the southern Appalachians. Bryologist 81: 1–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Divakar, P. K. & Upreti, D. K. (2005) Parmelioid Lichens in India (A Revisionary Study). Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.Google Scholar
Divakar, P. K., Upreti, D. K. & Elix, J. A. (2001) New species and new records in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from India. Mycotaxon 80: 355–362.Google Scholar
Divakar, P. K., Molina, M. C., Lumbsch, H. T. & Crespo, A. (2005) Parmelia barrenoae, a new lichen species related to Parmelia sulcata (Parmeliaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Lichenologist 37: 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Divakar, P. K., Crespo, A., Blanco, O. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2006) Phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in the tropical Hypotrachyna clade of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 448–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Divakar, P. K., Lumbsch, H. T., Ferencova, Z., Del Prado, R. & Crespo, A. (2010) Remototrachyna, a newly recognized tropical lineage of lichens in the Hypotrachyna clade (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota), originated in the Indian subcontinent. American Journal of Botany 97: 579–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, C. W. (1959) Some lichens of tropical Africa. III. Parmeliaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 46: 39–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doré, C. J., Cole, M. S. & Hawksworth, D. L. (2006) Preliminary statistical studies of the infraspecific variation in the ascospores of Nesolechia oxyspora growing on different genera of parmelioid lichens. Lichenologist 38: 425–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du Rietz, G. E. (1924) Flechtensystematische Studien IV. Botaniska Notiser 1924: 329–342.Google Scholar
Elix, J. A. (1993) Progress in generic delimitation of Parmelia sensu lato lichens (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae) and a synoptic key to the Parmeliaceae. Bryologist 96: 359–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elix, J. A. (1994) Lichens-Lecanorales 2, Parmeliaceae. Flora of Australia 55: 1–360.Google Scholar
Elix, J. A. (2003) The lichen genus Paraparmelia, a synonym of Xanthoparmelia (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 87: 395–403.Google Scholar
Elix, J. A. & Hale, M. E. (1987). Canomaculina, Myelochroa, Parmelinella, Parmelinopsis and Parmotremopsis, five new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 31: 491–510.Google Scholar
Elix, J. A., Johnston, J. & Armstrong, P. A. (1986a) A revision of the lichen genus Xanthoparmelia in Australasia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 15: 163–362.Google Scholar
Elix, J. A., Johnston, J. & Verdon, D. (1986b). Canoparmelia, Paraparmelia and Relicinopsis, three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 27: 372–383.Google Scholar
Esslinger, T. L. (1977) A chemosystematic revision of the brown Parmeliae. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 42: 1–211.Google Scholar
Esslinger, T. L. (1978) A new status for the brown Parmeliae. Mycotaxon 7: 45–54.Google Scholar
Esslinger, T. L. (1981) Almbornia, a new lichen genus from South Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany 1: 125–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esslinger, T. L. (2000) Notes on the brown-colored species of Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) in southern Africa. Bryologist 103: 568–591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feuerer, T. & Marth, C. (1997) Anatomy of pseudocyphellae and bulbate cilia in Parmeliaceae. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 27: 101–107.Google Scholar
Fries, T. M. (1861) Genera Heterolichenum Europaea Recognita. Uppsala: Edquist.Google Scholar
Gorin, P. A. J. & Iacomini, M. (1985) Structural diversity of D-galacto-D-mannan components isolated from lichens having ascomycetous mycosymbionts. Carbohydrate Research 142: 253–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goward, T. (1986) Brodoa, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae. Bryologist 89: 219–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greuter, W., McNeill, J., Hawksworth, D. L. & Barrie, F. R. (2000) Report on botanical nomenclature – Saint Louis 1999. Englera 20: 1–253.Google Scholar
Grube, M. & Hawksworth, D. L. (2007) Trouble with lichen: the re-evaluation and re-interpretation of thallus form and fruit body types in the molecular era. Mycological Research 111: 1116–1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gyelnik, V. (1932) Additamenta ad cognitorum Parmeliarum. III. Continuatio secunda. Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 30: 209–226.Google Scholar
Hafellner, J., Hertel, H., Rambold, G. & Timdal, E. (1994) Lecanorales. In Ascomycete Systematics: Problems and Perspectives in the Nineties (Hawksworth, D. L., ed.): 379–387. [NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series, A: Life Sciences no. 269.] New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1965) A monograph of Parmelia subgenus Amphigymnia. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 193–358.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1973) Fine structure of the cortex in the lichen family Parmeliaceae viewed with the scanning-electron microscope. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 10: 1–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1974a) Bulbothrix, Parmelina, Relicina, and Xanthoparmelia, four new genera in the Parmeliaceae (Lichenes). Phytologia 28: 479–490.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1974b) New combinations in the lichen genus Parmotrema. Phytologia 28: 333–339.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1974c) Delimitation of the lichen genus Hypotrachyna (Vain.) Hale. Phytologia 28: 340–341.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1975) A revision of the lichen genus Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) in tropical America. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 25: 1–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1976a) A monograph of the lichen genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 32: 1–29.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1976b) A monograph of the lichen genus Parmelina Hale (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 33: 1–60.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1976c) A monograph of the lichen genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 31: 1–62.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1976d) Synopsis of a new lichen genus Everniastrum Hale (Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 3: 345–353.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1981) Pseudocyphellae and pored epicortex in the Parmeliaceae: their delimitation and evolutionary significance. Lichenologist 13: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1984a) An historical review of the genus concept in lichenology. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79: 11–23.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1984b) Flavopunctelia, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 20: 681–682.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1985) Xanthomaculina Hale, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina). Lichenologist 17: 255–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1986a) Arctoparmelia, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 25: 251–254.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1986b) Flavoparmelia, a new genus in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 25: 603–605.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1987) A monograph of the lichen genus Parmelia Acharius sensu stricto (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 66: 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1988) Namakwa, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 32: 169–174.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1989a) A monograph of the lichen genus Karoowia Hale (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 35: 177–198.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1989b) A new lichen genus Psiloparmelia Hale (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 35: 41–44.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. (1990) A synopsis of the lichen genus Xanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 74: 1–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. & Fletcher, A. (1990) Rimelia Hale & Fletcher, a new lichen genus (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Bryologist 93: 23–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. & Kurokawa, S. (1964) Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 36: 121–191.Google Scholar
Harmand, J. (1909) Lichens de France: Catalogue Systématique et Descriptif. [Part 4.] Phyllodés. Paris: P. Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Hawksworth, D. L. (1976) Lichen chemotaxonomy. In Lichenology: Progress and Problems (Brown, D. H., Hawksworth, D. L. & Bailey, R. H., eds): 139–184. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hawksworth, D. L. (1985) The application and citation of the generic name Parmeliopsis (Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 149: 303–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawksworth, D. L., James, P. W. & Coppins, B. J. (1980) Checklist of British lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi. Lichenologist 12: 1–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henssen, A. (1991) Omphalodiella patagonica, a new peltate lichen genus and species from South America. Lichenologist 23: 333–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillmann, J. (1936) Parmeliaceae. Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 9 (5[3]): 1–309.Google Scholar
Hue, A. (1892) Lichenes exoticos a professore W. Nylander descriptos vel recognitos et in herbario musei Parisiense pro maxima parte asservatos in ordine systematico disposuit (continuatio). Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, séries 3 4: 103–210.Google Scholar
Hue, A. (1899) Lichenes extra-Europaei Nouvelles. Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, séries 4 1: 27–220.Google Scholar
Imshaug, H. A. (1981) Lichen distribution patterns. In Abstracts of the XIII International Botanical Congress, 21–28 August, 1981, Sydney, Australia, p. 154.Google Scholar
Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F., Minter, M. W. & Stalpers, J. A. (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th edn. Wallingford: CAB International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Körber, G. W. (1854–55) Systema Lichenum Germaniae. Wrocław: Trewendt & Granier.Google Scholar
Krog, H. (1951) [‘1950’] Microchemical studies on Parmelia. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 88: 57–85.Google Scholar
Krog, H. (1982a) Evolutionary trends in foliose and fruticose lichens of the Parmeliaceae. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 52: 303–311.Google Scholar
Krog, H. (1982b) Punctelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae. Nordic Journal of Botany 2: 287–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krog, H. & Swinscow, T. D. V. (1979) Parmelia subgenus Hypotrachyna in East Africa. Norwegian Journal of Botany 26: 11–43.Google Scholar
Krog, H. & Swinscow, T. D. V. (1981) Parmelia subgenus Amphigymnia (lichens) in East Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 9: 143–231.Google Scholar
Krog, H. & Swinscow, T. D. V. (1983) A new species and new combinations in Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae). Lichenologist 15: 127–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krog, H. & Swinscow, T. D. V. (1987) New species and new combinations in some parmelioid lichen genera, with special emphasis on East African taxa. Lichenologist 19: 419–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurokawa, S. (1991) Rimeliella, a new lichen genus related to Rimelia of the Parmeliaceae. Annals of the Tsukuba Botanical Garden 10: 1–14.Google Scholar
Kurokawa, S. (1994). Japanese species of Parmelia Ach. (sens. str.), Parmeliaceae (2). Journal of Japanese Botany 69: 121–126.Google Scholar
Lamb, I. M. (1964) Antarctic lichens I. The genera Usnea, Ramalina, Himantormia, Alectoria, Cornicularia. British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports 38: 1–34.Google Scholar
Lanjouw, J., Baehni, C., Robyns, W., Rollins, R. C., Ross, R., Rousseau, J., Schulze, G. M., Smith, A. C., de Vilmorin, R. & Stafleu, F. A. (eds) (1956) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the Eighth International Botanical Congress, Paris, July 1954. [Regnum Vegetabile no. 8.] Utrecht: International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature.Google Scholar
Leal, J. A., Prieto, A., Bernabé, M. & Hawksworth, D. L. (2010) An assessment of fungal wall heteromannans as a phylogenetically informative character in ascomycetes. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 34: 986–1014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leavitt, S. D., Johnson, L. & St Clair, L. L. (2011) Species delimitation and evolution in morphologically and chemically diverse communities of the lichen-forming genus Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in western North America. Amertican Journal of Botany 98: 175–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letrouit-Galinou, M.-A. (1970) Les apothécies et les ascques du Parmelia conspersa (Discolichen, Parmeliacée). Bryologist 73: 39–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louwhoff, S. H. J. J. & Crisp, M. D. (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae: lichenized Ascomycotina). Bryologist 103: 541–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumbsch, H. T. (1998) Taxonomic use of metabolic data in lichen-forming fungi. In Chemical Fungal Taxonomy (Frisvad, J. C., Bridge, P. D. & Arora, D. K., eds): 345–387. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Lumbsch, H. T., Kothe, H. W. & ELix, J. A. (1988) Resurrection of the lichen genus Pleurosticta Petrak (Parmeliaceae: Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 33: 447–455.Google Scholar
Lumbsch, H. T., Hipp, A. L., Divakar, P. K., Blanco, O. & Crespo, A. (2008) Accelerated evolutionary rates in tropical and oceanic parmelioid lichens (Ascomycota). BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 257. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luyken, J. A. (1809) Tentamen Historiae Lichenum. Gottingen: H. Dieterich.Google Scholar
Lynge, B. (1914) Die Flechten der ersten Regnellschen Expedition. Die Gattung Pseudoparmelia and Parmelia Ach. Arkiv för Botanik 13 (13): 1–172.Google Scholar
Marcano, V., Mohali, S., Palacios-Prü, E. & Morales, A. (1996) The lichen genus Bulbothricella, a new segregate in the Parmeliaceae from Venezuela. Lichenologist 28: 421–430.Google Scholar
Massalongo, A. B. (1854) Neagenea Lichenum. Verona: Ramanzini.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massalongo, A. B. (1860) Esame comparativo di alcuni generi di licheni. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, ser. 3, 5: 247–276.Google Scholar
Meyer, S. L. F. (1982) Segregation of the new lichen genus Foraminella from Parmeliopsis. Mycologia 74: 592–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, S. L. F. (1985) The new lichen genus Imshaugia (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). Mycologia 77: 336–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaux, A. (1803) Flora Boreali-Americana Sistens Characteres Plantarum, quas in America Septentrionali Collegit et Detexit. Vol. 2. Paris: Caroli Crapelet.Google Scholar
Nimis, P. L. (1993) The Lichens of Italy. Torino: Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali.Google Scholar
Nimis, P. L. (1998) A critical appraisal of modern generic concepts in lichenology. Lichenologist 30: 427–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nylander, W. (1855) Essai d'une nouvelle classification des lichens (second mémoire). Mémoires de la Société Impériales des Sciences Naturelle de Cherbourg 3: 161–202.Google Scholar
Nylander, W. (1860) Synopsis Methodica Lichenum. Vol. 1 (2). Paris: L. Martinet.Google Scholar
Perry, G. (1991) Nomenclatural stability and theBotanical Code: a historical review. In Improving the Stability of Names: Needs and Options (Hawksworth, D. L., ed.): 79–93. [Regnum Vegetabile no. 123.] Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books.Google Scholar
Pérez-Ortega, S., Spribille, T., Palice, Z., Elix, J. A. & Printzen, C. (2010) A molecular phylogeny of the Lecanora varia group, including species from western North America. Mycological Progress 9: 523–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrak, F. (1931) Fungi Adeani. Ein Beitrag zur Pilzflora Bayerns und der angrenzenden. Kryptogamische Forschungen 2: 155–194.Google Scholar
Poelt, J. (1962) Bestimmungsschlüssel der höheren Flechten von Europa. Mitteilungen der botanischen Staatssammlung München 4: 301–571.Google Scholar
Poelt, J. (1991) Homologies and analogies in the evolution of lichens. In Frontiers in Mycology (Hawksworth, D. L., ed.): 85–97. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Poelt, J. & Vězda, A. (1981) Bestimmungsschlussel europaischer Flechten. Erganzungsheft II. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 16: 1–390.Google Scholar
Purvis, O. W., Coppins, B. J., Hawksworth, D. L., James, P. W. & Moore, D. M. (eds) (1992) The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Natural History Museum Publications.Google Scholar
Räsänen, V. (1943) Das System der Flechten. Acta Botanica Fennica 33: 1–82.Google Scholar
Rosendahl, F. (1907) Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchumgen über die braunen Parmelien. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 87: 401–459.Google Scholar
Santesson, R. (1949) Svampar som leva på lavar. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 43: 141–143.Google Scholar
Santesson, R. (1984) The Lichens of Sweden and Norway. Stockholm: Swedish Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar
Schmitt, I., Messuti, M. I., Feige, G. B. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2001) Molecular data support rejection of the generic concept in the Coccotremataceae (Ascomycota). Lichenologist 33: 315–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreber, J. (1791) Caroli a Linné Genera Plantarum, 8th edn. Vol. 2. Frankurt am Main: Varrentrapp & Wenner.Google Scholar
Sincock, C. A. (1982) A preliminary investigation of the taxonomic potential of the excipulum proprium's fine structure in the foliose Parmeliaceae. M.Sc. thesis, University of Reading.Google Scholar
Sipman, H. J. M. (1980) Studies on Colombian cryptogams. X. The genus Everniastrum Hale and related taxa (Lichenes). Proceedings,Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, section. C 83: 333–354.Google Scholar
Sipman, H. (1986) Notes on the lichen genus Everniastrum (Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 26: 235–251.Google Scholar
Sjödin, Å. (1954) Gyelnik's new lichen names. Acta Horti Gotoburgensis 19: 113–156.Google Scholar
Tehler, A. & Irestedt, M. (2007) Parallel evolution of lichen growth forms in the family Roccellaceae (Arthoniales, Ascomycota). Cladistics 23: 432–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thell, A., Mattsson, J.-E. & Kärnefelt, I. (1995) Lecanoralean ascus types in the lichenized families Alectoriacaeae and Paremeliaceae. Cryptogamic Botany 5: 120–127.Google Scholar
Thell, A., Feuerer, T., Elix, J. A. & Kärnefelt, I. (2006) A contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthoparmelia (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 797–807.Google Scholar
Thell, A., Högnabba, F., Elix, J. A., Feuerer, T., Kärnefelt, I., Myllys, L., Randlane, T., Saag, A., Stenroos, S., Ahti, T. et al. (2009) Phylogeny of the cetrarioid core Parmeliaceae based on five genetic markers. Lichenologist 41: 489–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vainio, E. A. (1890) Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des lichens du Brésil. Pars prima. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7: 1–247.Google Scholar
Vainio, E. A. (1909) Lichenes in viciniis hibernae expeditions Vegae prope pagum Pitlekai in Siberia septentrionali a Dre. E. Almquist collecti. Arkiv för Botanik 8 (4): 1–175.Google Scholar
Vainio, E. A. (1923) Lichenes insularum Philippinarum IV. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, A, 19 (5): 1–84.Google Scholar
Vobis, G. & Hawksworth, D. L. (1981) Conidial lichen forming fungi. In Biology of Conidial Fungi (Cole, G. T. & Kendrick, B., eds): 245–273. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedin, M., Döring, H. & Mattsson, J.-E. (1999) A multi-gene study of the phylogenetic relationships of the Parmeliaceae. Mycolgical Research 103: 1185–1192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahlbruckner, A. (1903–08) Lichenes (Flechten). B. Specieller Teil. In Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Engler, A. & Prantl, K., eds) 1 (1*): 49–249. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.Google Scholar
Zahlbruckner, A. (1926) Lichenes (Flechten). B. Spezieller Teil. In Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Engler, A., ed.) 8: 61–270. 2nd edn. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.Google Scholar
Zahlbruckner, A. (1929-30) Catalogus Lichenum Universalis. Vol. 6. Leipzig: Borntraeger.Google Scholar
Zopf, W. (1903) Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Flechten in Bezug auf ihre Stoffwechselproduckte. Erste Abhandlung. Beihefte zum botanischen Zentralblatt 14: 95–120.Google Scholar