Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T03:34:56.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Reconsidering the Frankfurterian Paradigm: Reflections on Histories of Lower Federal Courts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Review Essay
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 1999 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Alabama Law Review. 1997. Symposium: Evaluation of the Civil Justice Reform Act. Alabama Law Review 49:1279.Google Scholar
Amar, Akhil Reed. 1985. A Neo-Federalist View of Article III: Separating the Two Tiers of Federal Jurisdiction. Boston University Law Review 65:205–72.Google Scholar
1992. Jurisdiction Stripping and the Judiciary Act of 1789. In Marcus 1992a.Google Scholar
American Law Institute. 1969. Study of the Division of Jurisdiction between State and Federal Courts. Philadelphia: American Law Institute.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, Anthony G. 1965. Criminal Prosecutions Affecting Federally Guaranteed Civil Rights: Federal Removal and Habeas Corpus Jurisdiction to Abort State Court Trial. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 113:793912.Google Scholar
Arkin, Marc M. 1992. Rethinking the Constitutional Right to a Criminal Appeal. UCLA Law Review 39:503–80.Google Scholar
1995. The Ghost at the Banquet: Slavery, Federalism, and Habeas Corpus for State Prisoners. Tulane Law Review 70:173.Google Scholar
Arnold, Richard S. 1995. The Future of the Federal Courts. Missouri Law Review 60:533–46.Google Scholar
Ashton, Clifford L. 1988. The Federal Judiciary in Utah. Salt Lake City: Utah Bar Foundation.Google Scholar
Auerbach, Jerold S. 1983. Justice without Law? Resolving Disputes without Lawyers. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Leonard. 1984. Brandeis and Frankfurter: A Dual Biography. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Baker, Thomas E. 1994. Rationing Justice on Appeal: The Problems of the U.S. Courts of Appeals. St. Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co. Google Scholar
Barrow, Deborah J., and Thomas, G. Walker. 1988. A Court Divided: The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and the Politics of Judicial Reform. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bass, Jack. 1981. Unlikely Heroes: The Dramatic Story of the Southern Judges Who Translated the Supreme Court's Brown Decision into a Revolution for Equality. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Bator, Paul M. 1963. Finality in Criminal Law and Federal Habeas Corpus for State Prisoners. Harvard Law Review 76:441528.Google Scholar
1981. The State Courts and Federal Constitutional Litigation. William and Mary Law Review 22:605–37.Google Scholar
Baum, Lawrence. 1997. The Puzzle of Judicial Behavior. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Baum, Lawrence, Goldman, Sheldon, and Sarat, Austin. 19811982. The Evolution of Litigation in the Federal Courts of Appeals, 1895–1975. Law and Society Review 16:291309.Google Scholar
Belknap, Michal R. 1977. Cold War Political Justice: The Smith Act, the Communist Party and American Civil Liberties. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
1987. Federal Law and Southern Order: Racial Violence and Constitutional Conflict in the Post-Brown South. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Benedict, Les Michael. 1974. Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction. Journal of American History 61:6590.Google Scholar
1978. Preserving Federalism: Reconstruction and the Waite Court. Supreme Court Review. 1978:3979.Google Scholar
Bennett, Marion T., Cowen, Wilson, and Philip Nichols, Jr. 1976, 1978. The United States Court of Claims: A History. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Committee on the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States.Google Scholar
Berk, Gerald. 1994. Alternative Tracks: The Constitution of American Industrial Order, 1865–1917. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Beth, Loren P. 1992. John Marshall Harlan: The Last Whig Justice. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Bingham, Lisa B. 1998. On Repeat Players, Adhesive Contracts, and the Use of Statistics in Judicial Review of Employment Arbitration Awards. McGeorge Law Review 29:223–59.Google Scholar
Bone, Robert G. 1989. Mapping the Boundaries of a Dispute: Conceptions of Ideal Lawsuit Structure from the Field Code to the Federal Rules. Columbia Law Review 89:1118.Google Scholar
1990. Personal and Impersonal Litigative Forms: Reconceiving the History of Adjudicative Representation. Boston University Law Review 70:213307.Google Scholar
Bork, Robert H. 1996. Slouching toward Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and the American Decline. New York: Regan Books.Google Scholar
Boston University Law Review. 1991. Symposium: Federalism and Parity. Boston University Law Review 71:593664.Google Scholar
Brennan, William J. Jr. 1977. State Constitutions and the Protection of Individual Rights. Harvard Law Review 90:489504.Google Scholar
Brisbin, Richard A. Jr. 1996. Slaying the Dragon: Segal Speath and the Function of Law in Supreme Court Decisionmaking. American Journal of Political Science 40:1004–17.Google Scholar
Buan, Carolyn M., ed. 1993. The First Duty: A History of the U.S. District Court for Oregon. Portland: United States District Court of Oregon Historical Society.Google Scholar
Burbank, Stephen B. 1982. The Rules Enabling Act of 1934. University of Pennsyvania Law Review 130:10151197.Google Scholar
Bynum, Victoria E. 1992. Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Caplan, Lincoln. 1987. The Tenth Justice: The Solicitor General and the Rule of Law. New York: A. A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Carp, Robert A., and Rowland, C. K. 1983. Policymaking and Politics in the Federal District Courts. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Carp, Robert A., and Stidham, Ronald. 1996. The Judicial Process in America. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Carrington, Paul D., 1987. The Function of the Civil Appeal: A Late-Century View. South Carolina Law Review 38:411–35.Google Scholar
1996. A New Confederacy? Disunionism in the Federal Courts. Duke Law Journal 45:9291007.Google Scholar
Carrington, Paul D. and Paul, H. Haagen. 1996. Contract and Jurisdiction. Supreme Court Review 1996:331402.Google Scholar
Casto, William R. 1997. Oliver Ellsworth and the Creation of the Federal Republic. New York: Second Circuit Committee on History and Commemorative Events.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. 1977. The Visible Hond: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Chemerinsky, Erwin. 1988. Parity Reconsidered: Defining a Role for the Federal Judiciary. UCLA Law Review 36:233327.Google Scholar
Clark, David S. 1981. Adjudication to Administration: A Statistical Analysis of Federal District Courts in the Twentieth Century. Southern California Law Review 55:65152.Google Scholar
Clermont, Kevin M., and Eisenberg, Theodore. 1998. Do Case Outcomes Really Reveal Anything about the Legal System? Win Rates and Removal Jurisdiction. Cornell Law Review 83:581607.Google Scholar
Clinton, Robert. 1986. A Mandatory View of Federal Court Jurisdiction: Early Implementation of and Departures from the Constitutional Plan. Columbia Law Review 86:15151621.Google Scholar
Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals. 1998. Report. 18 December.Google Scholar
Couch, Harvey C. 1984. A History of the Fifth Circuit: 18914981. Washington, D.C.: Bicentennial Committee of the Judicial Conference of the United States.Google Scholar
Cover, Robert M. 1975. Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
1981. The Uses of Jurisdictional Redundancy: Interest, Ideology, and Innovation. William and Mary Law Review 22:639–82.Google Scholar
Cross, Frank B. 1997. Political Science and die New Legal Realism: A Case of Unfortunate Interdisciplinary Ignorance. Northwestern Unversity Law Review 92:251326.Google Scholar
Cross, Frank B., and Emerson, H. Tiller. 1998. Judicial Partisanship and Obedience to Legal Doctrine: Whistleblowing on the Federal Courts of Appeals. Yale Law Journal 107:2155–76.Google Scholar
Cushman, Barry. 1992. A Stream of Legal Consciousness: The Current of Commerce Doctrine from Swift to Jones & Laughlin. Fordham Law Review 61:105–60.Google Scholar
1994. Rethinking the New Deal Court. Virginia Law Review 80:201–61.Google Scholar
1998. Rethinking the New Deal Court: The Structure of a Constitutional Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Daniels, Stephen. 1984. Ladders and Bushers: The Problem of Caseloads and Studying Court Activities over Time. American Bar Foundation Research Journal 1984:751–95.Google Scholar
Daniels, Stephen, and Martin, Joanne. 1986. Jury Verdicts and the “Crisis” in Civil Justice. Justice System Journal 11:321–48.Google Scholar
Dargo, George. 1993. A History of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit: Vol. 1. 1891–1960. Boston: United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.Google Scholar
Devitt, Edward J., ed. 1989. History of the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota. St. Paul, Minn: West Publishing.Google Scholar
Doar, John. 1997. The Work of the Civil Rights Division in Enforcing Voting Rights under the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960. Florida State University Law Review 25:117.Google Scholar
Duxbury, Neil. 1995. Patterns of American Jurisprudence. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, Laura F. 1997. Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, Theodore, and Lynn Johnson, Shari. 1991. The Effects of Intent: Do We Know How Legal Standards Work? Cornell Law Review 76:1151–97.Google Scholar
Elliff, John T. 1971. Aspects of Federal Civil Rights Enforcement: The Justice Department and the FBI, 1939–1964. In Perspectives in American History: Law in American History, ed. Fleming, Donald and Bailyn, Bernard. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Mass.: Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History.Google Scholar
Ellis, Robert E. 1971. The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, and Knight, Jack. 1998. The Choices Justices Make. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Ernst, Daniel R. 1995. Lawyers against Labor: From Individual Rights to Carporate Liberalism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter B., Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda, eds. 1985. Bringing the State Bock in. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Adam. 1987. To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Fallon, Richard H. Jr. 1988. The Ideologies of Federal Courts Law. Virginia Law Review 74:11411251.Google Scholar
1994. Reflections on the Hart and Wechsler Paradigm. Vanderbilt Law Review 47:953–91.Google Scholar
Farris, Jerome. 1997. The Ninth Circuit–Most Maligned Circuit in the Country–Fact or Fiction Ohio State Law Journal 58:1465–72.Google Scholar
Federal Courts Study Committee of the Judicial Conference of the United States. 1990. Report of the Federal Courts Study Committee. Philadelphia: Federal Courts Study Committee.Google Scholar
Federal Judicial Center. 1988. Managing Appeals in Federal Courts. Washington, D.C: Federal Judicial Center.Google Scholar
Federalist Society Symposium. 1997. Panel Four: Relimiting Federal Judicial Power: Should Congress Play a Role Journal of Law and Politics 13:627–68.Google Scholar
Finkelman, Paul. 1993. Sorting Out Prigg v. Pennsyhania. Rutgers Law Journal 24:605–65.Google Scholar
Fish, Peter Graham. 1973. The Politics of Federal Judicial Administration. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fiss, Owen M. 1978. The Civil Rights Injunction. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Foy, H. Miles III. 1986. Some Reflections on Legislation, Adjudication, and Implied Private Actions in the State and Federal Courts. Cornell Law Review 71:501–85.Google Scholar
Frank, Jerome. [1949] 1963. Courts on Trial: Myth and Reality in American Justice. New York: Atheneum.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, Felix. 1928. Distribution of Judicial Power between United States and State Courts. Cornell Law Quarterly 13:499530.Google Scholar
1929. The Federal Courts. New Republic 58:273–77.Google Scholar
1932. Labor Injunction. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 8:653–57.Google Scholar
1934 United States Supreme Court. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 14:474–82.Google Scholar
1937. The Commerce Clause under Marshall, Taney and Waite. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. [1939]. 1962. Why I Shall Vote for LaFollette. Law and Politics, ed. Prichard, E. F. Jr. and MacLeish, Archibald. New York: Capricorn Books.[1930] 1964 The Public and its Government. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, Felix, and Adrian, S. Fisher. 1938. The Business of the Supreme Court at the October Terms, 1935 and 1936. Harvard Law Review 51:577637.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, Felix, and Greene, Nathan. 1930. The Labor Injunction. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, Felix, and Henry, M. Hart, Jr. 1933. The Business of the Supreme Court at October Term, 1932. Harvard Law Review 47:245–97.Google Scholar
1934. The Business of the Supreme Court at October Term, 1933. Harvard Law Review 48:238–81.Google Scholar
1935. The Business of the Supreme Court at October Term, 1934. Harvard Law Review 49:68107.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, Felix, and Wilber, G. Katz. 1931. Cases and Other Authorities on Federal Jurisdiction and Procedure. Chicago: Callaghan.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, Felix, and James, M. Landis. [1928] 1972. The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System. New York: Johnson Reprint.Google Scholar
1929. The Business of the Supreme Court at October Term, 1928. Harvard Law Review 43:3362.Google Scholar
1930. The Business of the Supreme Court at October Term, 1929. Harvard Law Review 44:3440.Google Scholar
1931. The Business of the Supreme Court at October Term, 1930. Harvard Law Review 45:271306.Google Scholar
1932. The Business of the Supreme Court at October Term, 1931. Harvard Law Review 46:226–60.Google Scholar
Frankfurter Papers. Washington, D.C: Library of Congress.Google Scholar
Frederick, David C. 1994. Rugged Justice: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the American West, 1891–1941. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Freyer, Tony Allan. 1979. Forums of Order: The Federal Courts and Business in American History. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Freyer, Tony, and Dixon, Timothy. 1995. Democracy and judicial Independence: A History of the Federal Courts in Alabama, 18201994. Brooklyn: Carlson.Google Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M. 1965. Contract Law in America: A Social and Economic Case Study. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence, and Robert, V. Percival. 1976. A Tale of Two Courts: Litigation in Alameda and San Benito Counties. Law; and Society Review 10:267301.Google Scholar
Friendly, Henry J. 1973. Federal Jurisdiction: A General View. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fritz, Christian G. 1991. Federal Justice in California: The Court of Ogden Hoffman, 18511891. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1986. The Day after the Litigation Explosion. Maryland Law Review 46:339.Google Scholar
1988. The Life and Times of the Big Six: Or, the Federal Courts since the Good Old Days. Wisconsin Law Review 1988:921–54.Google Scholar
1998. An Oil Strike in Hell: Contemporary Legends About the Civil Justice System. Arizona Law; Review 40:717–52.Google Scholar
Garth, Leonard I. 1995. Views from the Federal Bench: Past, Present and Future. Rutgers Law Review 47:1361–70.Google Scholar
Gates, John B., and Charles, A. Johnson, eds. 1991. The American Courts: A Critical Assessment. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretative Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Goldman, Sheldon. 1997. Picking Federal Judges: Lower Court Selection from Roosevelt through Reagan. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, James. 1994. Stones of Scottsboro. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Gordon, Robert W. 1975. Willard Hurst and the Common Law Tradition in American Legal Historiography. Law and Society Review 10:955.Google Scholar
1983. Legal Thought and Legal Practice in the Age of American Enterprise, 1870–1920. In Professions and Professional Ideologies in America, ed. Gerald, L. Geison. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Linda. 1998. Justices, Criticizing Appeals Court, Restore a Death Sentence. New York Times, 30 April, A22.Google Scholar
Gross, James A. 1974. The Making of the National Labor Relations Board: A Study in Economics, Politics, and the Law. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
1981. The Reshaping of the National Labor Relations Board: National Labor Policy in Transition, 1937–1942. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
1995. Broken Promise: The Subversion of U.S. Labor Relations Policy, 1947–1994- Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Gross, Karen, Stefanini Newman, Marie, and Campbell, Denise. 1996. Ladies in Red: Learning From America's First Female Bankrupts. American Journal of Legal History 40:140.Google Scholar
Gunther, Gerald. 1994. Learned Hand: The Man and the Judge. New York: A. A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Hall, Kermit L. 1975. The Civil War Era as a Crucib1e for Nationalizing the Lower Federal Courts. Prologue 1975 (Fall): 177–86.Google Scholar
1976. Social Backgrounds and Judicial Recruitment: A Nineteenth-Century Perspective on the Lower Federal Judiciary. Western Political Quarterly 29:243–57.Google Scholar
1979. Politics off Justice: Lower Federal Judicial Selection and the Second Party System. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
1980. The Children of the Cabins: The Lower Federal Judiciary, Modernization, and the Political Culture, 1789–1899. Northwestern University Law Review 75:423–71.Google Scholar
Hall, Kermit L., and Erie, W. Rise. 1991. From Local Courts to National Tribunals: The Federal District Courts of Florida, 1821–1990. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alexander. 1937 The Federalist , No. 82. Modern Library New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Hellman, Arthur D., ed. 1990. Restructuring Justice: The Innovations of the Ninth Circuit and the Future of the Federal Courts. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Heydebrand, Wolf, and Seron, Carroll. 1990. Rationalizing Justice: The Political Economy of Federal District Courts. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Hickok, Eugene W., and Gary, L. McDowell. 1993. Justice vs. Law: Courts and Politics in American Society. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International.Google Scholar
Hoffer, Peter Charles. 1990. The Law's Conscience: Equitable Constitutionalism in America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, Ouver Wendell Jr. [1881] 1963. The Common Law. Boston: Little, Brown. Holmes, Steven A. 1998. Right to Abortion Quietly Advances in State Courts. New York Times, 6 December, sec. 1, p. 1.Google Scholar
Holt, George C. 1888. The Concurrent Jurisdiction of the Federal and State Courts. New York: Baker, Voorhis.Google Scholar
Holt, Wythe. 1989. “To Establish Justice”: Politics, The Judiciary Act of 1789, and the Invention of the Federal Courts. Duke Law Journal 1989:14211531.Google Scholar
Howard, J. Woodford Jr. 1981. Courts of Appeals in the Federal Judicial System: A Study of the Second, Fifth, and District of Columbia Circuits. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hufstedler, Shirley M. 1972. Comity and the Constitution: The Changing Role of the Federal Judiciary. New York University Law Review 47:841–70.Google Scholar
Hurst, Willard. 1960. The Law in United States History. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104:518–26.Google Scholar
Hyman, Harold M., and William, M. Wiecek. 1982. Equal Justice under Law: Constitutional Development, 18351875. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Irons, Peter. 1983. Justice at War. New York: Oxford University Press 1989. Justice Delayed: The Record of the Japanese American Internment Cases. Middleton, Conn: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Charles A. 1987. Law, Politics, and Judicial Decision Making: Lower Federal Court Uses of Supreme Court Decisions. Law and Society Review 21:325–40.Google Scholar
Jones, Robb M. 1995. The Future of the Federal Courts. Judges Journal 34 (Fall): 1720, 44–45.Google Scholar
Judicial Conference of the United States [1951] 1957. Report of the Committee on Jurisdiction and Venue (March 12, 1951). Reprinted in Jurisdiction of Federal Courts Concerning Diversity of Citizenship. Hearing before Subcommittee No. 3 of the Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 2516 and 4497. House of Representatives, 85 Cong., 1 Sess.Google Scholar
Judicial Conference of the United States. Committee on Long Range Planning. 1995. Proposed Long Range Plan for the Federal Courts (March 1995). Washington, D.C.: Committee on Long Range Planning, Judicial Conference of the United States.Google Scholar
Kaczorowski, Robert J. 1985. The Politics of Judicial Interpretation: The Federal Courts., Department of Justice and civil Rights, 1866–1876. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications.Google Scholar
Kakalik, James S., Nicholas, M. Pace, Daniel, F. McCaffrey, Dunworth, Terrence, Oshiro, Marian, and Laurel, A. Hills. 1996a. An Evaluation of Judicial Case Management under the civil Justice Reform Act. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand.Google Scholar
1996b. An Evaluation of Mediation and Early Neutral Evaluation under the Civil Justice Reform Act. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand.Google Scholar
1996c. Implementation of the Civil Justice Reform Act in Pilot and Comparison Districts. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand.Google Scholar
1996d. Just, Speedy and Inexpensive: An Evaluation of Judicial Case Management under the civil Justice Reform Act. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand.Google Scholar
Kalman, Laura. 1996. The Strange Career of Legal Liberalism. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Karl, Barry D. 1983. The Uneasy State: The United States From 1915 to 1945. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Karsten, Peter 1997. Heart versus Head: Judge-Made Law in Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Keller, Morton. 1990. Regulating a New Economy: Public Policy and Economic Change in America, 19001933. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Kelman, Mark. 1984. Trashing. Stanford Law Review 36:293348.Google Scholar
Klarman, Michael J. 1998. Race and the Court in the Progressive Era. Vanderbilt Law Review 51:881952.Google Scholar
Konefsky, Alfred S. 1988. Law and Culture in Antebellum Boston. Stanford Law Review 40:1119–59.Google Scholar
Krauss, Elissa, and Schulman, Martha. 1997. The Myth of Black Juror Nullification: Racism Dressed up in Jurisprudential Clothing. Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 7:5775.Google Scholar
Kroger, John R. 1998. Supreme Court Equity, 1789–1835, and the History of American Judging. Houston Law Review 34:1425–86.Google Scholar
Kurland, Philip B. 1958. The Distribution of Judicial Power between National and State Courts. Journal of the American Judicature Society 42:159–73.Google Scholar
Kutler, Stanley I. 1968. Judicial Power and Reconstruction Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
1982. The American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
LaFree, Gary, and Rack, Christine. 1996. The Effects of Participants Ethnicity and Gender on Monetary Outcomes in Mediated and Adjudicated Civil Cases. Law and Society Review 30:767–97.Google Scholar
Landsberg, Brian K. 1997. Enforcing Civil Rights: Race Discrimination and the Department of Justice. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Lewis, H. H. Walker, and Schneider, James F. 1990. A Bicentennial History of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, 1790–1990. Baltimore: Maryland Chapter of Federal Bar Association.Google Scholar
Lewis, Neil A. 1999. A Court Becomes a Model of Conservative Pursuits. New York Times, 24 May, p. 1, A22.Google Scholar
Liebman, James S., and William, F. Ryan. 1998. “Some Effectual Power”: The Quantity and Quality of Decisionmaking Required of Article III Courts. Columbia Law Review 98:696887.Google Scholar
Liman, Arthur L. 1998. Lawyer: A Life of Counsel and Controversy. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Macneil, Ian R. 1992. American Arbitration Law: Reformation–Nationalization–Internationalization. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mapes, Laurie Bennett. 1993. A Period of Complexity, 1950–1991. In Buan 1993.Google Scholar
Marcus, Maeva, ed. 1988. The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800. Vol. 2, The Justices on Circuit, 1790–1794. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
1992a. Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act. Of 1789. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1992b. The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800. Vol. 4, Organizing the Federal Judiciary: Legislation and Commentaries. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, Maeva, and Wexler, Natalie. 1992. The Judiciary Act of 1789: Political Compromise or Constitutional Interpretation? In Marcus 1992a.Google Scholar
Martin, Albro. 1974. Railroads and Equity Receivership: An Essay on Institutional Change. Journal of Economic History 34:685709.Google Scholar
Mason, Alpheus Thomas. 1965. William Howard Taft: Chief Justice. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Wayne V. 1990. The Appeal of Civil Law: A Political-Economic Analysis of Litigation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. 1998. Taking the Mass Out of Mass Torts: Reflections of a Dalkon Shield Arbitrator on Alternate Dispute Resolution, Judging, Neutrality, Gender, and Process. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 31:513–49.Google Scholar
Miner, Roger J. 1993. Identifying, Protecting and Preserving Individual Rights: Traditional Federal Court Functions. Seton Hall Law Review 23:821–43.Google Scholar
Mooney, Ralph James. 1985. Matthew Deady and the Federal Judicial Response to Racism in the Early West. Oregon Law Review 63:561637.Google Scholar
1993. The Deady Years, 1859–1893. In Buan 1993.Google Scholar
Moreno, Paul D. 1997. From Direct Action to Affirmative Action: Fair Employment Law and Policy in America, 1933–1972. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Jeffrey B. 1987. Federal Justice in the Second Circuit: A History of the United States Courts in New York, Connecticut and Vermont. New York: Second Circuit Historical Committee.Google Scholar
Munger, Frank W. Jr. 1986. Commercial Litigation in West Virginia State and Federal Courts, 1870–1940. American Journal of Legal History 30:322–49.Google Scholar
1988. Social Change and Tort Litigation: Industrialization, Accidents, and Trial Courts in Southern West Virginia, 1872–1940. Buffalo Law Review 36:75118.Google Scholar
Murphy, Bruce Allen. 1982. The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection: The Secret Political Activities of Two Supreme Court Justices. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, Walter. 1964. Elements of Judicial Strategy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, William E. 1982a. Standards of Criticism. Texas Law Review 60:447–93.Google Scholar
Nelson, William E. 1982b. The Roots of American Bureaucracy, 1830–1900. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Neuborne, Burt. 1977. The Myth of Parity. Harvard Law Review 90:1105–31.Google Scholar
Ninth Circuit Gender Bias Task Force. 1993. Executive Summary: The Effects of Gender in the Federal Courts. Seattle, Wash: U.S. Courts, Ninth Judicial Circuit.Google Scholar
Orth, John V. 1987. The Judicial Power of the United States: The Eleventh Amendment in American History. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Parker, John J. 1932. The Federal Jurisdiction and Recent Attacks upon It. American Bar Association Journal 18:433–39.Google Scholar
1956. Dual Sovereignty and the Federal Courts. Northwestern University Law Review 51:407–23.Google Scholar
Parrish, Michael E. 1970. Securities Regulation and the New Deal. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
1982. Felix Frankfurter and His Times: The Reform Years. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
1993. Felix Frankfurter, the Progressive Tradition, and the Warren Court. In The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective, ed. Tushnet, Mark. Charlottesville: University of Virginia.Google Scholar
Peller, Gary. 1982. In Defense of Federal Habeas Corpus Relitigation. Harvard Civil Rights/Civil Liberties Law Review 16:579691.Google Scholar
Peltason, J.W. 1961. Fifty-Eight Lonely Men: Southern Federal Judges and School Desegregation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Peters, Ellen A. 1998. Capacity and Respect: A Perspective on the Historie Role of the State Courts in the Federal System. New York University Law Review 73:1065–85.Google Scholar
Peritz, Rudolph J. R. 1996. Competition Policy in America, 1888–1992: History, Rhetoric, Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, Harry, et al. 1977. History of the Sixth Circuit: A Bicentennial Project. Washington, D.C.: Bicentennial Committee of the Judicial Conference of the United States.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard A. 1985. The Federal Courts: Crisis and Reform. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Presser, Stephen B. 1982. Studies in the History of the United States Courts of the Third Circuit. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Preston, William Jr. 1963. Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Preyer, Kathryn. 1992. United States v. Callender: Judge and Jury in a Republican Society. In Marcus 1992a.Google Scholar
Purcell, Edward A. Jr. 1973. The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism and the Problem of Value. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
1992a. Geography as a Litigation Weapon: Consumers, Forum Selection Clauses, and the Rehnquist Court. UCLA Law Review 40:423515.Google Scholar
1992b. Litigation and Inequality: Federal Diversity Jurisdiction in Industrial America, 1870–1958. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1994. Rethinking Constitutional Change. Virginia Law Review 80:277–90.Google Scholar
Forthcoming. Brandeis and the Progressive Constitution: Erie, the Judicial Power, and the Politics of the Federal Courts. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Pushaw, Robert J. Jr. 1996. Justiciability and Separation of Powers: A New-Federalist Approach. Cornett Law Review 81:393512.Google Scholar
Rabban, David M. 1997. Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rakove, Jack N. 1996. Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution. New York: A. A. Knopf.Google Scholar
1997. The Origins of Judicial Review: A Plea for New Contexts. Stanford Law Review 49:1031–64.Google Scholar
Rehnquist, William H. 1999. The 1998 Year-End Report of the Federal Judiciary. (1 Jan. Press Release).Google Scholar
Report of the Third Circuit Task Force on Equal Treatment in the Courts. 1997. Villanova Law Review 42:13551830.Google Scholar
Resnik, Judith. 1982. Managerial Judges. Harvard Law Review 96:374448.Google Scholar
Resnik, Judith. 1991. “Naturally” without Gender: Women, Jurisdiction, and the Federal Courts. New York University Law Review 66:16821772.Google Scholar
Rice, Willy E. 1998. Insurance Contracts and Judicial Discord over Whether Liability Insurers Must Defend Insured's Allegedly Intentional and Immoral Conduct: A Historical and Empirical Review of Federal and State Courts Declaratory Judgments, 1900–1997. American University Law Review 47:11311219.Google Scholar
Rich, Giles S. 1980. A Brief History of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. Washington, D.C.: Committee of the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States.Google Scholar
Ritz, Wilfred J. 1990. Rewriting the History of the Judiciary Act of 1789: Exposing Myths, Challenging Premises, and Using New Evidence. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Rowland, C. K. 1991. The Federal District Courts. In Gates and Johnson 1991.Google Scholar
Rowland, C. K., and Robert, A. Carp. 1983. The Relative Effects of Maturation, Time Period, and Appointing President on District Judges Policy Choices: A Cohort Analysis. Political Behavior 5:109–33.Google Scholar
1996. Politics and Judgment in Federal District Courts. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Schick, Marvin. 1970. Learned Hand's Court. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Schoenbrod, David. 1993. Power without Responsibility: How Congress Abuses the People through Delegation. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scheiber, Harry N. 1975. Instrumentalism and Property Rights: A Reconsideration of American “Styles of Judicial Reasoning” in the Nineteenth Century. Wisconsin Law Review 1975:118.Google Scholar
1981. American Constitutional History and the New Legal History: Complementary Themes in Two Modes. Journal of American History 68:337–50.Google Scholar
Schwartz, David S. 1997. Enforcing Small Print to Protect Big Business: Employee and Consumer Rights Claims in an Age of Compelled Arbitration. Wisconsin Law Review 1997:33132.Google Scholar
Second Circuit Task Force. 1997. Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Fairness in the Courts. Annual Survey of American Law 1997:1.Google Scholar
Segal, Jeffrey A., Donald, R. Songer, and Charles, M. Cameron. 1995. Decision Making on the U.S. Courts of Appeals. In Contemplating Courts, ed. Epstein, Lee. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Seron, Carroll. 1978. Judicial Reorganization: The Politics of Reform in the Federal Bankruptcy Court. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
1985. The Roles of Magistrates: Nine Case Studies. Washington, D.C: Federal Judicial Center.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Sidney A., and Richard, E. Levy. 1995. Judicial Incentives and Indeterminacy in Substantive Review of Administrative Decisions. Duke Law Journal 44:1051–80.Google Scholar
Simpson, Reagan William, David, I. Thompson, Winter, Kimberly E., Garve Ivey, Jr., Shelley, Allison, Lawson, Mark, and Brian McLaughlin, R. 1998. Recent Developments in Civil Procedure and Evidence. Tort and Insurance Law Journal 33:317–41.Google Scholar
Sisk, Gregory C. 1997. The Balkanization of Appellate Justice: The Proliferation of Local Rules in the Federal Circuits. University of Colorado Law Review 68:161.Google Scholar
Sisk, Gregory C., Heise, Michael, and Andrew, P. Morriss. 1998. Charting the Influences on the Judicial Mind: An Empirical Study of Judicial Reasoning. New York University Law Review 73:13771500.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy and the United States. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Skowronek, Stephen. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smelser, Neil J. and Swedberg, Richard, eds. 1994. The Handbook of Economic Sociology. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Soifer, Aviam, and Macgill, H. C. 1977. The Younger Doctrine: Reconstructing Reconstruction. Texas Law Review 55:11411215.Google Scholar
Solomon, Rayman L. 1981. History of the Seventh Circuit, 1891–1941. Washington, D.C: Bicentennial Committee of the Judicial Conference of the United States.Google Scholar
Songer, Donald R. 1991. The Circuit Courts of Appeals. In Gates and Johnson 1991.Google Scholar
Spivak, John M. 1990. Race, Civil Rights and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth. Judicial Circuit. New York: Garlarid Publications.Google Scholar
Stempel, Jeffrey W. 1998. Contracting Access to the Courts: Myth or Reality? Boon or Bane Arizona Law Review 40:9651001.Google Scholar
Sternlight, Jean R. 1999. Compelling Arbitration of Claims under the Civil Rights Act of 1866: What Congress Could Not Have Intended. University of Kansas Law Review 47:273332.Google Scholar
Stumpf, Harry P. 1998. American Judicial Politics. 2d. ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Stumpf, Harry P., and John, H. Culver. 1992. The Politics of State Courts. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Subrin, Stephen N. 1987. How Equity Conquered Common Law: The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in Historical Perspective. University of Pennsyhania Law Review 135:9091002.Google Scholar
Suchman, Mark C., and Lauren, B. Edelman. 1996. Legal Rational Myths: The New Institutionalism and the Law and Society Tradition. Law and Social Inquiry 21:903–41.Google Scholar
Surrency, Erwin C. 1987. History of the Federal Courts. New York: Oceana Publications.Google Scholar
Tachau, Mary K. Bonsteel. 1978. Federal Courts in the Early Republic: Kentucky, 1789–1816. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, David A. 1977. The Erosion of Erie in the Federal Courts: Is State Law Losing Ground Brigham Young University Law Review 3:143.Google Scholar
Tobias, Carl. 1992. Civil Justice Reform and the Balkanization of Federal Civil Procedure. Arizona State Law Journal 24:13931427.Google Scholar
1997. Suggestions for Studying the Federal Appellate System. Florida Law Review 49:189245.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark. 1988. The NAACP's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education, 1925–1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Ulmer, S. Sidney. 1983. Conflict with Supreme Court Precedent and the Granting of Plenary Review. Journal of Politics 45:474–78.Google Scholar
United States. Department of Justice. Committee on Revision of the Federal Judicial System. 1977. The Needs of the Federal Courts: Report of the Department of Justice Committee on Revision of the Federal Judicial System. Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice.Google Scholar
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. 1977. History of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in the Country's Bicentennial Year. Washington, D.C: United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.Google Scholar
University of Richmond Law Review. 1998. Symposium: The Federal Courts. University of Richmond Law Review 32:603972.Google Scholar
Urofsky, Melvin I. and David, W. Levy, eds. 1991. “Half Brother, Half Son”: The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis to Felix Frankfurter. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Vose, Clement E. 1972. Constitutional Change: Amendment Politics and Supreme Court Litigation Since 1900. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Wade, Martin J. 1924. (S.D. Iowa) To Thomas J. Walsh, December 30, 1924. Walsh Papers. Library of Congress, Box 281, Legislation File.Google Scholar
Walker, Laurens. 1997. The End of the New Deal and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Iowa Law Review 82:1269–91.Google Scholar
Walker, Thomas G., and Deborah, J. Barrow. 1985. The Diversification of the Federal Bench: Policy and Process Ramifications. Journal of Politics 47:596617.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Louise. 1997. Holmes Failure. Michigan Law Review 96:691723.Google Scholar
Wells, Michael. 1991. Against an Elite Federal Judiciary: Comments on the Report of the Federal Courts Study Committee. Brigham Young University Law Review 1991:923–57.Google Scholar
1995. Positivism and Antipositivism in Federal Courts Law. Georgia Law Review 29:655–92.Google Scholar
1998. Naked Politics, Federal Courts Law, and the Canon of Acceptable Arguments Emory Law Journal 47:89162.Google Scholar
Wells, Michael L., and Edward, J. Larson. 1995. Original Intent and Article III. Tulane Law Review 70:75135.Google Scholar
West, Robin. 1997. Caring for Justice. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Russell R., and Harrison, Cynthia. 1989. Creating the Federal Judicial System. Washington, D.C: Federal Judicial Center.Google Scholar
White, G. Edward. 1988. The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, J815-1835: A History of the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Wiecek, William M. 1969. The Reconstruction of Federal Judicial Power, 1863–1875. American Journal of Legal History 13:333–59.Google Scholar
Wilson, James Q. 1989. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Wood, Gordon S. 1991. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: A. A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Woolhandler, Ann. 1993. Demodeling Habeas. Stanford Law Review 45:575644.Google Scholar
1997. The Common Law Origins of Constitutionally Compelled Remedies. Yale Law Journal 107:77164.Google Scholar
Yackle, Larry W. 1994. Reclaiming the Federal Courts. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Yarnold, Barbara M. 1992. Politics and the Courts: Toward a General Theory of Public Law. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Yonover, Geri J. 1989. Ascertaining State Law: The Continuing Erie Dilemma. DePaul Law Review 38:142.Google Scholar
Zelden, Charles L. 1993. Justice Lies in the District: The U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas, 1902–1960. College Station: Texas A & M University Press.Google Scholar
Ziegler, Donald H. 1995. Twins Separated at Birth: A Comparative History of the Civil and Criminal arising under Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts and Some Proposals for Change. Vermont Law Review 19:673793.Google Scholar
Ziegler, Donald H. 1996. The New Activist Court. American Law Review 45:13671401.Google Scholar

Cases

Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288 (1936).Google Scholar
Bank of the United States v. Deveaux, 9 U.S. (5 Cranch 61 (1809).Google Scholar
Board of Commissioners v. United States, 308 U.S. 343 (1939).Google Scholar
Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, 506 U.S. 263 (1993).Google Scholar
Brown, V. Allen, 344 U.S. 443 (1953).Google Scholar
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).Google Scholar
Coleman, V. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939).Google Scholar
Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479 (1965).Google Scholar
Durousseau v. United States, 10 U.S. (6 Cranch 307 (1810).Google Scholar
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners, 375 U.S. 411 (1964).Google Scholar
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938).Google Scholar
Evans, V. Jeff, D., 475 U.S. 717 (1986).Google Scholar
Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908).Google Scholar
Fay, V. Noia, 372 U.S. 391 (1963).Google Scholar
Gay, V. Ruff, 292 U.S. 25 (1934).Google Scholar
Gelpcke, V. Dubuque, 68 U.S.(1 Wall. 175 (1864).Google Scholar
Giles, V. Harris, 189 U.S. 475 (1903).Google Scholar
Hanna, V. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460 (1965).Google Scholar
Hans, V. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1 (1890).Google Scholar
Home Telephone and Telegraph Co. v. City of Los Angeles, 227 U.S. 278 (1913).Google Scholar
Houston, V. Moore, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 1 (1820).Google Scholar
Hutto, V. Davis, 454 U.S. 370 (1982).Google Scholar
Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho, 521 U.S. 261 (1997).Google Scholar
Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).Google Scholar
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992).Google Scholar
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 304 (1816).Google Scholar
Mitchum, V. Foster, 407 U.S. 225 (1972).Google Scholar
Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (1961).Google Scholar
Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. v. Northwestern Public Service Co., 341 U.S. 246 (1951).Google Scholar
Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738 (1824).Google Scholar
Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454 (1907).Google Scholar
Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Company, 491 U.S. 1 (1989).Google Scholar
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).Google Scholar
Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475 (1973).Google Scholar
Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496 (1941).Google Scholar
Schweiker v. Chilicky, 487 U.S. 412 (1988).Google Scholar
Scripps-Howard Radio, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, 316 U.S. 4 (1942).Google Scholar
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996).Google Scholar
Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 339 U.S. 496 (1941).Google Scholar
Swift v. Tyson, 41 U.S. (16 Pet. 1 (1842).Google Scholar
Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 U.S. 455 (1990).Google Scholar
Touche Ross and Co. v. Redington, 442 U.S. 560 (1979).Google Scholar
United States v. Ju Toy, 198 U.S. 253 (1905).Google Scholar
United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667 (1980) Webster v. Doe, 486 U.S. 592, 606 (1988).Google Scholar
Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971).Google Scholar
Zwickler v. Koota, 389 U.S. 241 (1967).Google Scholar